MAKERERE UNIVERSITY

BUSINESS SCHOOL
BACHELOR OF PROCUREMENT AND SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT

YEAR TWO SEMESTER ONE

COURSE UNIT ICT II

ASSIGNMENT

NAME REG. NO SIGNATURE

1.EKATAN DAVIS SHADRAC. 19/U/19576/PS …….………………………

2.ALIKER ALVIN LAPYEM. 19/U/27732 …….………………………

3.ASABA STEPHEN. 19/U/29051 …….………………………

4.ARYAMPA SUREYA. 19/U/19491/PS …….………………………

5.NGANDA FLORENCE. 19/U/20088/PS …….………………………

6.NGOMBE RUTH. 19/U/20087/PS …….………………………

7.NAMUGAYI MARIA MOREEN. 19/U/20008/PS …….………………………

8.TUSHABE MARIA IMMACULATE. 19/U/20245/PS …….………………………

9.KALINAKI GLORIA MERCY. 19/U/19624/PS …….………………………

10.NATWIJUKA SARAH. 19/U/20073/EVE …….………………………

Data managements

Data management is the development and execution of architectures, procedures, policies and
practices in order to manage the information lifecycle needs of an enterprise in an effective
manner.

Ares of data management

Data modeling; is first creating a structure for the data that you collect and use and then
organizing this data in a way that is easily accessible and efficient to store

Data warehousing; this is storing data effectively so that it can be access and used in future

A warehouse keeps ‘historical data

Data movement; is the ability to move data from one place to another, that is to say data needs
to be moved from where it is collected to the data base and then to the end user

Database administration; work done by computers

Database administration is run by database administrators who ae responsible for creating and
managing data in a database

Data mining; is a process in which large amounts of data are sifted through to show trends,
relationship, and patterns. Data mining is crucial component to data management because it
exposes interesting information about the data being collected

File organization terms and concepts

A computer system organizes data in a hierarchical that start with the bit

Bit represents 0 or 1

8 bits are grouped together to form a byte

Each byte represents one character, number or symbol

Bytes can be grouped to form a field, it can represent a person’s name or age
Related field can be grouped to form a record, related fields can be students name, course taken
and the grade

Related record can be grouped to forms a file

Related files can be grouped to form a database

File organization terms

Key field; is a field that uniquely identifies a record so that the record can be retrieved, updated
or stored

Accessing records from computer files

Computer files can be accessed in two ways;

Sequentially or randomly

Sequential file organization; here the user is able to access files but following the order in
which they are stored in the media or device

Sequential file organization is the only file organization that can be used on magnetic tapes for
example pall roll

Random file organization; users access files directly disregarding the order and is utilized with
magnetic disk

Traditional approach to data management /file-based approach

This is the way of collecting and managing data in an organization that leads to each functional
area creating and maintaining its own data file and programs

Changes and updates are done to these files separately

Problems of file-based approach

Difficult access of data, since data is isolated in a separate file it becomes difficult for users to
access
Lack of data sharing and availability; information cannot flow freely across different functional
areas or different parts of the organization
Data dependence; using file-based approach the physical structure and storage of the data files
and records are defined in the application program code which makes changes to the existing
structure difficult
Lack of data integrity, data integrity verifies that that data has remained unaltered from creation
to reception. This often difficult to achieve in file-based approach
Poor security;
Data redundancy
Program data dependence
Database approach to data management

Under this approach many programs and users can share data in a database because that data is
centralized in one logical location so only authorized users can access certain data

Advantages of database approach

Control of data redundancy; this is done by integrating the files

Data consistency; this achieved by controlling data redundancy
More information from the same amount of data
Enforcement of standards is possible for example documentation standards, update procedures,
data formats, and access rules
Increased concurrency; by ensuring no interference between users that would not result to any
loss of information
Data sharing is possible using database approach since data belongs to the entire organization
Improved security; database approach provides protection from unauthorized users

