Lesson 1: Leadership Development
 Leadership is not defined by the
exercise of power but by the capacity to
increase the sense of power among
those led. The most essential work of
the leader is to create more leaders.
 Leadership development refers to
activities that improve the skills, abilities
and confidence of leaders. Programs
vary massively in complexity, cost and
style of teaching. Coaching and
mentoring are two forms of
development often used to guide and
develop leaders.
Leadership development begins with
distinguishing leadership skills from
leadership traits. Leadership skills are
essentially techniques or practices that
leaders apply in advancing a group toward
common goals.
According to Baldwin and Ford (1988), the
success of leadership development is
influenced heavily by the quality of the
program, level of support and acceptance
from superiors, and the
characteristics/learning style of the person
being developed.
Leadership development refers to any activity
that enhances the capability of an individual
to assume leadership roles and
responsibilities. Examples include degree
programs in management, executive
education, seminars and workshops, and even
internships. These types of learning
opportunities focus on developing
knowledge, skills, self-awareness, and abilities
needed to lead effectively.
Types of Leadership
 Democratic Leadership
one of the most effective leadership styles
because it allows lower-level employees
to exercise authority they'll need to use
wisely in future positions they might hold.
It also resembles how decisions can be
made in company board meetings.
 Authoritarian Leadership
the inverse of democratic leadership. In this
leadership style, the leader makes decisions
without taking input from anyone who
reports to them. Employees are neither
considered nor consulted prior to a direction,
and are expected to adhere to the decision at
a time and pace stipulated by the leader.
 Laissez-Faire Leadership
"laissez faire" literally translates to "let them
do
 Charismatic Leadership
transform attitudes and beliefs in employees
and others. She has the power to influence
and inspire people, and the goals of the
organization generally reflect her vision.
 Transformational Leadership
inspire others. However, unlike the former
leadership style, this style does not require
the leader to be present to effect change,
because the leader initiates transformation
through the organization and motivates
employees to perform.
 Transactional Leadership
involves offering incentives for effective
performance and penalties or disciplinary
action for poor performance. A transactional
management style can be a particularly
strategic leadership approach when you want
to achieve specific performance-related
benchmarks.
 Environmental Leadership
possess not only an internal mindset that is
concerned with issues of waste, pollution,
resource management and efficiency. You
must also retain an external focus that
respond to a wide range of holistic factors.
 Bureaucratic Leadership
a “by the books” leader. They adhere strictly
to company policy and tradition, and set
clearly-defined expectations for their team
members to follow. This is a stable,
systematized approach to leadership that can Lesson 2: Community Organization
be an effective style in highly regulated
 Community organizing, method of
departments.
engaging and empowering people
 Servant Leadership with the purpose of increasing the
influence of groups historically
place the satisfaction of their employees
underrepresented in policies and
above all else. They believe that the
decision making that affect their lives.
professional and personal fulfillment of their
 Community organizing is a means of
team members will result in a higher quality
bringing people together to address
of work, and servant leaders place the needs
problematic social conditions. As a
of others above their own.
purposeful collective effort, organizing
Common Problems Faced in Leadership requires sound analytical, political,
and interactional skills. An important
Being a leader is in itself a challenge.
aspect of those skills for professional
The challenges of leadership are really of organizers involves a continuous
three kinds: external, coming from people pattern of systematic planning,
and situations; internal, stemming from "doing", reflecting again (theorizing)
within the leader himself; and those arising and acting strategically to build a
from the nature of the leadership role. group that can achieve its aims.
 Community organizing is often a place-
It's almost impossible to imagine a situation
based activity, used in low-income and
where a leader doesn't have to cope with
minority neighborhoods. It is also used
external challenges. In an organization, such
among common interest-based
issues as lack of funding and other resources,
"communities" of people, such as new
opposition from forces in the community, and
immigrant groups. Longer-term
interpersonal problems within the
objectives of community organizing
organization often rear their heads.
are to develop the internal capabilities
To some extent, the measure of any leader is and to increase the decision-making
how well he can deal with the constant power and influence of
succession of crises and minor annoyances underrepresented groups.
that threaten the mission of his group.
