Modeling and Analysis Lab (FEA) : Part - A 1. Bars

Modeling and Analysis Lab (FEA)
PART – A
1. BARS
Bars are structural members that carry axial loads i.e. either tensile load or compressive load.
The members are loaded along the axis of the member that creates elongation or shortening of
the length of the member.
In finite element analysis [FEA] bars are modeled using LINK elements since LINK elements
are meant to take axial loads.
In ANSYS 19.0 structural links are modeled using LINK180 element. This is a 3D finit stn 180
that is useful in a variety of engineering applications. The element can be used to model trusses,
sagging cables, links, springs, and so on. The element is a uniaxial tension – compressive
element with three degrees of freedom at each node: translation in the nodal X, Y, and Z
directions. As in pin jointed structure, no bending of the element is considered. Plasticity, creep,
rotation, large deflection, and large strain capabilities are included.
LINK180 Input Summary
Nodes I, J
Degrees of Freedom UX, UY, UZ
Sections AREA – Cross – Sectional Area
EX – Young’s Modulus
Materials Properties PRXY – Poison’s Ratio
DENS – Density
Department of Mechanical, CEC, Bangalore-62 Page 1

Exercise 1.1
Find Nodal displacement and reaction forces for the following problem using LINK180 element.
[Use 2 Elements to model the bar]
Given Data: E = 2 x 105 N/mm2.
SOLUTION:
1. File > change job name > Enter “Axial – Exercise 1.1”
2. ANSYS main menu > Preferences > structural > ok
3. ANSYS Main Menu > preprocessor > ELEMENT type > Add/edit/delete > add > link >
3D finit stn 180 > Ok > Close
4. ANSYS Main Menu > Preprocessor > Material Properties > Material Models > Single
click on structural > Single click on linear > Elastic > Isotropic > EX = 2E5; PRXY = 0.3
> Ok > Close.
5. ANSYS main menu > preprocessor > Sections > Link > Add > Section Id 1 > Ok >
Section name = A1, cross sectional area = 200 > Ok > close.
6. ANSYS Main Menu > Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Nodes > In active CS
> Set Node No: = 1, X = 0, Y = 0, Z = 0 > Apply
> Set Node No: = 2, X = 50, Y =0, Z = 0 > Apply
> Set Node No: = 3, X = 100, Y = 0, Z = 0 > Ok.
7. ANSYS Main Menu > Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Elements > Auto Numbered >
Thru Nodes > Pick node1 & node2 (with help of mouse) > Apply > Now Pick node2 &
node3 > Ok.
Come out of Modeling
8. ANSYS Main Menu > Preprocessor > Loads > Define loads > Apply > Structural >
Displacements > On Nodes > Pick Node 1 (Use Mouse) > Ok > Highlight All DOF (Fixed
boundary Condition) > OK.
Force/Moment > On Nodes > Pick Node 3 > Ok > Select FX Apply as constant value and
select value of Force/Moment = -1000 N (Force is along X axis and in Negative X
direction).Come out of Preprocessor.
10. ANSYS Main Menu > Solution > Solve Current LS (Load Step) > Ok.

11. ANSYS Main Menu > General Postprocessor > Plot results > Contour plot > Nodal Solu >
Single click on DOF Solution > Highlight X – Component of displacement > Ok. [This
gives the deformed shape of the bar]
12. ANSYS Main Menu > General Postprocessor > List results > Nodal Solution > Single
click on DOF Solution > Highlight X – Component of displacement > Ok. [This gives the
list of nodal displacement values].
13. ANSYS Main Menu > General Postprocessor > List results > Reaction Solu > Highlight
All items > Ok. [This gives the reaction at the supports].
14. File > Save as > Select the user directory > Exercise-axial1 > Ok.
Results: Nodal Solution – Displacements
Node No. Ux Uy
Results: Reaction Solution
Node No. Fx Fy
Results: Elemental Solution – Stresses
Element No. Stress

Exercise 1.2
Find nodal displacement, stresses and reaction forces for the problem shown using 4 elements.
1. File > change job name > Enter “Axial – Exercise 1.2”
> Ok > Close
Section name = A1, cross sectional area = 400 > Apply > Section name = A2, cross
sectional area = 200 > Ok > close.
> Set Node No: = 5, X = 300, Y = 0, Z = 0 > Ok
node3 > Ok.
8. ANSYS Main Menu > Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Elements > Element attributes
> Set Element type No. 1 = LINK180
> Set Material No. 1 = 1
> Set Section No: = A2 > Ok.
Thru Nodes > Pick node 3 & node 4 > Apply > Pick node 4 & node 5 > Ok.
10. ANSYS Main Menu > Preprocessor > Loads > Define loads > Apply >Structural >
Displacements > On Nodes > Pick Node 1 (Use Mouse) > Ok > Highlight All DOF (Fixed
boundary Condition) > OK.
select value of Force/Moment = -1000 N (Force is along X axis and in Negative X

