DELHItTECHNOLOGICALtUNIVERSITY

WORKSHOPtPRACTICES
Topic:tSOLARtPANELS
tSubmittedtto:
GIRISHtKUMAR

Submittedtby:
tttPIYUSHtGOENKAt(2K20/B17/09)
 DECLARATION
ItstudenttoftB.TECHtherebytdeclaretthattthetprojecttTitledt“SOLARtPANEL”
twhichtistsubmittedtbytmettotthetDepartmenttoftWorkshoptPractices,tDelhitTe
chnologicaltUniversity,tDelhitintPartialtfulfillmenttoftrequirementtfortthetawar
dtoftthetDegreetoftBachelortoftTechnology,tistoriginaltnottcopiedtfromtanytsou
rcetwithouttPropertCitation.tThetWorktPresentedtintthistreportthastnottbeentsu
bmittedtandtnottundertconsiderationtfortthetawardtttfortanytothertcourse/degreet
oftthistortanytothertinstitute/University.

PiyushtGoenka
(2K20/B17/09)

SUPERVISORtCERTIFICATE
TotthetbesttoftourtKnowledge,tthetreporttcomprisestoriginaltWorktandthastnott
beentsubmittedtintParttortfulltfortanytcourse/DegreettotthistUniversitytortelsew
heretastcandidatetdeclaration.

Place:tDELHI SupervisortNamet:tGirishtKumar
tDate:t20tJulyt2021
Content:
 Abstract
 Introduction
 TypestoftSolartcells.
 HowtSolartCellstaretmade
 WorkingtoftSolartCells
 EfficiencytOftSolartcells
 FuturetandtLatesttDevelopments
 AdvantagestoftSolartPanels
 DisadvantagestoftSolartPanel
 Conclusion
 References
Abstract

Energytcomestintdifferenttforms.tLighttistatformtoftenergy.tSotistheat.tSotistelectri
city.tOften,tonetformtoftenergytcantbetturnedtintotanother.tThistfacttistverytimport
anttbecausetittexplainsthowtwetgettelectricity,twhichtwetusetintsotmanytways.tEle
ctricitytistusedttotlighttstreetstandtbuildings,ttotruntcomputerstandtTVs,tandttotrunt
manytothertmachinestandtappliancestatthome,tattschool,tandtattwork.tOnetwayttot
gettelectricitytisttotthistmethodtfortmakingtelectricitytistpopular.tButtitthastsometp
roblems.tOurtplanetthastonlytatlimitedtsupplytoftoiltandtcoal.tIntthistmethodtdetail
stabouttEndlesstEnergy,tSolartCellstGalore,tEnergytfromtSunshine,tUnderstanding
tElectricity
INTRODUCTION
Solartcells,talsotcalledtphotovoltaictcells,tconverttthetenergytoftlighttintotelectrical
tenergytusingtthetphotovoltaicteffect.tMosttoftthesetaretsilicontcells,twhichthavetdi
fferenttconversiontefficienciestandtcoststrangingtfromtamorphoustsilicontcellst(non
-crystalline)ttotpolycrystallinetandtmonocrystallinet(singletcrystal)tsiliconttypes.
Unliketbatteries,tsolartsystemstdotnottusetchemicaltreactions,tnortdottheytrequiretf
uel.tIntaddition,tsolartcellstdon’tthavetmovingtpartstliketelectrictgenerators.tDomes
tictsolartsystemstconverttaroundt20%toftthetsunlighttreceivedtintotelectricity,twhil
etmoretexpensivetcommercialtsystemstcantconverttupttot40%.tHowever,twithttech
nologicaltadvancestthetsolartefficiencytoftthesetpanelstistexpectedttotrise.
Thetlargesttformationtoftsolartcellstaretcalledtarrays,twhichtaretmadetuptoftthousa
ndstoftindividualtcellstandtcantbetputttogethertintotsolartfarmsttotconverttsunlightti
ntotpowertfortlargetscaletcommercial,tindustrialtandtresidentialtuse.
SolartPanelst-tRenewabletEnergy
Smallertgroupstoftcellstaretcalledtsolartcelltpanelstor,tmoretcommonly,tsolartpanel
s.tThetdifferentttypestoftsolartpanelsthavetatvarietytoftuses,tfromtbeingtplacedtontr
ooftopsttotreplacetortsupplementtatdomestictelectricitytsupplytorttotprovidetelectri
ctpowerttotlocationstwheretconventionaltsourcestaretunavailabletortexpensivettotin
stall.tDuettotthetlacktoftmovingtpartstortfuels,tsolartpanelstaretalsotwidelytusedtint
space,tincludingtfortsatellitestandtspacetstations,talthoughtdiffusiontoftthetSun’sten
ergytintthetfurthertpartstoftthetsolartsystemtmeantthattthesetpanelstcannottbetusedtt
otsendtprobestoutttotinterstellartspace.
Ontthetsmallesttlevel,tsolartcellstaretusedtintmanytconsumertproducts,tincludingtto
ys,tcalculatorstandtradios.tThesetsolartcellstcantalsotusetartificialtlighttastwelltasts
unlighttfortpower.
TypestoftSolartCells.
Solartcellstcantbetdividedtintotthreetbroadttypes,tcrystallinetsilicon-based,tthin-
filmtsolartcells,tandtatnewertdevelopmenttthattistatmixturetoftthetotherttwo.