Importance of Community Organization
While leadership presents to each of us the
The process of community organizing is a
opportunity to demonstrate the best of what
dynamic one with few rigid guidelines,
we are, it also exposes our limitations. In
suggesting that the functions of a community
many cases, good leaders have to overcome
organizer require flexibility, creativity and
those limitations in order to transmit and
excellent leadership skills.
follow their vision. Fear, lack of confidence,
insecurity, impatience, intolerance (all can act Community organization aims to organize,
as barriers to leadership. mobilize and educate people to build a sense
of community. By doing so, the community
At the same time, acknowledging and
gains power or influence over issues
overcoming them can turn a mediocre leader
concerning their welfare. Strengthening
into a great one. It's often very difficult for
groups at the grassroots level empowers the
people, especially those who see themselves
community to direct their own path to some
as leaders, to admit that they might have
extent, holding government and private
personality traits or personal characteristics
organizations accountable for policies and
that interfere with their ability to reach their
programs that directly impact the community.
goals.
Community based organizations make  Evaluation is an ongoing process and
improvements at a family level according to determine if further intervention is
your environment. Attending community needed.
board meetings will help you create
relationships with others in your
neighborhood. A tight knit community can
benefit everyone in the neighborhood and
can keep small businesses going. It's your
community, and the change can start with
you.
Basic Steps of Community Organizing
1. Integrate into the community
 Build relationships; participate in
community activities, meetings, and
one on one interactions with
individuals in the community
2. Identify issues impacting the community
 Identify the issues, needs, and
problems
3. Set goals and objectives
 Identify overall outcome/change that
you are expecting
4. Identify individuals and create core groups
 Engage leaders who are passionate
about the issues. Create a core group
committed to working towards
change.
5. Create an action plan to meet goals
 Identify ways to work towards
objectives. Determine positive and
negative outcomes and identify
needed resources.
6. Execute and monitor the action plan
 Train staff as needed and engage in
community meetings.

7. Evaluate the effect of the action plan on

the stated goals
Lesson 1: Climate Change
Climate change is the global phenomenon of
climate transformation characterized by the
changes in the usual climate of the planet
(regarding temperature, precipitation, and
wind) that are especially caused by human
activities. As a result of unbalancing the
weather of Earth, the sustainability of the
planet’s ecosystems is under threat, as well as
the future of humankind and the stability of
the global economy.
Climate change refers to significant changes
in global temperature, precipitation, wind
patterns and other measures of climate that
occur over several decades or longer.
 The seas are rising. The foods we eat
and take for granted are threatened.
Ocean acidification is increasing.
Ecosystems are changing, and for
some, that could spell the end of
certain regions the way we have
known them. And while some species
are adapting, for others, it’s not that
easy.
 Evidence suggests many of these
extreme climate changes are
connected to rising levels of carbon
dioxide and other greenhouse gases in
the Earth’s atmosphere — more often
than not, the result of human
activities.
According to the IPCC, the extent of climate
change effects on individual regions will vary
over time and with the ability of different
societal and environmental systems to
mitigate or adapt to change.
The IPCC predicts that increases in global
mean temperature of less than 1.8 to 5.4
degrees Fahrenheit (1 to 3 degrees Celsius)
above 1990 levels will produce beneficial
impacts in some regions and harmful ones in
others. Net annual costs will increase over
time as global temperatures increase.
Causes and Effects of Climate Change
Humans are increasingly influencing the
climate and the earth's temperature by
burning fossil fuels, cutting down forests and
farming livestock.
This adds enormous amounts of greenhouse
gases to those naturally occurring in the
atmosphere, increasing the greenhouse effect
and global warming.
 What causes climate change?
Global warming occurs when carbon dioxide
(CO2) and other air pollutants collect in the
atmosphere and absorb sunlight and solar
radiation that have bounced off the earth’s
surface. Normally this radiation would escape
into space, but these pollutants, which can
last for years to centuries in the atmosphere,
trap the heat and cause the planet to get
hotter. These heat-trapping pollutants—
specifically carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous
oxide, water vapor, and synthetic fluorinated
gases—are known as greenhouse gases, and
their impact is called the greenhouse effect.
Curbing dangerous climate change requires
very deep cuts in emissions, as well as the use
of alternatives to fossil fuels worldwide. The
good news is that countries around the globe
have formally committed—as part of the 2015
Paris Climate Agreement—to lower their
emissions by setting new standards and
crafting new policies to meet or even exceed
those standards. The not-so-good news is that
we’re not working fast enough. To avoid the
worst impacts of climate change, scientists
tell us that we need to reduce global carbon
emissions by as much as 40 percent by 2030.