direction).
Come out of Preprocessor.
15. ANSYS Main Menu > general postprocessor > Element Table > Define table > Add > Set
user label for item = STRESS, Select item, comp, results data item = by sequence Number
– Select LS, 1 (Type 1 after selecting LS) > Ok > Close.
16. ANSYS Main Menu > General postprocessor > Element table > List Element table >
Select STRESS > Ok > Note the stress in elements.
18. File > Save as > Select the user directory > Exercise-axial 2 > Ok.

Node No. Ux Uy

Node No. Fx Fy

Element No. Stress

Exercise 1.3
Find nodal displacements, stresses and reaction forces for the problem shown using link element.
(Model the problem using 4 elements).
Given Data: A1 = 2400 mm2; E1 = 70 x 103
A2 = 600 mm2; E2 = 200 x 103

Node No. Ux Uy

Node No. Fx Fy

Element No. Stress

Exercise 1.4
For the bar shown determine the nodal displacement, element stresses and support reactions.
Given Data: E = 2 x 1011 N/m2.

Node No. Ux Uy

Node No. Fx Fy

Element No. Stress

Exercise 1.5
Consider the stepped bar shown in figure below. Determine the nodal displacement, element
stresses and support reactions. Given Data:
Bronze Aluminum Steel
A = 2000 mm2 A = 1000 mm2 A = 500 mm2
E = 80 Gpa E = 70 Gpa E = 200 Gpa

Node No. Ux Uy

Node No. Fx Fy

Element No. Stress

Exercise 1.6
Consider the Tapered bar shown in figure below. Determine the nodal displacement, element
stresses and support reactions.
Given Data: E = 2 x 105 N/mm2, Area at root, A1 = 1000 mm2, Area at the end, A2 = 500 mm2.
Solution: The tapered bar is modified into 2 elements as shown below with modified area of
cross section.
(A1 + A2)/2= (1000+500)/2=750 mm2, L1 = 187.5 mm & L2 = 187.5 mm
2
A1 = (1000+750)/2= 875 mm , A2= (500+750)/2=625 mm2

Node No. Ux Uy

Node No. Fx Fy

Element No. Stress

2. TRUSSES
A truss is a structure comprising of one or more triangular units constructed with straight
members whose ends are connected at joints referred to as nodes. External forces and reactions
to those forces are considered to act only at the nodes and result in forces in the members which
are either tensile or compressive forces. In finite element analysis trusses are modeled using
LINK elements only since link elements are meant to take axial loads. In ANSYS 19.0 trusses
are modeled using LINK180 element. This is a 3D finit stn 180 that is useful in a variety of
engineering applications. The element can be used to model trusses, sagging cables, links,
springs, and so on. The element is a uniaxial tension – compressive element with three degrees of
freedom at each node: translation in the nodal X, Y, and Z directions. As in pin jointed structure,
no bending of the element is considered. Plasticity, creep, rotation, large deflection, and large
strain capabilities are included.
Exercise 2.1
Consider the four bar truss shown in figure. For the given data, find Stress in each element,
Reaction forces, Nodal displacement. E = 210 GPa, A = 0.1 m2.
1. File > change job name > Enter “Truss – Exercise 2.1”
Department of Mechanical, CEC, Bangalore-62Page 10

click on structural > Single click on linear > Elastic > Isotropic > EX = 210E9; PRXY =
0.3 > Ok > Close
Section name = A, cross sectional area = 0.1 > Ok > close.
> Set Node No: = 4, X = 0, Y = 3, Z = 0 > Ok
node3 > Apply > Now Pick node1 & node3 > Apply > Now Pick node3 & node4 > Ok
Displacements > On Nodes > Pick Node 1 & Node 4 (Use Mouse) > Ok > Highlight All
DOF (Fixed boundary Condition) > Apply. Pick Node 2 > Ok > Un – Highlight All DOF
and Highlight UY and UZ (Free to go in X – Direction).
select value of Force/Moment = 2000 N > Apply > Pick Node 3 > Ok > Select FY Apply
as constant value and select value of Force/Moment = -2500 N > Ok
13. ANSYS Main Menu > general postprocessor > Element Table > Define table > Add > Set
user label for item = STRESS, Select item, comp, results data item = by sequence Number
– Select LS, 1 (Type 1 after selecting LS) > Ok > Close.
14. ANSYS Main Menu > General postprocessor > Element table > List Element table >
Select STRESS > Ok > Note the stress in elements.
16. File > Save as > Select the user directory > Exercise-axial 2 > Ok.