Disadvantages of database approach

Complexity and this require all parties to be familiar with its functionality to take full advantage
of it
Size; database consumes a large amount of a main memory
Costly to implement and maintaining
Cost of conversion associated with security problems in case of unauthorized access
Some applications may not run first as before since it caters for many applications which slow
down performance
Higher impact of failure; the system increases vulnerability of the system due to the
centralization
Basic definitions

Database: this is the collection of related data

Data: these are raw facts that can be collected and recorded a bout any thing

Mini world: some part of real world about which data is stored in the database

Database management system; is a collection of software that facilitate the collection and
maintenance of a database

Database system; this is the database management system software together with the data

Database approach

Data dependence; this is used to describe the separation of data handling from the functional
processing of the data

Data integrity; refers to maintaining and ensuring the accuracy and consistence of data

Data redundancy; this describes the case where a particular data element is individually kept at
several places in the database

Data security; this is the ability of the data base to preserve and protect the data which it holds

Data entity, attribute, and key

Entity; a generalized call of people, place, or things from which data is collected, stored, and
maintained

Attribute; characteristic of an entity

Keys; set of fields in a record that is used to identify the record

Database management system

This is a software for creating and maintaining database
Data definition language; this defines each element as it appears in the database

Data manipulation language; set of commands that enables programmers to a

Query language; it enables users to make queries from the data base

Report generator; it enables generation of reports from database

User interface; this provides the environment for interaction of user with the database

Database management system functions

Data dictionary management

Data storage management
Data transformation and presentation
Security management
Multiuser access control
Backup and recovery management
Data integrity management
Data base language and application programming interface
Database communication interface
Data base models

Database model is a type of data model that determines the logical structure of database

Conceptual model; this focuses on the logical nature of data representation

Implementation model; this emphasis on hoe data is represented in the database

Relationship in conceptual model

One to one
One to many
Many to many
Implementation database model

1. Hierarchical

2. Network

3. Relation

Hierarchical database model; this is a database model in which data are organized in the top
down or inverted tree structure

Related fields are grouped together so that there are higher level records and lower level records

Advantages of hierarchical database model

They can be accessed and updated
The relationship between records are defined in advance
Easy to understand
Conceptual simplicity
Database security and integrity
Disadvantages
Each child in the tree has only one parent to which it is linked
The relationship between child and parent is not permanent
Network data model
This is a model with owner member relationship in which a member may have many owner

Instead of looking like an upside-down tree a network database looks more like a cobweb or
interconnected network or records

In the network database they present owner member relationship also referred to as many
relationship

The most different is that each member can have more than one owner

Benefits of network database model

Very flexible, since more connections can be made
Handles more relationship types
Data access flexibility
Promotes database integrity
Limitations of network database
Network database must be defined in advance
There is also a limit to the number of connections that can made between records
Due to the many connections may become complex to understand
Relational database model

Relational database model is where all data elements are placed to dimensional tables called
relations that are the logical equivalent of files

Benefits of relational database model

Relational database is more flexible than another database model

Relational database can be used with little training
Database entries can be modified without having to redefine the entire structure
Easier database design, implementation, management and use
Weakness of relational database model

Searching for data can take more time than if other models
Substantial hardware and system software overhead
Performance may slow down due to large amounts of information

Entry relationship database model

Entity relationship database is based on entities, attributes, and relationship

ERM is a data model for describing the data or information aspects of a business in an abstract
way that makes it easy for implementations in a database such as a relational database

The main components of entity relationship model are entities and the relationships that can exist
among them

An entity is a thing that exist either physically or logically

Entities can be though of as nouns for example a computer, an employee, a song among other
A relationship captures how these entities are related to one another

Relationship can be thought of verbs, linking tow or more nouns

Object oriented database model

Object oriented database use small reusable chucks of software called objects

The objects themselves are stored in the object-oriented database

Each object consists of two elements

A piece of data for example sound, video, text or graphs and the instruction or software programs
called methods that explain what to do with the data

The instruction contained within the object are used to do something with the data in the object

Benefits of object-oriented database model

The ability to mix and match reusable objects

Provides incredible multimedia capacity
Weakness of object-oriented database model