1.tCrystallinetSilicontCells
Aroundt90%toftsolartcellstaretmadetfromtcrystallinetsilicont(c-
Si)twaferstwhichtaretslicedtfromtlargetingotstgrowntintlaboratories.tThesetingotsttake
tupttotatmonthttotgrowtandtcanttaketthetformtoftsingletortmultipletcrystals.tSingletcry
stalstaretusedttotcreatetmonocrystallinetsolartpanelstandtcellst(mono-
Si),twhiletmultipletcrystalstaretusedtfortpolycrystallinetpanelstandtcellst(multi-
Sitortpolytc-Si).

Thesetsolartcellstusetantn-
typetingot,twhichtaretmadetbytheatingtsilicontchunkstwithtsmalltamountstoftphosphor
us,tantimonytortarsenictastthetdopant.tThetn-typetingottistcoupledtwithtatp-
typetsilicontlayer,twhichtusestborontastthetdopant.tThetn-typetandtp-
typetingotstaretfusedttotcreatetatjunctiontintatprocesstthattwastfirsttdevisedtint1954.

Monocrystallinetcellsthavetatdistinctivetappearancetandtaretoftentcolouredtastwelltast
tendingttothavetatcylindricaltshape.tThesetcellstaretcuttintotshape,twhichtcantbetwast
eful,tbuttdotprovidetthethighesttlevelstoftefficiency.tPolycrystallinetcellstdotnottneedtt
otbetcutttotshapetastthetsilicontistmeltedtandtpouredtintotsquaretmolds.tPolycrystallin
etsolartpanelstaretseentastbeingtatmid-
rangetoptiontbothtinttermstoftpricetandtefficiency.

2.tThintFilmtSolartCells
Crystallinetsilicontcellstaretmadetfromtwaferstthattaretjusttatfractiontoftatmillimetertd
eept(aroundt200tmicrometers,t200μm),thowevertthin-filmtsolartcells,talsotcalledtthin-
filmtphotovoltaictaretaroundt100ttimestthinner.tThesetthintfilmtsolartpanelstandtcellst
aretmadetfromtamorphoustsilicont(a-
Si),tintwhichtthetatomstaretrandomlytarrangedtrathertthantintantorderedtcrystallinetstr
ucture.tThesetfilmstcantalsotbetmadetfromtcadmium-telluridet(Cd-
Te),tcoppertindiumtgalliumtdieselinet(CIGS)tortorganictPVtmaterials.

Thesetcellstaretproducedtbytlayeringtphotovoltaicttotcreatetatmoduletandtaretthetchea
pesttoptiontfortproducingtsolartpanels.tThetcellstcantbetlaminatedtontotwindows,tskyl
ights,troofingttilestandtothertsubstrates,tincludingtglass,tmetalstandtpolymers.tHowev
er,tdespitetthistflexibility,ttheytaretnottastefficienttastregulartcrystallinetsilicontcells.t
Wheretcrystallinetsilicontcellstcantproducet20%tefficiency,tthesetthintfilmtcellstonlytr
eachtaroundt7%tefficiency.tEventthetverytbesttCIGStcellstbarelytreacht12%tefficienc
y.