Node No. Ux Uy Uz
1
2
3
4
Node No. Fx Fy
1
2
4
Element No. Stress

Exercise 2.2
Consider the two bar truss shown in figure. For the given data, find Stress in each element,
Reaction forces, Nodal displacement. E = 210 GPa, A = 0.1 m2.
Node No. Ux Uy Uz
1
2
3
Node No. Fx Fy
1
3
Element No. Stress

1
2


3. BEAMS
Beams are structural members that carry transverse load i.e. this type of loads produce bending
effect. The members are loaded perpendicular to the axis of the member that bends the structural
member. Examples include, structural member that connects two pillars, trees can also be
considered as beam since it take transverse wind loads, wing of an aircraft, construction cranes
etc.
In finite element analysis [FEA] beams are modeled using BEAM188/BEAM189 elements
since BEAM elements are meant to take transverse loads.
In ANSYS 19.0 structural beams are modeled using BEAM188 element. It is suitable for
analyzing slender to moderately stubby /thick beam structures. The element is based on
Timoshenko beam theory which includes shear –deformation effects. The element provides
options for unrestrained warping of cross – sections.
The element is a linear, quadratic, or cubic two – node beam element in 3D. BEAM188 has six
or seven degrees of freedom at each node. These include translations in the x, y, and z directions
and rotations about the x, y, and z directions. A seventh degree of freedom (warping magnitude)
is optional. This element is well – suited for linear, large rotation, and/or large strain nonlinear
applications.
BEAM188 Input Summary

Nodes I, J, K (K, the orientation node, is optional but recommended)
UX, UY, UZ, ROTX, ROTY, ROTZ if KEYOPT(1) = 0
Degrees of Freedom
UX, UY, UZ, ROTX, ROTY, ROTZ, Warp if KEYOPT(1) = 1
TXZ, TXY
Section Controls (TXZ and TXY default to A*GXZ and A*GXY, respectively,
where A = cross-sectional area)
EX – Young’s Modulus
Materials Properties PRXY – Poison’s Ratio
DENS – Density
BEAM188 Output Summary

For plotting Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagram. (SFD & BMD)
Name Element Output Definition
SF: Y, Z Section shear forces in Y and Z directions
BEAM188 Item and sequence Numbers
Output Quantity
Item I J
Name
SF: Z SMISC 5 18
SF: Y SMISC 6 19

Name Element Output Definition

MY, MZ Bending Moments about Y, Bending Moments about Z.
BEAM188 Item and sequence Numbers
Output Quantity
Item I J
Name
MY SMISC 2 15
MZ SMISC 3 16
Exercise 3.1
Find the deflection and reactions at the supports for a cantilever beam as shown on figure.
1. File > change job name > Enter “Beam – Exercise 3.1”
3. ANSYS Main Menu > preprocessor > ELEMENT type > Add/edit/delete > add > Beam >
2 node 188 > Ok > Close
> Ok > Close
5. ANSYS main menu > preprocessor > Sections > Beam > Common Sections > In the popup
menu enter the cross section details of the beam > OK.
6. ANSYS Main Menu > Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Key points > In
active CS
> Set Key point No: = 1, X = 0, Y = 0, Z = 0 > Apply
> Set Key point No: = 2, X = 800, Y =0, Z = 0 > Apply
7. ANSYS Main Menu > Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Lines > Lines > Pick Key
point 1 and Key point 2 > Ok.

8. ANSYS Main Menu > Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh Tool > Lines Set > click the line
created > Set No. of element divisions = 10 > Ok.
9. Click on the Raise hidden icon on the main menu > In the mesh tool > click mesh > Select
the line > Ok. (Close the mesh the tool by clicking the raise hidden icon)
Displacements > On Key points > Pick Key point 1 (Use Mouse) > Ok > Highlight All
DOF (Fixed boundary Condition) > Ok.
Force/Moment > On Key points > Pick Key point 2 (Use Mouse) > Ok > Select FY. Apply
as constant value and select value of Force/Moment = -10e3 N.
Single click on DOF Solution > Highlight Displacement vector sum > Ok.
14. ANSYS Main Menu > General Postprocessor > List results > Nodal Solu > Single click on
DOF Solution > Highlight Displacement vector sum > Ok. [Note down the nodal
displacement of each node]
16. ANSYS Main Menu > General Postprocessor > Element table – define table – add – results
data item – By sequence num – SMISC – SMISC 2 – apply – By sequence num – SMISC
– SMISC 15 – apply – By sequence num – SMISC – SMISC 6 – apply – By sequence
num – SMISC – SMISC 19 – apply.
17. Plot results – Contour plots – line elem results – element table item at node I – SMISC 2 –
element table item at node J – SMISC 15 – ok (shear force diagram will be displayed) Line
elem results – element table item at node I – SMISC 6 – element table item at node J –
SMISC 19 – ok (bending moment diagram will be displayed)
Results: Deflection at the Node No.
Node No. Ux Uy Uz

