Analysis of Defect Classified for Fabric Images of
Different Classes
Ms. Shweta Loonkar
Ph.D., Research Scholar
NMIMS University
Computer Engineering Department, MPSTME
Mumbai-56
shwetaloonkar@gmail.com
Abstract— Textile is an integral part of human society. The
Textile industry drastically needs a solution to detect and classify
defects present in any fabric. This will help the quality control
mechanism of fabric manufacturing and processing units.
Various types of flaws such as oil stains, punches, thread
condensation, etc. may get introduced in the fabric; intentionally
or unintentionally. These or many such examples of errors
present in cloth made up of different kinds of materials such as
Silk, Jute, etc. So it is need of the hour to understand the
relationship between the fabric material and defect types. An
effective mechanism can be developed to point out the specific
features required for accurate classification of defects. In this
paper, we have experimented with various classification
algorithms to classify the defects based on proposed DFT
features. These ranked results can be further analyzed for better
categorization. We have used TILDA Fabric databases
containing 3200 images of the following fabric materials: Silk,
Jute, Diamond pattern, and Flower pattern with seven different
types of defects such as Oil stains, punches, thread condensation,
foreign body, wrinkles, camera distortion and lighting conditions
for this experimentation. Results are analyzed based on
subjective and objective analysis methods. It has been observed
that Flower and Diamond pattern fabric materials have closer
classification rates after applying SVM, Grid Search, and
Random Forest algorithms. At the same time, oil stains and
punches, these defects are found to be have an average
classification rates similar to each other across all fabric types
and classification methods.
Keywords— Textile Defects, classification, SVM, Grid Search,
Random forest, TILDA.
I. INTRODUCTION
The effectiveness and nature of the textures provided by
each sector depend on the type of errors measured during
quality control. There was a growing measure of losses in the
textile region due to Imperfections in the texture [1]. Different
types of defects get introduced like oil stains, holes, missing
stitches, lose warp, lose weft, double ends, broken picks, etc.
during the spinning, knitting, weaving, stitching, dying of the
Fabric in the textile industry at different stages and processes
[2]. The less the, defect the more the accuracy and quality
control is achieved.
Dhirendra S. Mishra
Professor
NMIMS University
Computer Engineering Department, MPSTME
Mumbai-56
dhirendra.mishra@gmail.com
The detection and classification of the errors depend on
the type of clothes and defects present on it. The cloth
structure plays a vital role in the classification of defects
present in the fabric.
Therefore distinct efforts have been produced all over the
globe to address these difficulties in developing approaches to
recognize and classify errors present in the cloth [3-7].
Due to the similar nature of textile patterns in certain kinds of
textiles, it can be considered as one of the characteristics to dif
-ferentiate between faulty and non-faulty textiles [8]. There
are various methods to analyze and classify the imperfections
present on the fabric.
In this paper, we emphasize
the effect of extracted features using the DFT sectorization
method on the 3200 images present in the TILDA database
[9]. The defects are classified based on the four types of
fabrics i.e., jute, silk, diamond, and flower pattern, and seven
types of defects such as oil stains, punches, thread
condensation, foreign body, wrinkles, camera distortion, and
lightning conditions. Features extracted are given as input to
the WEKA TOOL for the classification using a test option 10-
fold cross-validation. The algorithms used for this purpose are
SVM, Grid Search, Ensemble Algorithms, and Random
Forest.
.
The organization of this paper is as follows: Section 2
describes the proposed techniques for defect classification.
Experiments were done and results obtained are described in
Section 3. Section 4 summarizes the findings and gives the
future line of studies for the textile defect classification.
II. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
A. Different Types of Fabric and Defects
During the manufacturing process of the textile,
multiple kinds of defects are introduced in the fabric.
Among which the following Fig.1 shows the four types of
 fabric, and Fig.2 presents the seven types of defects present
in the TILDA database.