3.tThirdtGenerationtSolartCells
Thetlatesttsolartcellttechnologiestcombinetthetbesttfeaturestoftcrystallinetsilicontandtt
hin-
filmtsolartcellsttotprovidethightefficiencytandtimprovedtpracticalitytfortuse.tTheytten
dttotmadetfromtamorphoustsilicon,torganictpolymerstortperovskitetcrystals,tandtfeatu
retmultipletjunctionstmadetuptfromtlayerstoftdifferenttsemiconductingtmaterials.
Thesetcellsthavetthetpotentialttotbetcheaper,tmoretefficienttandtmoretpracticaltthantot
herttypestoftcell,tandthavetbeentshownttotbetablettotachievetaroundt30%tefficiencyt(
withtatperovskite-siliconttandemtsolartcell)

HowtarettheytMade?
Theretaretseventstagesttotmakingtsolartcells,tastfollows:

StagetOne:tPurifytthetSilicon
Silicontdioxidetistplacedtintantelectrictarctfurnacetandtatcarbontarctistappliedttotrelea
setthetoxygen.tThistleavestcarbontdioxidetandtmoltentsilicon,twhichtwilltyieldtsilicon
twithtjustt1%timpurity,tbutteventthis,tistnottpuretenoughttotusetintsolartcells.tRodstof
tthet99%tpuretsilicontaretpassedtseveralttimes,tintthetsametdirection,tthroughtatheated
tzonetintatprocesstcalledtthetfloatingtzonettechnique.tRepeatingtthistprocesstpullstallt
oftthetimpuritiesttotonetendtoftthetrod,teventuallytallowingtthistimpuretendttotsimplyt
betremoved.

StagetTwo:tCreatingtSingletCrystaltSilicon
ThetmosttcommontmethodttotcreatetsingletcrystaltsilicontistcalledtthetCzochralskitM
ethod,twherebytatseedtcrystaltoftsilicontistdippedtintotmeltedtpolycrystallinetsilicon.t
Bytrotatingtthistseedtcrystaltastittistremovedtfromtthetmeltedtpolycrystalline,tatcylind
ricaltingottortbouletistcreated.

StagetThree:tCuttthetSilicontWafers
Thetbouletfromtstagettwotistcuttintotsilicontwaferstusingtatcirculartsaw.tDiamondtistt
hetbesttsawtmaterialtfortthistjob,tproducingtslicestoftsilicontthattcantthentbetcuttfurth
erttotformtsquarestorthexagonstthattareteasierttotfitttogethertontotthetsurfacetoftatsola
rtcell.tThetslicedtwaferstaretthentusuallytpolishedttotremovetsawtmarks,talthoughtso
metmanufacturerstleavetthesetimperfectionstastittistbelievedtthattroughertcellstmaytab
sorbtmoretlightteffectively.

StagetFour:tDoping
Havingtpurifiedtthetsilicontintantearliertstage,tthetmaterialtcantnowthavetimpuritiesta
ddedtbacktin.tThistprocesstistcalledtdopingtandtusuallytinvolvestusingtatparticletaccel
eratorttotfiretphosphoroustionstintotthetingot.tControllingtthetspeedtoftthetionstallows
tyouttotcontroltthetdepthtoftpenetration.tThistparttoftthetprocesstcantbetskippedtbytusi
ngtthetmorettraditionaltmethodtoftintroducingtborontwhiletcuttingtthetwafers.

StagetFive:tAddtElectricaltContacts
Electricaltcontactstconnecttsolartcellsttotonetanothertandtacttastthetreceivertfortthetpr
oducedtcurrent.tThesetcontactstaretthintsotastnotttotblocktsunlighttfromtenteringtthetc
elltandtaretmadetfromtmetalstsuchtastpalladiumtortcopper.tThetmetaltisteithertvacuu
mtevaporatedtthroughtatphotoresisttortdepositedtontthetexposedtportiontoftthetcells,t
whichthavetbeentpartiallytcoveredtwithtwax.tOncetthetcontactstaretintplace,tthintstrip
s,tusuallytofttin-coatedtcopper,taretplacedtbetweentthetcells.