 What are the effects of climate
change?
Each year scientists learn more about the
consequences of global warming, and each
year we also gain new evidence of its
devastating impact on people and the planet.
As the heat waves, droughts, and floods
associated with climate change become more
frequent and more intense, communities
suffer and death tolls rise. If we’re unable to
reduce our emissions, scientists believe that Climate Change Adaptation, Mitigation
climate change could lead to the deaths of and Disaster Risk Reduction Roadmap
more than 250,000 people around the globe for 2018 to 2022 to mainstream
every year and force 100 million people into climate change and disaster risk
poverty by 2030. reduction to identified climate
vulnerable provinces and major urban
Though everyone is affected by climate
centers like Metro Manila, Cebu, Iloilo
change, not everyone is affected equally.
and Davao.
Indigenous people, people of color, and the
economically marginalized are typically hit Steps in Making Solution Paper in Addressing
the hardest. Inequities built into our housing, Climate Change
health care, and labor systems make these
Ensure adequate processes, financing and
communities more vulnerable to the worst
other resources to take five main steps:
impacts of climate change—even though
emissions reduction, resilience planning,
these same communities have done the least
addressing loss and damage, knowledge-
to contribute to it.
sharing in alternative agricultural techniques,
Government Actions in addressing Climate promoting gender equality and human rights
Change across all activities.
No. 2583 Climate Change Act. This climate
change act of 2008 integrating the priorities
of the Hyogo Framework for Action – a ten-
year blueprint for reducing risks to disasters
worldwide - was passed into law by the
Philippine Government to address increasing
climatic risks.
In 2009, Congress passed the Climate Change
Act creating the CCC to develop policies and
coordinate government programs on climate
change. The CCC in turn developed the
National Climate Change Action Plan that
serves as a road map for all climate change
programs in the Philippines.
“The government is taking all necessary steps
to strengthen our capacities to mitigate and
address the effects of climate change,”
Presidential Spokesperson Harry Roque said in
a press statement. (January 2021)
 Roque issued the statement in
response to a study by a German
environmental policy think tank which
showed the Philippines is among the
nations that have been most affected
by extreme weather from 2000 to Lesson 1: AUTOBIOGRAPHY
2019.
a. A story of a person's life, or at least
 Roque said the Duterte government
some part of a person's life, written by
also formulated a Cabinet Cluster on
the person themselves.
What is the difference between an
Autobiography and Person Essay?
Personal essays have a specific structure
while many autobiographies exist that do not
conform to the introduction/short
body/conclusion structure.
The middle of a story and be fleshed out
throughout flashbacks of prior times and
experiences from the writer's perspective.
Tips on Writing an autobiography:
1. Make it chronological in order. Story
telling begins with once upon a time
or in short, a beginning; and so, should
be in your self-writing. Your very goal
is to tell things about you in a
chronological way.
2. Do not be a bore. You may employ the
styles and techniques you have
acquired in the previous writings you
had to make your writing not just a
plain slambook; you can either start
with a flashback, an anecdote, or any
style available in the store for you.
3. Make it easy to read. The more you
express yourself in a friendly manner,
the more your readers will know
about you. Deep words of colors are
not that necessary, but expressing
what needs to be expressed matters
most.
Lesson 2: BIOGRAPHY
a. paints an abbreviated picture of someone's
life;
b. explains who the person is and highlight
their major achievements.
Tips on Writing One:
1. Remember Your Purpose.
2. Be Concise
3. Highlight Achievements and Influences
Lesson 3: TRAVEL WRITING
a. A writing that transports the readers
to new places- either be introduced to
a new culture, practice, or food
Tips on Writing:
 Think about what you want to get out
of it.
 Travel writing should be exciting to
read. It should make the reader feel
like they are next to you on the
powdery beach with a warm breeze
tickling their shoulders.
 Know the rules;
o Be written in first-person
o Tell the story in the past tense
o Be conversational in tone
(dialogue can be useful here)
o Contain sensory details
o Give the reader value in some way,
whether that’s providing useful
tips for navigating or insight into a
culture
o Make it relatable to the audience
 Edit your work.