More costly to develop

Most organizations are reluctant to abandon or convert from those databases that they have
already invested money in developing and implementing

Requires skilled personnel to manage and maintain them

Database types

Flat files, has no relationship between its records

Used to store and manipulate a single table or file

Single user, only one person can use the database at any time Microsoft outlook and quicken
used to store and manipulate personal data
Multiuser. Networked computer system need multiusers database management system allows
several people in an organization access that data and to see each other’s change

General purpose database, can be used for a large number of applications

Special purpose database, designed for a limited number of applications to observe a specific
need

Open source database,

Front end application, one that directly interacts with people or users

Back and application, interest with other programs or applications

Use of database system in organization

Used to process routine transactions
For information and decision support

Current trends in database system

Distributed database, actual data may be spread across several database at different locations

Master database file, records the existence of all other database and the location of those
database files and records the initialization of information for database

Transition database file, comprises of a unit of work performance within a database

management system

Replicated database, database that holds a duplicate set of frequency used data

Database system the internet and network,

Database a administration
Database administrator, a skilled and trained computer professional who directs all activities
related to an organization database including providing security from intruders

He is responsible for

Overall design and coordination of the database

Development and maintenance of the data dictionary
Implementation of the database management system
User support and training
Overall operation of the database management system
Testing and maintaining the data base mana2gement system
Establishing emergency and recovery procedures
End user computing
End user computing development and user of application programs by non-computer system
professions

End user computing issues

What data can users read, update, or write in adatabas3e
When can be transfer from small computer system to the mainframe or server?
What procedures are needed to guarantee proper database use and security
Steps in database design
Requirement analysis, what does the user want
Conceptual database design
Physical database design
COMPUTER NETWORKS

A network can be defined as two or more computing devices connected together to share
resources.

Why do we study networking, commercial e-commerce, banking, telecommunications, social

critical infrastructure, homeland security, policing, modern trend

.human interaction, communication

INTERNET. Is a worldwide system of computer networks

INTRANET.is a private network that is contained within an enterprise .

EXTRANET. A network that connects people within your company with people who are outside
your company.

Benefits of computer networks to organizations.

.Improved response time by overcoming time barrier

Enable the information of strategic alliances

Sharing files and communicates via electronic mail

Generation of revenue

To attracts new customers through web marketing.

.The desire to share valuable information was one of the driving forces behind the development
of computer networks.

LIMITATIONS OF USING COMPUTER NETWORKS.

1. Cables may break

2. File server failure

3. Require administrative time

4. Security concerns over the network including virus spa reading.

5. expensive to install.

NETWORK DESIGN PARMETERS.

.Availability the network is available all the time

.security the network should be secure and not accesses by everyone

.Reliability the network should be useful and fully operational.

.Response time how fast the network is interns of responding to different commands by the user.

.Robustness is a measure of networks ability to continue operating cost throughout

TYPES OF NETWORKS

-local area network limited geographical area ,usually within the building is homes.

-wide area network large global network with no physical boundaries.

-peer to peer networks individual users control their own resources

-metropolitan area network

-client /server network

NETWORK TOPOLOGIES.

A network topology is a layout of the network.

1.Bus topology it is connected by one single sever.

.it uses less cable. compared to other physical topologies

.it works well for small networks. However it needs terminators

2.star topology it where every nose is directly connected to the server through switch.
 .it is easy to install and design.

.it is flexible and reliable however it is expensive to build.

3.Ring topology there is continuous flow of data.

.creates redundancy

4.Mesh topology it has more devices connecting together

5.Hybrid topology

Considerations When Choosing a Topology

 money

 cable type

 future growth..

 ength of cable needed.

Components of a network.

1.clients computers that request information from a server.

2.servers people providing information

3.switch it connects computer segments

Telecommunications and Networks

Is a long distance communication using electromagnetic waves encompassing words with a tele
prefix like telephone, television , telegraph.

Data communications are the exchange of data between two devices via some form of
transmission medium such as a wire cable .

Computers can communicate in two ways ; through telecommunication and networks

Telecommunication system is a collection of compatible hardware and software arranged to

communicate information from one location to another .