StagetSix:tAddtthetAnti-ReflectivetCoating
Thetshinytnaturetoftsilicontmeanstthattittcantreflecttupttot35%toftthetsunlighttthatthits
tit.tAntanti-
reflectivetcoatingtistaddedttotthetsilicontintorderttotreducetthetamounttoftsunlighttlost
tbytreflection.tTitaniumtdioxidetandtsilicontoxidetaretcommonlytusedtfortthis,twithtth
etmaterialtbeingtheatedtuntiltthetmoleculestboiltofftandttraveltontotthetsilicontwherett
heytcondense.tAlternatively,tathightvoltagetcantbetusedttotremovetmoleculestfromtth
etmaterialtandtdeposittthemtontthetsilicontattthetoppositetelectrodetintatprocesstcalled
t‘sputtering.’

StagetSeven:tEncapsulatetthetCell
Finallytthetsolartcellstaretencapsulatedtintsilicontrubbertortethylenetvinyltacetatetandt
placedtintotantaluminumtframetwithtatbacktsheettandtglasstortplastictcovertfortprotec
tion.

WORKINGtOFtSOLARtCELL
Atsolartcelltistmadetofttwottypestoftsemiconductors,tcalledtp-typetandtn-
typetsilicon.tThetp-typetsilicontistproducedtbytaddingtatoms—
suchtastborontortgallium—
thatthavetonetlesstelectrontinttheirtoutertenergytleveltthantdoestsilicon.ttBecausetboro
nthastonetlesstelectrontthantistrequiredttotformtthetbondstwithtthetsurroundingtsilicon
tatoms,tantelectrontvacancytort“hole”tistcreated.

Thetn-
typetsilicontistmadetbytincludingtatomstthatthavetonetmoretelectrontinttheirtoutertlev
eltthantdoestsilicon,tsuchtastphosphorus.tPhosphorusthastfivetelectronstintitstouterten
ergytlevel,tnottfour.tIttbondstwithtitstsilicontneighbortatoms,tbuttonetelectrontistnottin
volvedtintbonding.tInstead,tittistfreettotmovetinsidetthetsilicontstructure.

Atsolartcelltconsiststoftatlayertoftp-typetsilicontplacedtnextttotatlayertoftn-
typetsilicont(Fig.t1).tIntthetn-typetlayer,ttheretistantexcesstoftelectrons,tandtintthetp-
typetlayer,ttheretistantexcesstoftpositivelytchargedtholest(whichtaretvacanciestduettott
hetlacktoftvalencetelectrons).tNeartthetjunctiontoftthettwotlayers,tthetelectronstontone
tsidetoftthetjunctiont(n-
typetlayer)tmovetintotthetholestontthetothertsidetoftthetjunctiont(p-
typetlayer).tThistcreatestantareataroundtthetjunction,tcalledtthetdepletiontzone,tintwhi
chtthetelectronstfilltthetholest(Fig.t1,tclose-up).
Figure1.tSchematictrepresentationtoftatsolartcell,tshowingtthetn-typetandtp-typetlayers,twithtatclose-
uptviewtoftthetdepletiontzonetaroundtthetjunctiontbetweentthetn-typetandtp-typetlayers.
Whentalltthetholestaretfilledtwithtelectronstintthetdepletiontzone,tthetp-
typetsidetoftthetdepletiontzonet(wheretholestweretinitiallytpresent)tnowtcontainstnega
tivelytchargedtions,tandtthetn-
typetsidetoftthetdepletiontzonet(wheretelectronstweretpresent)tnowtcontainstpositivel
ytchargedtions.tThetpresencetoftthesetoppositelytchargedtionstcreatestantinternaltelect
rictfieldtthattpreventstelectronstintthetn-typetlayerttotfilltholestintthetp-typetlayer.
Whentsunlighttstrikestatsolartcell,telectronstintthetsilicontaretejected,twhichtresultstin
tthetformationtoft“holes”—
thetvacanciestlefttbehindtbytthetescapingtelectrons.tIftthisthappenstintthetelectrictfield
,tthetfieldtwilltmovetelectronsttotthetn-typetlayertandtholesttotthetp-
typetlayer.tIftyoutconnecttthetn-typetandtp-
typetlayerstwithtatmetallictwire,tthetelectronstwillttraveltfromtthetn-
typetlayerttotthetp-
typetlayertbytcrossingtthetdepletiontzonetandtthentgotthroughtthetexternaltwiretbackt
oftthetn-typetlayer,tcreatingtatflowtoftelectricity.