 Everyone has their own experiences
and voice. Tell your story, and don’t
copy others.
 Your experiences are valuable. Write
from your heart.
Lesson 4: FOOD WRITING
a. encompasses more of restaurant
reviews and food tasting;
 b. include memoir, cultural critique and
scientific explication.
Types of Food Writing
 Restaurant Reviews- writing of your
personal experience-either of the
service, the food, and the place.
 Informative Pieces on the History of
Food- A writing that narrates the
origin of a specific cuisine.
 Recipe- A creative writing that seeks
the write to find a new angle and hook
of a specific dish.
 Memoir/Personal Essay- writing about
the food with your personal
experience about it.
relating how they cooked the family's favorite
meals. The Farm, a place for wellness in San
Benito in Lipa City in Batangas province, in
2008 was Koh's first assignment. It was when
he decided that he would write a Southeast
Asian cookbook by starting with the
Philippines "by learning more, going into the
unexplored [cuisine] that few cookbooks
pursued and understanding why Philippine
food is misunderstood," he said in his book.
"After eating their raw food, I was completely
riveted," Koh said of his Filipino food
experiences.  "This is the story of Koh's
Filipino food experience"   back to MailOnline
home. "The Farm" is a new cookbook written
by Koh and published by CKS.

Tips on Writing one:

 Think of what type of food writing you
wish to furnish.
 Find a unique angle or niche that you
want to write about
 Avoid overusing generic terms like
“delicious” or “tasty”
 Learn to write descriptively using
sensual language.
 Make the act of act cooking an action
movie
Lesson 5: Singaporean Writes book on
Filipino food By Tonette Odejas
Singaporean Bryan Koh launched his book,
"Milk Pigs and Violet Gold (Philippine
Cookery)," on Saturday night. Filipinos,
including heritage-food chef Lilian Borromeo,
were profuse with thanks. The book is
arranged according to the three main islands
of Luzon, the Visayas and Mindanao. It was
copublished by Holy Angel University's Center
for Kapampangan Studies (CKS) The book's
title comes from what he calls two icons: the
lechon de leche (roasted suckling pig) and ube
(purple yam)
Koh's passion for Filipino food was ignited by Lesson 1: Customer Buying Process
his Filipino nannies, Lydia Baltazar of La Union
1. Recognizing a Need or Want
province and Evelyn Mendoza of Laguna
province. "This goes way back, from my yayas 2. Seeking Information
(nannies)," he said. He honored them by
3. Evaluating Choices
4. Making a Purchase
5. Post Purchase Evaluation
Customer Equity – refers to the total lifetime
value a company can generate from all of its
customers.
a. Value Equity – is the customers’ objective
assessment of the utility of a product or
service based on his perception of what he is
giving up for what he is receiving. To improve
value equity, the business must find ways to
address price, quality, and convenience.
b. Brand Equity – is the customers’ subjective
and intangible assessment of the brand,
above and beyond its objectively perceived
value. To enhance brand equity, the company
must find ways to increase brand awareness,
improve customer’s attitude toward the
brand, and project an ethical image to the
public.
c. Relationship Equity – is the customers’
tendency to stick with the brand, above and
beyond his objective and subjective
assessments of the brand. To enhance
relationship equity, the business can
introduce loyalty programs, community-
relations programs, knowledge-building
programs, among others.
Lesson 2: Branding
Brand – is a mark of distinction that can be
sensed usually in the form of names or terms,
signs or symbols, design elements, or even a
combination of these, and is utilized for the
purpose of identifying and distinguishing the
goods or services of one provider from
another.
Functions of a Brand:
 It identifies the product or service
 It communicates messages to the
markets and the public
 It functions as a legal property
Elements of Branding:
 Trade Name – The trademarked name
by which the product is to be known
 Generic Category. The category in
which the brand would fall
 Logo – The visual symbol or image that
will identify the product
 Tagline – An optional catchphrase to
add unique selling proposition
 Visual Cues – Aside from the actual
logo, brands can also be represented
with distinct visual identifiers
 Shapes – The actual shape or form of
the product or packaging
 Colors – a Yellow Cab store is quickly
distinguishable from afar due to its
bold yellow signs with black letterings
 Sounds – advertising jungles and intro
sounds
 Scents – signature fragrances such as
Rustan’s and the Shangri-La Hotel
 Tastes – special recipes or secret
ingredients
Levels of Meaning:
 Attributes – characteristics of the
product itself
 Benefits – What consumers stand to
gain from patronizing the brand, such
as shinier hair, peace of mind,
comfort, innovation, and risk-taking
 Values – The core values that the
brand is identified with
 Culture – the culture or sub-culture
that a brand is identified with
 Personality – of the brand was a
person, it could have a personality
such as being adventurous, youthful,
etc.
