AE5045 Lecture 2 - Intro To Systems and Systems Theory

For personal use only.
Reproduction is
strictly prohibited
AE5045 System Safety Engineering
Hisar M. Pasaribu
Introduction to Systems and Systems Theory
In this lecture, you will learn about:
 What is A System
 Elements of A System
 System Decomposition
 Modeling of A System
 Introduction to Systems Theory
AE5045 System Safety Engineering Hisar M. Pasaribu/ITB Introduction to System and Systems Theory 2
©Hisar M. Pasaribu, 2019 1

For personal use only. Reproduction is
strictly prohibited
The Problem
The first step in solving any problem is to understand it.

We often propose solutions to problems that we do not
understand and then are surprised when the solutions
fail to have the anticipated effect.
What is A System?
 A combination of inter-related items arranged to perform a
specific function(s).
 A functional grouping of hardware, software, and human

interfaces that work together to meet the mission need
expressed by the end user.
 A collection of things that work together to perform a useful

purpose that none of them can do alone.

strictly prohibited
What is A System?
 An entity separated from the world around it (system
environment) by a physical or conceptual boundary.
Environment
System
 A system has an external environment that provides input(s) and

output(s) to the system.
What is A System?
 An ordered set of several components.
 Each component of a system contributes to the behavior of the

system and is affected by its existence within the system.
 A certain set of system’s component can form a subsystem with

its own characteristics.
System
Input Output
Component Component Component

strictly prohibited
Elements of A System
 Component
 A part of the system that operates and includes input,
process, and output
 Each component may have values to describe the state of
the system as dictated by the control action and one or
more constraints
 Attribute
 The nature or manifestation that can be discerned and
owned by a component
 It yields the characteristics of the system
 Relation
 The chain between a component and its attributes
Elements of A System
 The nature and behavior of any component in a set affect

the nature and behavior of the set as a whole
 The nature and behavior of any component in a set are

dependent on the nature and behavior of at least one
other component in the set
 Any possible subset of components has the two above

characteristics.
 A component cannot be decomposed into an independent

subset.

strictly prohibited
System Definition
SYSTEM
Research & Hardware Manufacturing Operation Support Process

Development Software Assembly Support  Maintenance
Training process
 Documentation
 Spares, facilities
Whole life considerations Life cycle phases  Training
Life cycle cost
Integration of disciplines Engineering

Support
Marketing
Manufacturing
System Hardware
Manufacturing
Support
System Decomposition
System
Sub-system Sub-system
Component Component Component Component Component
ATA – 100 Specification for Aircraft Systems

XX - YY - ZZ 24 - 20 - 11
System/Chapter Electrical Power
Sub-system/Section AC Generation
Unit/Subject LH Generator

strictly prohibited
System Modeling
 Various ways to learn about a system
SYSTEM
Experiment with the Experiment with a

real system model of the system
Mathematical
Physical model
model
 A model is a simplified
abstract construction
Analytical solution Simulation
used to learn about the
behavior of a system
System Modeling
 Three purposes of a system model:
1. To study an existing system without disturbing its operation,
2. To study a system without breaking it,
3. To study a non-existent system
 A model can only represent a limited characteristics of the

real system.
 The same system can have several models with different

distinct characteristics based on the purposes of the models.
 A valid model of a system can either be an exact replica of

the system or not, but at least must have some of its
important characteristicsHisar M. Pasaribu/ITB
AE5045 System Safety Engineering Introduction to System and Systems Theory 12

strictly prohibited
Basic Concept of System Modeling

 Since a model is only a simplified version of the real
system, it takes an art and skill to construct a model.
 Some basic requirements and concepts for constructing a

model:
1. System parameters and attributes
2. System and environment
3. Complexity and Detaility
4. Continuous and Discrete Characteristics
5. Deterministic and Stochastic Behavior
6. Any other necessary characteristics

