CHAPTER FOUR

1. (Page 84) We call the effects of of subtle differences among cultures shared ……………, which lead to
actions that are regarded as appropriate and effective behaviors within a culture.
A. interpretations
B. norms & values
C. standards
D. expectations

2. (Page 85) Shared beliefs, values, and social practices that lead to roughly similar behaviors across similar
situations are known as …………………
A. mental programs
B. cultural foundation
C. cultural patterns
D. cultural perceptions

3. (Page 85) Cultural patterns, which provide a way of thinking about the world and of orienting oneself to
it, are shared ………….. that govern specific behavior choices.
A. mental programs
B. cultural expectations
C. spiritual development
D. cultural perceptions

4. Which of the following does NOT describe the characteristics of cultural patterns?
A. taught unconsciously
B. learned from daily activities
C. shaped from very young age
D. experienced consciously

5. (P.86) Central beliefs include the culture’s fundamental teaching about what reality is and expectations
about ……………………..
A. when the world appears
B. how the world works
C. how the world forms
D. why the world changes

6. (p. 86 - 87) ………………refers to matters of personal taste, or each person’s unique configuration of
ideas and expectations within the larger cultural matrix.
A. Cultural patterns
B. Central beliefs
C. Peripheral beliefs
D. Mental programs

7. (P. 88) Values, from culture to culture, differs from intensity to ……………, which refers to whether the
value is seen negative or positive.
A. valance
B. expectations
C. teachings
D. Thoughts

8. (P.88) In some U.S. American cultures where the value of respect for the elder is seen negative and holds
with a modest degree of intensity, it is an example of ……….. in cultural values.
A. valance
B. teachings
C. strength
D. importance

9. (P. 88) In some U.S. American cultures where the value of respect for the elder is seen negative and holds
with a modest degree of ……………. , it is an example of valance in cultural values.
A. expectations
B. teachings
C. thoughts
D. intensity

10. Intensity indicates the ………….. or the degree to which the cultures identifies the value as significant.
A. valance
B. teachings
C. expectations
D. strengths

11. (P. 89) ….…………. are predictable behavior patterns that members of a culture typically follow.
A. Valance & intensity
B. Norms & manners
C. Social practices
D. Cultural patterns

12. Norms are the socially shared ………………or appropriate behaviors; therefore when norms are
violated social sanctions are imposed.
A. values & beliefs
B. interpretations
C. expectations
D. significance

13. Both greeting behaviors of people within a culture and good manners in a variety of situations are
governed by ……………… .
A. valence
B. beliefs
C. values
D. norms
REVIEW FROM QUESTIONS 69 TO 81
Complete the statements below with the words provided. Be careful! One option can be used twice.
A. Intensity
B. Interpretations
C. Mental programs
D. Expectations
E. Social practices
F. Norms
G. Strength
H. How the world works
I. Valance
J. Peripheral beliefs
K. Cultural practices
1. Norms are the socially shared ………………or appropriate behaviors; therefore when norms
are violated social sanctions are imposed.
2. Intensity indicates the ………….. or the degree to which the cultures identifies the value as
significant.
3. Both greeting behaviors of people within a culture and good manners in a variety of situations
are governed by ……………… .
4. ………………refers to matters of personal taste, or each person’s unique configuration of
ideas and expectations within the larger cultural matrix.
5. In some U.S. American cultures where the value of respect for the elder is seen negative and
holds with a modest degree of intensity, it is an example of …………….. in cultural values.
6. ….…………. are predictable behavior patterns that members of a culture typically follow.
7. We call the effects of of subtle differences among cultures shared ……………, which lead to
actions that are regarded as appropriate and effective behaviors within a culture.
8. Values, from culture to culture, differs from intensity to ……………, which refers to whether
the value is seen negative or positive.
9. Central beliefs include the culture’s fundamental teaching about what reality is and
expectations about ……………………..
10. Cultural patterns, which provide a way of thinking about the world and of orienting oneself
to it, are shared ………….. that govern specific behavior choices.
11. Shared beliefs, values, and social practices that lead to roughly similar behaviors across
similar situations are known as …………………
12. In some U.S. American cultures where the value of respect for the elder is seen negative and
holds with a modest degree of ……………. , it is an example of valance in cultural values.

CHAPTER 4 (CONT’D)
14. (P. 89) Cultural differences in everyday tasks like meal times, sleeping habits of children,
and opening gifts are …………………. that members of a culture typically follow.
A. central beliefs
B. cultural competence
C. predictable behaviors
D. peripheral beliefs

15. Rituals, ceremonies, and structured routines, which are performed publicly and collectively,
are another type of ……………….
A. social practices
B. central beliefs
C. peripheral beliefs
D. mental programs

16. Rituals, ceremonies, and structured routines, which are performed publicly and collectively,
are ……… for / by all members in a culture.
A. personal and informal
B. arbitrary and unpredictable
C. formal and prescriptive
D. necessarily followed
90. All members of a culture do not necessarily follow their social practices because of their
…………… .
A. informality and changeability
B. individual-level differences
C. cultural-level tendencies
D. formality and flexibility

91. (P. 90) Which of the following does NOT describe the four conclusions about the functions
of cultural patterns by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck?
A. People in all cultures must find out solutions for their cultural problems.
B. The range of alternative solutions to a culture’s problems is limited.
C. Solutions are not governed by the individual-level tendencies.
D. Time shapes the culture’s basic assumptions about cultural patterns.