 User – The specific target market or
aspirational group that the brand
becomes associated with
Developing a Brand
1. Develop the Brand Strategy
• Product Information – What are the
products or services that the brand shall be
representing
• Market Information – Who are the targeted
markets that the b rand will be catering to
• Trademark Criteria – Should the name be
short or should it be expository? Should it
have a distinctively Filipino flair or should it
be more global in nature?
• Brand Name Objectives – What should the
brand name accomplish in the minds of the
customers? Should it excite the market?
Focus of memorability? Should it connote
luxury, formality, and pampering?
2. Develop the Creative Theme
• Brand Personality – If the brand was a
person, what would be its personality
• Inferences and connotations – What
imagery, words, and meanings should the
brand connote or refer to?
• Color palette and style sheets – Select the
proper color palettes that can best represent
the brands’ personality, inferences,
objectives, market, and product
• Font – Fonts are the letters to be used for
your brand name
• Visual Cues – symbols icons, shapes, and
other images that you want to associate with
the brand
• Acceptable uses and materials – each
medium and material has its own particular
characteristics and can have an effect on the
overall response branding efforts
• Retail placement – if you are producing a
consumer good, where do you want to have it
sold
3. Create the Name
• Keep it Short
• Make it easy to pronounce and remember
• It should translate well in the target market
Brand names can be:
• Eponyms (using your name in logo Ex: Julie’s
Bakeshop & Mc Donald’s)
• Descriptive (using the services that you
offered in your logo Ex: Mang Inasal & Burger
King)
• Abbreviations or Portmanteaus (Using
acronyms Ex: Adidas, ABS CBN, & CNN)
Symbolic or Image-Driven (Using symbols in
logo Ex: iPhone, twitter, and Toblerone)
• Symbolic or image-driven (Hidden Springs
brand of mineral water which connotes
images of nature, or Apple with its highly
recognizable stylized bitten apple logo)
• Synthetic (Inventions of words Ex: Chanel,
Lexus, & Speedo)
4. Test the Name
• This step is all about testing your selected
brand name and its impact and signifiers to
your target market
5. Screen for Trademark Availability
• You need to make sure that the brand name
is available
Marketing Activities and Emerging Practices
(Customer Bonding Strategies)
• Experiential Marketing
- Letting your customers experience if they
were to buy your products and services
• Buzz Marketing
- Viral marketing where you do something
that would make your product or service viral
• Social Media Marketing
- Exhausting and using the different social
media platforms
Lesson 4: The 4Ms of Operation
1. Methods - Is the process to be followed in
effectively manufacturing or delivering a
product or service. It is the day-to-day
operations of a business. Internally, the
process must abide by industry standards and
policies (ex. ISO Certification). The
entrepreneur must set SOP’s
a. Manufacturing of Goods
• Manufacturing-the process of translating
raw materials into finished goods that are
acceptable to the customer’s standards.
3 Elements of Manufacturing
• Inputs - the materials or ingredients to be
used in creating the product.
• Process - the transformation phase where
inputs are processed by manpower and
machines to come up with the final product.
• Output - the final product of the process
stage, which is intended to be sold to target
customers
Manufacturing Site - Where the
manufacturing process will take place.
• Home-based - this option is the cheapest
and highly flexible. Most start-ups cannot
establish a manufacturing site.
• Commercial space for rent - this advisable if
the business requires a commercial space for
the processing of goods and if the home
option is not viable anymore. It gives the
entrepreneur a more specialized and suited
manufacturing site than manufacturing at
home.
• Commercial space purchase - this option
requires the biggest amount of capital
expenditure, but it also provides the
entrepreneur substantial freedom and
flexibility to design and run the commercial
space.