EfficiencytoftSolartCells
Solartcellstcantonlytproducetelectricitytbasedtontthetlightttheytreceivetandtaretablettot
process.tMosttcellstconverttjustt10-
20%toftthetenergyttheytreceivetintotelectricity,twithtthetmosttefficienttcellstlaboratory
tcellstreachingtaroundt45%tefficiencytundertthetperfecttconditions.tThetreasontfortthi
stistthattsolartcellstaretoptimizedttotonlytcapturetphotonstfromtwithintatparticulartfreq
uencytband,twithtthosetoutsidetthistbandtbeingtwasted.tIntaddition,toftthosetwithintth
etfrequencytband,tsometphotonstlacktthetrequiredtenergyttotcreatetelectronstwhiletoth
ersthavettootmuchtandtsotthetexcesstistwasted.

Mosttreal-worldtsolartpanelstonlytreacht10-20%tefficiencytastreal-
worldtfactorstsuchtastpaneltconstruction,tpositioning,talignment,tshadows,theattandtla
cktoftcleanlinesstcantalltreducetthetoptimumtefficiency.t
Thistoveralltsolartcelltefficiencytistdeterminedtbytatcombinationtoftchargetcarriertsep
arationtefficiency,tconductivetefficiency,treflectancetefficiencytandtthermodynamictef
ficiency.

FuturetandtLatesttDevelopments
Solartpowertistalreadytprovidingtmanytbenefitstfortusers,twhiletalsothelpingttotmitiga
tetthetnegativetenvironmentaltimpacttoftfossiltfueltpowertgeneration.tAstwelltastthetr
educedtairtpollutiontandtcarbontdioxidetemissionstthattcometwithtswitchingtoverttots
olar,ttheretaretalsotbenefitstontatmoretlocaltleveltastittplacestpowertgenerationtattthet
pointtoftuse.

Ontthetsmallesttscale,tthisthastallowedtusttotpowertwatchestandtcalculatorstwithouttb
atteries,twhiletroadtandtrailwaytmaintenancetsignstcantalsotbetsolartpoweredtsottheyt
cantbetusedtinteventthetremotesttoftlocations.tSolartpowertistalsotbeingtusedtintsomet
countriesttotpowertwatertpumps,ttelephonetboxestandteventrefrigerationtunitstinthospi
talstandthealthtclinics.

Currenttdevelopmentstaretunderwayttotcreatetself-
cleaningtcoatingstfortsolartpanelsttotimprovettheirtefficiency,tastwelltastprojectsttotre
ducetmaterialtwastetduringtmanufacturet(seetthetOLEDSOLARtCasetStudy,tbelow).

Intthetfuture,tastfossiltfueltresourcestshrink,ttheretwilltbetantincreasingtneedttotlooktt
owardstrenewabletenergytsourcestincludingtsolar.tThosetintfavortoftat‘solarteconomy
’tbelievetthattmosttoftourtglobaltenergytrequirementstcouldtbetmettbytsolartpanelstop
eratingtatt20%tefficiencytandtcoveringtjustt191,817tsquaretmilestoftthetEarth’stsurfac
e.tThististpossible,tattleasttinttheory,tgiventthattsilicontistthetsecond-
mosttabundanttelementtintthetEarth’stcrust.

Whiletittisttemptingttotseetthetcheap,tcleantandtrenewabletresourcetoftsunlighttbeingt
usedttotpowerthumanity,tthetadvancestintothertrenewabletresourcestsuchtastwindtpow
ertmakestthistunlikely.tInstead,tittistmoretlikelytthattsolartpowertwilltjusttbetonetpartt
oftantoveralltrenewabletenergytmixtmadetuptoftdifferenttsources.