92. (P. 91) A culture’s solution to how it should organize to deal with …………….. can vary
along a continuum from ‘linearity’ to collectivism and to individualism.
A. human nature
B. relationships
C. people-nature
D. activities

93. Which of the following does NOT belong to a culture’s orientation to the preferred
relationship of humans to the natural world?
A. Subjugation to nature
B. Harmony with nature
C. Mastery over nature
D. Evil of human nature

94. (P. 93) Which people in the following cultures are EXCLUDED from ‘being’ cultures?
A. African Americans
B. European Americans
C. Greeks
D. Hindus from India

95. Which of the following peoples belong to the culture regarded as ‘becoming’?
A. European Americans
B. Hindus in India
C. Native Americans
D. African Americans

96. Which of these ideas does NOT describe the characteristics of people in the ‘becoming’
culture?
A. Changing themselves
B. Keeping the status quo
C. Changing the world
D. Humans as evolving

97. In the culture of ‘doing’ orientation, people do NOT ……………….

A. get things done
B. espouse fate
C. strive forward
D. work hard

98. Which of these ideas does NOT describe the culture of ‘doing’ orientation?
A. Activity is evaluated by scrutinizing a tangible product.
B. Observable actions directed at others is not highlighted.
C. Heroes are those who do things or fight on adversity.
D. ‘When there is a will, there is a way’ is emphasized.

99. Which of the following statements is TRUE about the characteristics of ‘doing’ cultures?
A. Work and play are in general not always separated.
B. Activity is not necessarily related to external products.
C. Activity does not necessarily have a purpose or a goal.
D. Contemplative monks or great thinkers are least valuated.

100. Which of these statements is TRUE about the characteristics of ‘becoming’ cultures?
A. There is a clear-cut separation between work and play.
B. Striving forward is more important than achieving the goal.
C. Observable actions directed at others is always highlighted.
D. Contemplative monks or great thinkers are most valuated.

101. (P. 95) The cultures that emphasize the equality and evenness as a value of belief will
frequently approve all of these ideas, EXCEPT ………………………
A. celebrating others with social status
B. justifying people’s actions
C. discouraging discrimination
D. emphasizing informality

REVIEW OF CHAPTER FIVE

102. (Page 109) Hall argues that every human being is faced with sights, sounds, smells, tastes
and bodily sensations also known as …………….
A. perceptual stimuli
B. cultural competence
C. cultural stimuli
D. perceptual competence

103. According to Hall, cultures differ on a …………….that ranges from high to low context.
A. scale
B. system
C. continuum
D. level

104. Which of the following ideas is NOT RIGHT for high-context cultures?
A. Messages are provided with little information.
B. Information is plainly and explicitly coded.
C. Mexicans are those of high-context cultures.
D. Long relationships and gestures are required.

105. Which of the following ideas is NOT RIGHT for low-context cultures?
A. Information is understood due to long relationships
B. Messages are provided with plain and precise codes.
C. Low-context cultures include Germans and Swedes.
D. Interactions are interpreted in gestures and comments.

106. In high-context culture such as that of Japan, meanings are internalized and there is a large
emphasis on ……………………..
A. verbal codes
B. interpretations
C. nonverbal codes
D. arbitrariness

107. Which of these ideas is NOT the characteristics that explain the differences between high-
and low-context cultures?
A. The use of covert and overt messages
B. The importance of in-and out-groups
C. The culture’s orientation to time
D. A preponderance of low context messages

108. (Page 112) Which of the following features is NOT included in the characteristics of high-
context cultures?
A. Less open and highly organized
B. Responsive to immediate needs
C. Flexible in-groups and out-groups
D. Fragile interpersonal bonds

109. Which of the following features is NOT included in the characteristics of high-context
cultures?
A. Much nonverbal coding
B. Messages internalized
C. Details verbalized
D. Reactions reserved

Complete the following statements with the words provided below. (Pages 111 - 112)

110. Japanese tea ceremony is an example of a high-context message, in which nearly

movement, …………, and action has significance to those understanding the ‘code’ being used.
111. Reactions in high-context cultures are likely to be ……………whereas reactions in low-
context cultures are very …………. and readily observable.
112. In high-context cultures, an important purpose in communicating is to promote and sustain
harmony among the interactants, or else it may threaten the face or …………… of others.
113. In …………….. cultures, it is very easy to determined who is the member of a group and
who is not because there are rules and rituals of situations.
114. Loyalties to families and the members of one’s social and work groups are long lasting and
unchanging, which differs from those found in ……………….cultures.
115. ….………….. is the final distinguishable characteristic between the types of cultures.
116. Hofstede’s …………….. is based on the assertion that people carry mental programs, or
‘software of the mind’ that are developed during childhood and reinforced by their culture.
117. Recently two additional dimensions have been added: ……… versus restraint, and
monumentalism versus self-effacement.
118. One of the basic concerns of all cultures is the issue of human inequality; all people in a
culture still have …………….
119. All cultures have particular value orientations about the appropriateness or importance of
status differences and …………….. .
120. Children raised in …………power-distance cultures are expected to obey their parents
without challenging or questioning them
A. Social hierarchies E. High-context I. Orientation to time
B. Approach F. Power distance J. High
C. Low-context G. Social esteem K. Explicit
D. Indulgence H. Gesture L. Reserved

Đáp án:
110: H 114: C 118. F
111: L & K 115. I 119. A
112: G 116. B 120. J
113: E 117. D

MULTIPLE CHOICES (Cont’d)

121. In the business world, managers in high-power distance cultures are likely to prefer a
decision making style with all of these qualities EXCEPT …………..
A. autocracy
B. centralization
C. supervision
D. consultation

122. Information in low-context cultures must be precise because its communicators are likely
computer users.
123. All global cultures must be either low-context or high-context, never fall into some places
in between.
124. People look for the meaning of others’ behaviors in low-context messages coded plainly
and explicitly