MANUFACTURING PROCESS FLOW
- A step-by-step guide of the employees and
the manufacturing equipment. The objective
of The Process flow is to ensure that the right
inputs are properly used in production, that
the process is performed according to the set
standards, and that the acceptable outputs
are produced.
ULTIMATE OBJECTIVE: To ensure that
maximum efficiency is met-from the
requisition of materials to processing them
into finished goods up to the distribution to
the customers.
b. Distribution of Goods and Services
Distribution - It is the process of bringing
products or services to customers. In selling
physical goods, the entrepreneur should plan
the location, the processes, and the
distribution of the products to the customers.
It is not a straightforward process from the
entrepreneur to customers.
Supply Chain/ Distribution Channel - the
manufacturer will deliver the products to the
distributors, to the wholesalers, to the
retailers, and then finally to the customers.
• Manufacturer - handles the invention,
development, and production of the product
or service.
• Distributors - are entrepreneurs who often
buy products or services from the
manufacturers and sell them at a markup
price to either wholesalers or retailers
• Agents - Negotiate with buyers as to how
much or how many are to be sold, so the
manufacturer will be able to deliver the goods
directly to the buyer. They will get a
commission for every product sold.
c. Payment Process
- The entrepreneur must also establish a
seamless payment process. There are
instances when the customers do not want to
pay in cash and are usually attracted by
flexible and customer friendly payment terms
such as credit cards, installment plans, or
simple accounts payable or pautang.
2. Manpower - The right human resources proficiency. Ex. Engineers, scientists,
who will handle certain business operations accountants, IT specialist.
as the business grows, the entrepreneurs
• Work Attitude - deals with the worker’s
should hire qualified employees that can
integrity and how he or she deals with his or
handle operational functions, so that he or
her coworkers, bosses, and customers. Ex. of
she will be free from daily activities and thus
good work attitude: punctual, leadership and
can focus on the strategic and management
communication skills, team player, making
functions of the business.
ethical decisions, obeying superiors,
a. Job description - enumerates the duties passionate and dedicated to the company.
and responsibilities of the potential
c. Preparatory Selection of Job Applicants
employee, including the scope, limitations,
and terms and conditions of employment. • After the job description and employee
qualifications are finalized by the
PARTS OF THE JOB DESCRIPTION
entrepreneur, he or she now preselects a set
• Job Title - the heading of the job description of candidates for the positions required.
is the summary of what the employee will do.
• When the business is already sizeable, the
It should be respectable and decent because
entrepreneur may establish a Human
it will boost the self-confidence of the
Resource Department (HRD) that will handle
employee.
the selection and recruitment of candidates.
• Compensation and Benefit Range - details
• Choices where to look for potential
the potential salary and benefits that the
candidates: o A personal list of trustworthy
employee will get.
people o Employment agencies or manpower
• Duties - usually high-level descriptions only. agencies
• Responsibilities and Accountabilities - must o Headhunters - help companies find a
be communicated well to the employee so set of people suited for their
that he or she knows what to expect with the requirements o Manpower Agencies
job. - recruit temporary employees
under a short contract (usually 6
• Work Schedules - including work hours. The
mos.)
specific days and working hours must be
o Advertise job vacancies via print
written so that the employee will be able to
such as newspaper and other
align the work schedule with his or her
publication referrals and
schedule.
recommendations from friends,
b. Employee Qualification relatives, or business partners.
o Business networks or the people
CRITERIA FOR HIRING
whom the entrepreneur has worked
• Educational Background - degree of with within the past.
candidate’s knowledge of basic things. o Digital media (website, social media,
emails, online affiliates, search
• Work Experience - will tell the entrepreneur
engines, podcasts, or blogs)
what to expect from the applicant and what
o Mobile (SMS, mobile apps)
he or she can potentially contribute to the
business based on his or her past positions
and experiences.
• Specific Skill or knowledge - important
especially in technical jobs that require high d. Selection of Job Applicants
• Screening and picking the most qualified
and most suited candidate for the job.
• Preliminary screening is through
qualifications.
• Conduct qualifying exams in Math, English,
and Logic
• Qualitative Exams or Psychology tests (essay
form or multiple-choice)
• Conduct interview for the shortlisted
candidates
e. Job Offer - Once the entrepreneur has
been convinced already of the job credentials
and the interview answers of the candidate,
the job contract is now prepared.