Mental Model
manufacturing evolution and
and construction changes over time
variances
ACTUAL
SYSTEM
original
design operational
spec experience
Designers deals
operational Operators
with ideals or
DESIGNER’S procedures OPERATOR’S continually test
averages, not
MODEL training MODEL their models
constructed
against reality
system

strictly prohibited
Mathematical Modeling
 A mathematical model gives - in quantitative terms - the
relationship between various components, as defined in the
relevant system.
 Problem solving procedure by using a mathematical model:
Step 1 Problem Formulation
Step 2 Mathematical Description
Step 3 Mathematical Analysis
Step 4 Interpretation of Results for Obtaining Solution

Mathematical Modeling
 A good and useful mathematical model must meet several
requirements:
1. Simple
2. Complete
3. Easily manipulated
4. Adjustable but robust
5. Easily communicated
6. Model relevant to the problem at hand
7. Must produce information relevant to and good for the

decision making process.

strictly prohibited
Systems of Systems
 More and more systems are being constructed by integrated

existing, independent systems
 A system of systems is a system that contains two or more

independently managed elements
 There is no single manager for all of the parts of the system

of systems and that different parts of a system are subject to
different management and control policies and rules
Systems of Systems
 More and more systems are being constructed by integrated

existing, independent systems.
 A group of dissimilar systems that interoperate to achieve a

mission purpose none of them can perform alone.
 May possess unplanned, emergent behavior that is not visible

by the architecture or design teams.
 A system of systems is a system that contains two or more

independently managed elements.
 There is no single manager for all of the parts of the system

of systems and that different parts of a system are subject to
different management and control policies and rules.

strictly prohibited
Essential Characteristics of SoS
 Operational independence of system elements
 Managerial independence of system elements
 Evolutionary development
 Emergence of system characteristics
 Geographic distribution of system elements
 Data intensive (data >> code)
 Heterogeneity
System Complexity
 All systems are composed of parts (elements) with

relationships between these elements of the system
 The complexity of any system depends on the number and the

types of relationships between system elements
 The type of relationship (static or dynamic) also influences

the overall complexity of a system.

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System Complexity
System (a) System (b)
Process Complexity
 All systems grow in size, the need more complex production

and management processes.
 Complex processes are themselves complex systems.
 The complexity of the production process is one of the main

reasons why projects go wrong, with software delivered late
and over-budget.

strictly prohibited
System Production and Management

Processes
Production process Management process
Produces Manages
A Little Systems Theory
Systems theory can act as an alternative to

reliability theory for dealing with safety.

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Ways to Cope with Complexity
 Analytic Reduction (Descartes)

 Divide system into distinct parts for analysis purposes.
 Examine the parts separately.
 Three important assumptions:

1. The division into parts will not distort the phenomenon
being studied.
2. Components are the same when examined singly as
when playing their part in the whole.
3. Principles governing the assembling of the components
into the whole are themselves straightforward.
Ways to Cope with Complexity
 Statistics
 Treat as a structureless mass with interchangeable
parts.
 Use Law of Large Numbers to describe behavior in
terms of averages.
 Assumes components sufficiently regular and random
in their behavior that they can be studied statistically.

strictly prohibited
Systems Theory
 Developed for biology (von Bertalanffly) and cybernetics
(Norbert Wiener)
 For systems too complex for complete analysis
 Separation into non−interacting subsystems distorts results
 Most important properties are emergent.
and too organized for statistical analysis
 Concentrates on analysis and design of whole as distinct from

parts (basis of systems engineering)
 Some properties can only be treated adequately in their entirety,
taking into account all social and technical aspects.
 These properties derive from relationships between the parts of
systems −− how they interact and fit together.
Systems Theory
 Two pairs of ideas:

1. Emergence and hierarchy
 Levels of organization, each more complex than one
below.
 Levels characterized by emergent properties
 Irreducible
 Represent constraints upon the degree of freedom
components a lower level.
 Safety is an emergent system property
 It is NOT a component property.
 It can only be analyzed in the context of the whole.

strictly prohibited
Systems Theory
 Two pairs of idea ...