A telecommunication system has these basic essentials which include:

Computers , terminals , communication channels , processors, communication software .

Functions of a telecommunication system .

1. Transmission: medium used to transmit data and voice signals

2. Interface , acts as a link between the sender and the receiver .

3. Routing : chooses the most efficient path to deliver your message .

4. Processing : processes messages so that it can get to the right target direction .

5. Editorial : checks for transmission errors and puts the message right .

6. Conversion : used to change the transmission speed or codes from one device to another .

7. Control: controls how messages are transported

Properties of transmission

1. Type of signals communicate.

2. Speed at which the signal is transmitted

3. Type of data movement allowed on the channel

4 .method used to transport the data

5. Single channel and multichannel transmission

Types of signals

Analog signals: is a continuous wave form that passes through a communication medium used
for voice communication .

Digital signal: is a discrete wave form that transmits data coded into discrete states as one bits
and zero bits which represented as on/off electrical pulses used for data .

Data transmission

There are mainly two ways of data transmission

Serial transmission- Is the most effective type of transmission used in general for computer
communication.

Parallel transmission- This is where data is transferred using several transmission paths.

ASYNCHRONOUS AND SYNCHRONOUS TRANSMISSION

Asynchronous data transmission- Is where data is transmitted one character at a time where each
character is 5 to 8 bits in length. Mainly used to transfer medium data over long distances.

Synchronous transmission- Is where data is transferred in a block of bits at ago without starter
stop. It's more efficient mode of transfer used to transfer large quantities of data.

Transmission direction

Simplex transmission: where data can travel in only one direction at all times. These systems are
often employed in broadcast networks.

Half duplex system: Allows communication in both directions but only one direction at a
time(not simultaneous) eg Radio calls and walkie talkies

A full duplex system Allows communication in both directions and unlike half duplex allows this
to happen simultaneous eg telephone,mobile phone etc.
Communication channel- Refers to the medium used to convey information from the sender (or
transmitter) to a receiver (sink).

There are two types of communication channel-guided or wired and unguided wireless.

Characteristics of communication channels

Transmission speed

Bandwidth

TYPES OF GUIDED

Twisted pair of copper wires

Twisted pairs are shielded twisted pair (STP)

Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)

Coaxial cables

Fibre optic cables

Wireless connections

The link is made using electromagnetic energy that's goes through space instead of Alon wires or
cables.

Three types of wireless communication

Infrared

Commonly used in TV and VCR remote controls

Use infrared frequencies of electromagnetic radiation.

Must be in line of sight

Often used to connect keyboards, mice and printers.

Bluetooth
Is a radio frequency specification for short range, point to multi point voice and data transfer.

Bluetooth can transmit through solid and nonmetal objects

Bluetooth will enable users to connect to wide range of computing and telecommunication
devices.

Devices include headsets, notebooks, desktop computers, and PDAs.

Radio frequency
Use radio frequencies

Not commonly used because of the possible interference from other sources of electromagnetic
radiation.

Microwave
Often used to communicate with distant locations

Must be line of sight

Satellite

Wireless technologies
Wimax

Wi-fi

Broadband

Telecommunication trends
Industry trends - Toward more competitive vendors, carriers, alliances and network services,
accelerated by deregulation and the growth of the internet and the worldwide web.

Technology trends- Towards extensive use of internet, digital fiber optic and wireless
technologies.
Application trends- Toward the pervasive use of the internet enterprises, inter organizational
extranets.

Telecommunication based services

 Full service spectrum
 Broadcast TV
 High definition TV
 Enhanced pay per view
 Video on demand
 Interactive video games
 Interactive TV
 Video catalog shopping
 Image networking
 Transaction service
 Video technology
 Video telephony
 Cellular/PCS system s.
Value of telecommunications network
 Overcome geographical barriers
 Overcome time barriers
 Overcome cost barriers
 Overcome structural barriers
Internet Applications
 Email
 E-commerce
 E-conferencing
 E-entertainment
 E-education
 E-marketing
 Online social networks