Fig 1. Four types of fabric present in the TILDA Database

Fig 3. Block Diagram for Analysis of Defects

Fig 2. Seven Types of Defects present in the TILDA Database

B. Proposed Framework

The suggested approach steps are mentioned in Fig 3. The

data set consists of the images of four different material
classes. These four classes of the cloth are defined according
to their regularity of the surface structure. Furthermore, eight
error classes are determined based on these fabric classes. In
this, we have generated the feature vector using the DFT
Sectorization method [10-12]. The extracted feature has been
given as an input to the classification algorithms to classify the
Fig 4. Classification Algorithms
defects. The defects are classified and analyzed based on the
different parameters like accuracy, kappa statistics, and
confusion matrix. The various parameters are compared with
the help of graphs. III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
This section discusses the results obtained from our
experimentation. For this process, we have used a total of
The classification algorithms used to analyze and classify 3200 images for defect classification present in the Tilda
the imperfections present in the fabrics using 10 fold cross- Database [9]. In this database, there are four classes of cloth,
validation as a test options shown in fig 4. These five different and each type has 800 images with 100 samples of each defect
algorithms are compared based on the classification rate in each category. The details of the Tilda Database are
obtained using various parameters. The mean classification provided in Fig 5.
rate has computed for all fabric types across all the methods.

Fig 5. Structure of Tilda Database
The classification process of defects have been tested on
four types of cloth, and on 3200 images using five algorithms,
namely: Ensemble Algorithm (Bagging and Boosting),
Random Forest, Grid Search, and LibSVM using a test option
10-fold cross-validation. All classification methods have been
evaluated using confusion matrix, accuracy, and kappa
statistics.
The graph below mentioned are drawn between correctly
classified defects rates tested on four different types of fabrics
versus eight different types of defect classes. These
evaluations are shown in Fig 6 to Fig 10.
Fig 6. Correctly Classified Defects for Jute Fabric
The graph in Fig 6 shows the correctly classified defect
rate for the Jute fabric. In this, there are total of 800 images
out of which each defect has 100 images. In the above graph,
the x-axis stands for the defect classes, and the y-axis stands
for the correctly classified defects in percentage. From the
above chart we can see that the highest the correctly classified
defects rate, the more accurate result we obtained. After taking
the mean of all the values obtained from the different
algorithms, we found that the oil stains and punches show a
similar pattern for the defects classified. There mean value is
1.4. Similarly, foreign body and wrinkles shows the same
pattern for identifying the defects, and there mean value is 4.4.
Also we can see that LibSVM and Grid Search algorithm
provides a similar output for all the defects compared. The
lightning condition defect gives the highest variation in the
mean value as compared to all the other imperfections present.
The graph in Fig 7 displays the correctly classified defect
rate for the Silk fabric. In this, there are total of 800 samples
of Silk out of which each defect has 100 images. After
comparing all the mean values obtained from the different
algorithms, we found that the oil stains and punches show a
similar pattern concerning to the defects classified. There
mean value is 2.0. Similarly, for the silk cloth the foreign body
and lightning condition show the same pattern for identifying
the defects, and there mean value is 1.4. We can also observe
that LibSVM and Grid Search algorithm provides a similar
output for all the errors compared. In fig 7, no defect and
camera distortions defects give the highest variation in the
mean value.
Fig 7. Correctly Classified Defects for Silk Fabric
The graph in Fig 8 shows the correctly classified defect
rate for the Diamond Pattern fabric. The mean of all the values
obtained from the different algorithms are observer and, we
found that the oil stains and punches shows the same pattern
with respect to the defects classified. There mean value is 3.6.
Similarly, foreign body and thread condensation show the
same pattern for identifying the defects, and there mean value
is 2.4. In the above graph, we can see that LibSVM and Grid
Search algorithm provides a similar output for all the defects
compared. In this, the lightning condition defect gives the
highest variation in the mean value as compared to all the
other defects present.
 punches show a similar pattern with respect to the defects
classified. There mean value over here is 2.15. Similarly,
foreign body and thread condensation show same pattern for
identifying the defects and there mean value is 2.4. Also, we
can see that LibSVM and Grid Search algorithm provides a
similar output for all the defects compared with the different
types of fabrics. The wrinkles provide the highest variation in
the mean value as compared to all the other defects.

After seeing the graphs drawn in Fig 6 to fig 9, we

observe that the Diamond and Flower Pattern cloth shows a
similar pattern with respect to fabric given out of four classes
of material.

Fig 8. Correctly Classified Defects for Diamond Pattern Fabric

The graph in Fig 9 shows the correctly classified defect

rate for the fabric type Flower Pattern. Similarly, in this also,
each defect has 100 images. After observing the mean of all
the values obtained from the different algorithms, we found
that the oil stains and punches show a similar pattern with
respect to the defects classified. There mean value is 5.0.
Similarly, foreign body and punches show the identical pattern
for identifying the defects and there mean value is 4.0. In the
same graph, we also observe that lightning condition and
punches shows the common patterns for defect class and there
mean value is 0.6. In this, also LibSVM and Grid Search
algorithm gives a similar output for all the defects compared.
Fig 10. Correctly Classified Defects for 3200 Images
In the above graph, we noticed that the camera distortion gives
the highest variation in the mean value as compared to all the
other defects present.