2. Communication and control
 Hierarchies characterized by control processes
working at the interfaces between levels.
 A control action imposes constraints upon the
activity at one level of a hierarchy.
 Open systems are viewed as interrelated
components kept in a state of dynamic equilibrium
by feedback loops of information and control.
 Control in open systems implies need for
communication
An Overview of the Approach
Engineers should recognize that reducing risk is not an

impossible task, even under financial and time constraints.
All it takes in many cases is a different perspective on the
design problem.
Mike Martin and Roland Schinzinger
Ethics in Engineering

strictly prohibited
System Safety
 A planned, disciplined, and systematic approach to preventing
or reducing accidents throughout the life cycle of a system.
 ‘‘Organized common sense ’’ (Mueller, 1968)
 Primary concern is the management of hazards:
Hazard
identification
evaluation
elimination
control
through
analysis
design
management
 MIL−STD−882
System Safety
 Hazard analysis and control is a continuous, iterative
process throughout system development and use.
Conceptual
development Design Development Operations
Hazard identification
Hazard resolution
Verification
Change analysis
Operational feedback
 Hazard resolution precedence:

1. Eliminate the hazard
2. Prevent or minimize the occurrence of the hazard
3. Control the hazard if it occurs.
4. Minimize damage.
 Management

strictly prohibited
The ‘Vee’ Diagram

Assessment
Concept Test & Evaluation System
Development Master Plan Validation
Preliminary Subsystem Test Integration &

Design Plans Verification
Detailed Product & Qualification

Design Component Testing
Test Plans
Build &
Verify
Credit to: Forsberg & Moor; Ben Blanchard & Wolter Fabrycky; J.O. Grady
Time
Formal Safety Assessment

Decision makers:
Identify problem, Initiate FSA,
Receive recommendations, Decide,
Implement
Step 5:
Step 1: Recommendations
Identify Hazards to Decision Makers
Step 3:
Generate
Risk Control
Options Step 4:
Step 2:
Analyze Risk Cost Benefit
Analysis

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AE5045 System Safety Engineering

Introduction to Systems and Systems Theory

In this lecture, you will learn about:

 Introduction to Systems Theory

©Hisar M. Pasaribu, 2019 1

The first step in solving any problem is to understand it.

 A functional grouping of hardware, software, and human

 A collection of things that work together to perform a useful

©Hisar M. Pasaribu, 2019 2

 A system has an external environment that provides input(s) and

 An ordered set of several components.

 Each component of a system contributes to the behavior of the

 A certain set of system’s component can form a subsystem with

©Hisar M. Pasaribu, 2019 3

 The nature and behavior of any component in a set affect

 The nature and behavior of any component in a set are

 Any possible subset of components has the two above

 A component cannot be decomposed into an independent

©Hisar M. Pasaribu, 2019 4

Research & Hardware Manufacturing Operation Support Process

Integration of disciplines Engineering

Component Component Component Component Component

ATA – 100 Specification for Aircraft Systems

©Hisar M. Pasaribu, 2019 5

Experiment with the Experiment with a

2. To study a system without breaking it,

3. To study a non-existent system

 A model can only represent a limited characteristics of the

 The same system can have several models with different

 A valid model of a system can either be an exact replica of

©Hisar M. Pasaribu, 2019 6

Basic Concept of System Modeling

 Some basic requirements and concepts for constructing a

2. System and environment

3. Complexity and Detaility

4. Continuous and Discrete Characteristics

5. Deterministic and Stochastic Behavior

6. Any other necessary characteristics

©Hisar M. Pasaribu, 2019 7

 Problem solving procedure by using a mathematical model:

Step 1 Problem Formulation

Step 2 Mathematical Description

Step 3 Mathematical Analysis

Step 4 Interpretation of Results for Obtaining Solution

4. Adjustable but robust

6. Model relevant to the problem at hand

7. Must produce information relevant to and good for the

©Hisar M. Pasaribu, 2019 8

 More and more systems are being constructed by integrated

 A system of systems is a system that contains two or more

 There is no single manager for all of the parts of the system

 More and more systems are being constructed by integrated

 A group of dissimilar systems that interoperate to achieve a

 May possess unplanned, emergent behavior that is not visible

 A system of systems is a system that contains two or more

 There is no single manager for all of the parts of the system

©Hisar M. Pasaribu, 2019 9

Essential Characteristics of SoS

 Operational independence of system elements

 Managerial independence of system elements

 Emergence of system characteristics

 Geographic distribution of system elements