However,tsolartpowertwilltstilltfindtlocaltapplicationstontatsmallertscale,tespeciallytin
tdevelopingtcountriestwithtsuitabletclimates.tSolartpowertistalsotidealtfortdomestictan
dtsmalltscaletcommercialtuse,tleadingtsomettotenvisiontattimetwhenteverybodytcantg
ot‘offtgrid’tandtcreatettheirtowntpersonaltenergytsupplies.tWhiletthististattemptingtno
tion,totherstfeeltthattatgridtneedsttotbetmaintainedtsotthattwetcantensureteveryonetget
stthetpowerttheytneedtregardlesstoftcircumstances.t

AdvantagestoftSolartEnergy
1.tRenewabletEnergytSource
Amongtalltthetbenefitstoftsolartpanels,tthetmosttimportanttthingtistthattsolartenergytis
tattrulytrenewabletenergytsource.tIttcantbetharnessedtintalltareastoftthetworldtandtista
vailableteverytday.tWetcannottruntouttoftsolartenergy,tunliketsometoftthetothertsourc
estoftenergy.

Solartenergytwilltbetaccessibletastlongtastwethavetthetsun;tthereforetsunlighttwilltbet
availablettotustfortattleastt5tbilliontyearstwhentaccordingttotscientiststthetsuntistgoing
ttotdie.
2.tReducestElectricitytBills
Sincetyoutwilltbetmeetingtsometoftyourtenergytneedstwithtthetelectricitytyourtsolarts
ystemthastgenerated,tyourtenergytbillstwilltdrop.tHowtmuchtyoutsavetontyourtbilltwil
ltbetdependenttontthetsizetoftthetsolartsystemtandtyourtelectricitytortheattusage.

Fortexample,tiftyoutaretatbusinesstusingtcommercialtsolartpanelstthistswitchtcanthave
thugetbenefitstbecausetthetlargetsystemtsizetcantcovertlargetchunkstoftyourtenergytbi
lls.

Moreover,tnottonlytwilltyoutbetsavingtontthetelectricitytbill,tbutttheretistalsotatpossib
ilityttotreceivetpaymentstfortthetsurplustenergytthattyoutexporttbackttotthetgridtthrou
ghtthetSmarttExporttGuaranteet(SEG).tIftyoutgeneratetmoretelectricitytthantyoutuset(
consideringtthattyourtsolartpaneltsystemtistconnectedttotthetgrid).t

3.tDiversetApplications
Solartenergytcantbetusedtfortdiversetpurposes.tYoutcantgeneratetelectricityt(photovolt
aic)tortheatt(solartthermal).tSolartenergytcantbetusedttotproducetelectricitytintareastw
ithouttaccessttotthetenergytgrid,ttotdistiltwatertintregionstwithtlimitedtcleantwatertsup
pliestandttotpowertsatellitestintspace.

Solartenergytcantalsotbetintegratedtintotthetmaterialstusedtfortbuildings.tNottlongtago
tSharptintroducedttransparenttsolartenergytwindows.

4.tLowtMaintenancetCosts
Solartenergytsystemstgenerallytdon’ttrequiretatlottoftmaintenance.tYoutonlytneedttotk
eeptthemtrelativelytclean,tsotcleaningtthemtatcoupletofttimestpertyeartwilltdotthetjob.
tIftintdoubt,tyoutcantalwaystrelytontspecializedtcleaningtcompanies.tMosttreliabletsol
artpaneltmanufacturer’stoffert20-25tyearstwarranty.

Also,tasttheretaretnotmovingtparts,ttheretistnotweartandttear.tThetinvertertistusuallytt
hetonlytparttthattneedsttotbetchangedtaftert5-
10tyearstbecausetittistcontinuouslytworkingttotconverttsolartenergytintotelectricitytan
dtheatt(solartPVtvs.tsolartthermal).tAparttfromtthetinverter,tthetcablestalsotneedtmain
tenancettotensuretyourtsolartpowertsystemtrunstattmaximumtefficiency.
So,taftertcoveringtthetinitialtcosttoftthetsolartsystem,tyoutcantexpecttverytlittletspendi
ngtontmaintenancetandtrepairtwork.

5.tTechnologytDevelopment
Technologytintthetsolartpowertindustrytistconstantlytadvancingtandtimprovementstwi
lltintensifytintthetfuture.tInnovationstintquantumtphysicstandtnanotechnologytcantpot
entiallytincreasettheteffectivenesstoftsolartpanelstandtdouble,torteventtriple,tthetelectr
icaltinputtoftthetsolartpowertsystems.