Fig 11. Classification Rate Graph for 3200 Images

Fig 9. Correctly Classified Defects for Diamond Pattern Fabric
The graph in Fig 10 stands for the correctly classified
defect rate for the overall 3200 images, which includes all four
types of fabric. In this, there are total of 400 samples of each
defect. In the above Fig 10, the x-axis stands for the correctly
classified defects in percentage and the y-axis stands for the
defect classes. After taking the mean of all the values obtained
from the different algorithms, we found that the oil stains and
The graph in Fig 11 shows the classification of 3200 data
sets. The classification is done based on the Kappa Statistics
and Accuracy. The highest the performance evaluation metric,
the better the classification. In the above chart the x-axis
stands for classification algorithms, and the y-axis gives the
classification rate in percentage. For the given data set as
shown in the graph algorithms like Random Forest gives the
accuracy to 37.4% and KS to 27.5% for 10 fold cross-
validation.
IV. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we have analyzed defect classification rates
for fabric images of four different classes and eight various
types of defects. All classification algorithms use the DFT
Sector features as input. This experimentation is carried out on
all fabric types separately, having 800 images per fabric class
along with the overall dataset of 3200 images. Based on the
experimentations carried out, we noticed that among all the
classification methods the LibSVM and Grid Search obtains
similar results using 10-Fold Cross-Validation. The Random
Forest algorithm shows the highest accuracy (37.4%) and
kappa statistics (27.4%) as compared to other algorithms for
the full dataset.
Oil stains and punches receive the same classification rate
for all types of fabrics when the individual fabric datasets
containing 800 images are compared. This performance is
visible for the full dataset of 3200 images as well. Similarly,
the thread condensation in Flower Pattern and foreign body in
Diamond Pattern gives the exact same mean classification rate
value i.e. 29.6%. Diamond and Flower Pattern fabric classes
obtain similar performance. The classification rate obtained
for Silk fabric across all types of defects are mostly above
40%. The reason for silk is due to its plain background
structure of cloth. The defects foreign body, wrinkles, and
lightning condition can be considered an almost similar
category as for as there classification rates are a concern.
These defects and fabric type can be further experimented and
classified using various textural, color, and shape features
using various transforms.
REFERENCES
[1] Ms. Shweta Loonkar, Dr. Dhirendra Mishra, “Review of Back-
propagation Algorithms for Defect Elimination with proposed
DMASIC Methodology”, (ICACCI) 5th International Conference on
Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics, IEEE
Conference, 21st -24th September, 2016 LNMIT, Jaipur,
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AUTHORS PROFILE
Shweta A Loonkar is pursuing Ph.D. from
Computer Engineering Department of Mukesh Patel
School of Technology Management & Engineering,
SVKM’s NMIMS University, Mumbai, INDIA. She has
completed her M. Tech (Computer Science) from
Banasthali University, Rajasthan in 2008 and B.E
(Computer Science & Engineering) from University of
Rajasthan. She is having around 13 years of experience in academics. She is
working as a visiting professor at Mukesh Patel School of Technology
Management and Engineering, SVKM’s NMIMS University, Mumbai. She
has published the 5 books on System Programming and Compiler
Construction for 3rd year students of computer science for various universities
like Mumbai, Pune, Gujrat and Kolhapur. Her areas of interests are Compiler
Construction, Artificial Intelligence, Neural Networks, Machine Learning and
Image Processing.
Dr. Dhirendra S. Mishra has completed his Ph.D. in
2012; prior to this he had completed his under graduation
and post-graduation in Computer Engineering from
Mumbai University, Mumbai-Maharashtra, India. He is
working as a Professor for Computer Engineering
Department of Mukesh Patel School of Technology
Management & Engineering, SVKM’s NMIMS
University, Mumbai, INDIA. He is a life time member of
Indian Society for technical education (ISTE) www.isteonline.in and Member
of International Association of Computer Science and Information
Technology (IACSIT), Singapore, Membership Number. ： 80337336,
http://www.iacsit.org . He is Member of International Association of
Engineers (IAENG), Membership Number: 106347, http://www.iaeng.org. He
has 64 papers published in various National/International
Conferences/Journals to his credit. His areas of interests are Image
Processing- Image database, Image retrieval, Pattern Recognition, Biometrics,
Software Engineering, Data Analytics and Education Technology.