Job Contract - generally summarizes the
terms and conditions of the candidate's
employment with the business.
• Rank or position of the candidate
• List of responsibilities or deliverables and
their scope and limitations
• The salary and benefits including vacation
and sick leaves
• Work schedule
• Probationary period if any and qualifications
to become a regular employee
• The duration of the contract
• Resignation procedure
f. Employee Development
• Training people-one of the biggest
investments of an entrepreneur or a
businessman
• An entrepreneur should devise strategies on
how to keep employees satisfied working in
the company.
3. Machines - The technology used in
efficiently operating the business
• Can be described as the “best friend” of
manpower in producing goods and offering
services.
• Machines are not limited only to physical
equipment but can also pertain to new
technologies.
• Without machines, business operations will
be cumbersome, costly, and low quality.
a. Equipment and Other Facilities
✓ Must be strategically placed in the
manufacturing site or the service delivery
area.
✓ Must prepare facility plan that details the
most economical way to manufacture the
product.
✓ Place the facility where they can be
efficiently used.
✓ The site must adapt to how big or small the
pieces of equipment are
✓ The site must be conducive, well-ventilated
and well-lit
✓ There should be fire exits and safety
reminders
✓ Employees/machine operators should
undergo a rigorous training before they
operate the equipment.
b. Telecommunications and Information
Technology
✓ Landline Phones - for order-taking,
telemarketing, and teleconferencing
✓ Mobile phones - mobile apps for order
taking, for payments, marketing, marketing
research, mobile banking, internet
promotions.
✓ Laptop and desktop computers - order
taking, internet marketing, reports, etc.
✓ POS Machines - charging debit/credit card,
tracking sales, storing data, analyzing
purchases, etc.
✓ Accounting & Inventory Software -
accounting business transactions,
profitability, sales, inventory, etc.
✓ Web site - order taking, 24/7 marketing,
online conversations, collecting customer
information, etc.
4. Materials - Materials to be used in creating
a product or performing a service, which
includes supply chain management.
• The supplier of the raw materials should
have a consistent and sufficient number of
raw materials and supplies that can
accommodate the demand of the
entrepreneur.
• The selection of suppliers depends on how
the suppliers will not cause interruptions in
the production of goods and serving the
customers.
MATERIALS REQUISITIONING OPTIONS
a. Manufacturing own products or offer
services
• Huge capital must be prepared because all
expenses in the manpower, machines, and
materials will be borne by the entrepreneur.
• Risk is larger
• Set of competent employees must be
employed to handle machines or service the
customers
• The entrepreneur can closely monitor the
quality of products or services
• The entrepreneur has the opportunity to
build his or her own brand identity
b. Outsourcing of manufacturing or service
activities to a third party
• Process of appointing a third-party
manufacturer to do the manufacturing
operations of the business.
• These third-party companies already have
expertise in handling and manufacturing
these products or services tailored to the
entrepreneur’s needs at lower cost.
• No changes in the brand name and the
identity will be implemented because the
entrepreneur still holds the rights to such.
• Saves the entrepreneur from buying
expensive machinery
✓ LOGISTICS
• Entrepreneurs can also venture to distribute
their products on their own without the aid of
a distributor or agent.
• The entrepreneur will be the one in charge
of manufacturing, warehousing,
transportation, inventory management,
marketing, and selling the product or service.
• Warehousing - Storing the finished goods
manufactured in a facility until they are
distributed to end users. Cost is usually
substantial. The entrepreneur should choose
whether to buy a warehouse or rent an
inexpensive space.
• Transportation - Process of efficiently
transferring the products to retailers or
consumers
o Purchase energy-efficient vehicles
o Use the presence of distribution hubs-
where the
entrepreneur/manufacturer combines
the goods before delivery to retailers
or end-consumers
• Inventory - Should be tracked religiously.
Each of the inventories in the warehouse,
distribution hubs, and manufacturing sites
should be monitored.
o The law of supply and demand must
be taken into account
o There shouldn’t be a surplus of
inventory especially if the product is
perishable
o Make sure there is enough space to
store and stock inventory
o Get insurance for your products
o Manufacture just enough products for
the demand. Do not produce too
much product than what is demanded
by the customers.