DisadvantagestoftSolartEnergy
1.tCost
Thetinitialtcosttoftpurchasingtatsolartsystemtistfairlythigh.tThistincludestpayingtfortso
lartpanels,tinverter,tbatteries,twiring,tandtthetinstallation.tNevertheless,tsolarttechnolo
giestaretconstantlytdeveloping,tsotittistsafettotassumetthattpricestwilltgotdowntintthetf
uture.

2.tWeather-Dependent
Althoughtsolartenergytcantstilltbetcollectedtduringtcloudytandtrainytdays,tthetefficien
cytoftthetsolartsystemtdrops.tSolartpanelstaretdependenttontsunlightttoteffectivelytgat
hertsolartenergy.tTherefore,tatfewtcloudy,trainytdaystcanthavetatnoticeableteffecttontt
hetenergytsystem.tYoutshouldtalsottaketintotaccounttthattsolartenergytcannottbetcolle
ctedtduringtthetnight.tOntthetotherthand,tiftyoutalsotrequiretyourtwatertheatingtsoluti
onttotworktattnighttortduringtwintertime,tthermodynamictpanelstaretantalternativettot
consider.

3.tSolartEnergytStoragetIstExpensive
Solartenergythasttotbetusedtrighttaway,tortittcantbetstoredtintlargetbatteries.tThesetba
tteries,tusedtintoff-the-
gridtsolartsystems,tcantbetchargedtduringtthetdaytsotthattthetenergytistusedtattnight.t
Thististatgoodtsolutiontfortusingtsolartenergytalltdaytlongtbuttittistalsotquitetexpensiv
e.

Intmosttcases,tittistsmarterttotjusttusetsolartenergytduringtthetdaytandttaketenergytfro
mtthetgridtduringtthetnightt(youtcantonlytdotthistiftyourtsystemtistconnectedttotthetgr
id).tLuckilytyourtenergytdemandtistusuallythighertduringtthetdaytsotyoutcantmeettmo
sttoftittwithtsolartenergy.

4.tUsestatLottoftSpace
Thetmoretelectricitytyoutwantttotproduce,tthetmoretsolartpanelstyoutwilltneed,tastyou
twantttotcollecttastmuchtsunlighttastpossible.tSolartPVtpanelstrequiretatlottoftspaceta
ndtsometroofstaretnottbigtenoughttotfittthetnumbertoftsolartpanelstthattyoutwouldtlik
ettothave.

Antalternativetisttotinstalltsometoftthetpanelstintyourtyardtbutttheytneedttothavetacce
ssttotsunlight.tIftyoutdon’tthavetthetspacetfortalltthetpanelstthattyoutwanted,tyoutcant
opttfortinstallingtfewerttotstilltsatisfytsometoftyourtenergytneeds.
5.tAssociatedtwithtPollution
Althoughtpollutiontrelatedttotsolartenergytsystemstistfartlesstcomparedttotothertsourc
estoftenergy,tsolartenergytcantbetassociatedtwithtpollution.tTransportationtandtinstall
ationtoftsolartsystemsthavetbeentassociatedtwithtthetemissiontoftgreenhousetgases.

Theretaretalsotsomettoxictmaterialstandthazardoustproductstusedtduringtthetmanufact
uringtprocesstoftsolartphotovoltaictsystems,twhichtcantindirectlytaffecttthetenvironme
nt.

Conclusion
Solartcellstaretwidelytusedtastatrenewabletsourcetoftenergytintscalestrangingtfromtthe
tsmallestthandheldtdevicestrighttupttotpoweringtentiretcommunities.tAstthetmovettow
ardstachievingtnettzerotcarbontemissionstcontinues,tsolartenergytlookstsetttotbecomet
parttoftantoveralltrenewabletenergytmix.tWithtthistwilltcometinvestmenttandttechnolo
gicaltadvancestalongsidetreducedtcoststfortsolartenergytsystems.

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2. Sabarish,tR.,tMeenakshi,tC.M.,tComparisiontoftberylliumtandtCItconnectingtro
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