Node No. Fx Fy My Mz
Shear Force Diagram
Bending Moment Diagram
Exercise 3.2

Compute the Shear force and bending moment diagrams for the beam shown and find the
maximum deflection. Assume rectangular c/s area of 100 mm * 100mm, Young’s modulus
of 210 MPa, Poisson’s ratio 0.27.
Node No. Ux Uy Uz

Shear Force Diagram
Exercise 3.3
maximum deflection. Assume rectangular c/s area of 0.1 m * 0.1 m, Young’s modulus of
210 GPa, Poisson’s ratio 0.27.
Node No. Ux Uy Uz

Shear Force Diagram
Exercise 3.4

maximum deflection. Assume rectangular c/s area of 0.2 m * 0.3 m, Young’s modulus of
210 GPa, Poisson’s ratio 0.27.
Node No. Ux Uy Uz

Shear Force Diagram
Exercise 3.5
Compute the Shear force and bending moment diagrams for the beam shown in fig such
That one end hinged and at the other end is having roller support and finds the maximum
deflection. Assume rectangular c/s area of 0.2 m * 0.3 m, Young’s modulus of 210 GPa,
Poisson’s ratio 0.27.
Node No. Ux Uy Uz

Shear Force Diagram
Exercise 3.6

maximum deflection. Assume rectangular c/s area of 100mm * 100m m, Young’s modulus
of 2.1×105 N/mm2, Poisson’s ratio= 0.27.
Node No. Ux Uy Uz

Shear Force Diagram
Exercise 3.7

Find the shear force and bending moment diagrams for the following problem. Assume a
square cross section of 10mm x 10mm with young’s modulus E = 2 x 105 N/mm2.
Node No. Ux Uy Uz

Shear Force Diagram

PLATES
PLANE 182 (Quad 4 node 182) is used for 2D modeling of solid structures. The element can be
used either as a plane element (Plane stress or Plane strain) or as an axisymmetric element. Four
nodes having two degrees at each node defines the element translations in the nodal X and Y
directions. The element has plasticity, creep, swelling, stress stiffening, large deflection, and
large strain capabilities. An option is available to suppress the extra displacement shapes.
PLANE 182 Geometry
PLANE 182 Input Summaries
Nodes I, J, K, L
Degrees of Freedom UX, UY
Real Constants THK – Thickness (Used only if KEYOPT(3) = 1)
HGSTF – Hourglass stiffness scaling factor
Materials Properties EX – Young’s Modulus
PRXY – Poison’s Ratio
DENS – Density
Surface loads Pressures
Body Loads Temperatures
Body force densities

Stress analysis of a rectangular plate with circular hole
Exercise 4.1
In the plate with a hole under plane stress, find deformed shape of the hole and determine
the maximum stress distribution along A-B (you may use t = 1 mm). E = 210GPa, t = 1 mm,
Poisson’s ratio = 0.3, Dia of the circle = 10 mm, Analysis assumption – plane stress with
thickness is used.
Exercise 4.2
The corner angle bracket is shown below. The upper left hand pin-hole is constrained
around its entire circumference and a tapered pressure load is applied to the bottom of
lower right hand pin-hole. Compute Maximum displacement, Von-Mises stress.

THERMAL ANALYSIS
Exercise 5.1
Solve the 2-D heat conduction problem for the temperature distribution within the
rectangular plate. Thermal conductivity of the plate, KXX=401 W/(m-K).
Exercise 5.2
A furnace wall is made up of silica brick (K=1.5W/m 0C) and outside magnesia brick (K=
4.9 W/m0C) each 10cm thick. The inner and outer surfaces are exposed to fluids at
temperatures of 8200C and 1100C respectively. The contact resistance is 0.001m20C /W. The
heat transfer coefficient for inner and outer surfaces is equal to 35 W/m2K. Find the heat
flow through the wall per unit area per unit time and temperature distribution across the
wall. Area= 1m2.

Exercise 5.3
The exterior wall of a building is constructed of four materials, 12mm thick gypsum
board, 75mm thick fibre glass insulation, 20mm thick plywood and 20mm thick hardboard.
The inside and outside air temperatures are 200C and -100C respectively. The convective
heat transfer coefficients on the inner and outer surfaces of the wall are 6W/ m 2 0C and 10
W/m2 0C respectively. Determine the heat flux and the temperature distribution. Take K
for gypsum=0.176W/m0C, K for fibre glass=0.036W/m0C, K for plywood=0.115 W/m0C and
K for hardboard=0.215 W/m0C. Area= 1 m2.
Exercise 5.4
A plane wall ‘X’ (K=75W/mK) is 60 mm thick and has volumetric heat generation of
1.5×106W/m3. It is insulated on one side while the other side is in contact with the surface
of another wall ‘Y’ (K=150W/mK) which is 30mm thick and has no heat generation. The
free surface of wall ‘Y’ is exposed to a cooling fluid at 20 0C with a convection coefficient of
950 W/mK. Find steady state temperatures at salient points across the composite wall.
Area= 1 m2.

DYNAMIC ANALYSIS
Exercise 6.1
Modal Analysis of Cantilever beam for natural frequency determination. Modulus of
elasticity = 200GPa, Density = 7800 Kg/m3.
Exercise 6.2
Cantilever beam subjected to forcing function, Conduct a harmonic forced response test
by applying a cyclic load (harmonic) at the end of the beam. The frequency of the load will
be varied from 1 - 100 Hz. Modulus of elasticity = 200GPa, Poisson’s ratio = 0.3, Density =
7800 Kg/m3.

Exercise 6.3:
Modal Analysis of a Fixed –Fixed Beam. Determine the natural frequencies (Eigen values)
and corresponding mode shapes (Eigenvectors) of a given fixed beam.
Results: Modal Frequencies of the beam
Mode No. Frequency in Hz Mode Shape

Modeling and Analysis Lab (FEA) : Part - A 1. Bars

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Modeling and Analysis Lab (FEA)

LINK180 Input Summary

Department of Mechanical, CEC, Bangalore-62 Page 1

Department of Mechanical, CEC, Bangalore-62 Page 2

Results: Nodal Solution – Displacements

Results: Reaction Solution

Results: Elemental Solution – Stresses

Element No. Stress

Department of Mechanical, CEC, Bangalore-62 Page 3

select value of Force/Moment = -1000 N (Force is along X axis and in Negative X

Results: Nodal Solution – Displacements

Results: Reaction Solution

Results: Elemental Solution – Stresses

Department of Mechanical, CEC, Bangalore-62 Page 5

Results: Nodal Solution – Displacements

Results: Reaction Solution

Results: Elemental Solution – Stresses

Department of Mechanical, CEC, Bangalore-62 Page 6

Results: Nodal Solution – Displacements

Results: Reaction Solution

Results: Elemental Solution – Stresses

Department of Mechanical, CEC, Bangalore-62 Page 7

A = 2000 mm2 A = 1000 mm2 A = 500 mm2

E = 80 Gpa E = 70 Gpa E = 200 Gpa

Results: Nodal Solution – Displacements

Results: Reaction Solution

Results: Elemental Solution – Stresses

Department of Mechanical, CEC, Bangalore-62 Page 8

Results: Nodal Solution – Displacements

Results: Reaction Solution

Results: Elemental Solution – Stresses

Department of Mechanical, CEC, Bangalore-62 Page 9

Department of Mechanical, CEC, Bangalore-62Page 10

Department of Mechanical, CEC, Bangalore-62Page 11

Results: Nodal Solution – Displacements

Results: Reaction Solution

Results: Elemental Solution – Stresses

Element No. Stress

Department of Mechanical, CEC, Bangalore-62Page 12

Results: Nodal Solution – Displacements

Results: Reaction Solution

Results: Elemental Solution – Stresses

Element No. Stress

Department of Mechanical, CEC, Bangalore-62Page 13

Department of Mechanical, CEC, Bangalore-62Page 14

BEAM188 Input Summary

BEAM188 Output Summary

Department of Mechanical, CEC, Bangalore-62Page 15

Name Element Output Definition

Department of Mechanical, CEC, Bangalore-62Page 16

Results: Deflection at the Node No.

Department of Mechanical, CEC, Bangalore-62Page 17

Results: Reaction Solution

Shear Force Diagram

Bending Moment Diagram

Department of Mechanical, CEC, Bangalore-62Page 18

Results: Deflection at the Node No.

Department of Mechanical, CEC, Bangalore-62Page 19

Results: Reaction Solution

Shear Force Diagram

Bending Moment Diagram

Results: Deflection at the Node No.

Results: Reaction Solution