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The Role of Environmental Ethics
The Role of Environmental Ethics
(Review Article)
The Role of Environmental Ethics in Sustainable Tourism
Development
Lobat Zebardast
Abstract
Background Today, tourism is recognized as one of the largest and fastest growing industries which has
been highly regarded by governments for its diverse benefits, including job creation, increasing local and
national revenues, expanding entrepreneurial opportunities, making optimal economic investment, and im-
proving the security by reducing political tensions. Nevertheless, tourism can have various economic, social,
and cultural consequences on the environment and local communities. Therefore, there are serious ethical
considerations in terms of environmental degradation and negative social and cultural impacts of tourism
that need to be taken into account in tourism development programs. The aim of this research is to study
the role of environmental ethics in sustainable tourism development and provide ethical environmental so-
lutions in the development of tourism.
Conclusion Considering the fact that, in most cases, few may benefit from tourism development, while its
adverse effects influence the society and the environment, ethical solutions such as understanding the real val-
ues of nature, assessing the environmental and social impacts of tourism development plans, estimating the
carrying capacity of the destination, focusing on sustainable forms and alternative tourism, and establishment
of effective laws and regulations are required for a more sustainable and ethical tourism development.
Introduction
Today, tourism is recognized as one of the largest expanding opportunities for optimal economic
and fastest growing industries of the world (1). investment, and improving the security by reduc-
This phenomenon has been highly regarded by ing political tensions. The global revenue of the
governments for its diverse benefits, including job tourism sector ranks second after oil industry (2).
creation, increasing local and national revenues,
Corresponding Author: Email: lzebardast@ut.ac.ir
Received: 7 Jun 2018
Accepted: 11 Aug 2018
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International Journal of Ethics & Society (IJES), (2018) Vol. 1, No. 1
tion that in the long term does not result in the effects have indirect implications which appear in
destruction and loss of that resource (13). Thus, the long run. However, in many developing
sustainability is a globally accepted notion that countries, the dominant attitude towards the
puts limits to unleashed growth and pressure tourism industry is an activity in line with sustain-
over natural capitals that should be preserved for able development with slight negative impacts.
the future generations. In tourism sector, sustain- It is crystal clear that satisfaction of the quality of
ability depends closely on the state of the natural a destination is highly dependent on environmen-
and social/cultural environments of destinations tal characteristics, such as beautiful landscape,
especially in developing countries where the tour- quietness, cleanliness, pleasant weather, etc.(16).
ism industry is growing rapidly (14). Therefore, the ongoing trend of tourism devel-
In order to achieve sustainable tourism develop- opment will cause a serious reduction in the qual-
ment, which is therefore considered a more ethi- ity of destination and thus declines the demand
cal approach, several steps should be taken which for travel and threatens the future of this indus-
are mentioned in the following section. try. In addition to reducing the quality of the en-
vironment for the local residents, this phenome-
Identifying the true value of nature non leads to the deprivation of future generations
Undoubtedly, the perception of the environment of many of tourist attractions.
and the position that humans consider for them- So, there should be a systematic approach to
selves in the nature, affects the value and the type identify, prevent or reduce these consequences in
of behaviors they chose to have towards it. In order to achieve sustainable development and
fact, superior and opportunistic valuing systems equity for different places and generations. Envi-
towards nature have caused enormous environ- ronmental Impact Assessment, which is a sys-
mental problems that the modern society is fac- tematic tool for predicting and reducing negative
ing today. Therefore, we need to adopt a new impacts both on natural and cultural environ-
way in humans’ interactions with the nature to ment, should be applied in order to conduct tour-
solve these problems. ism development in a more ethical manner.
Since tourism is a human phenomenon, this ques-
tion arises that how the relationship between tour- Estimation of the Carrying Capacity
ism and the environment is represented by the Excessive use of resources, regardless of their
value of nature for the tourists and the stake hold- capacity and ability to be renewed, cause irrepa-
ers. The values of nature are more than just the rable harm to them which would be far from in-
economic enterprises such as of tourism and also tergenerational equity and, consequently, from
include scientific, historical, cultural, and so on. In ethical development. Tourism carrying capacity
modern times that the changes to our environ- means establishing a balance between the physi-
ment makes us reassess our position towards na- cal environment and the quality of the tourists'
ture, as a subsystem of the community, tourism experience. In addition to having a good eco-
also sets its own position to better reflect ethical nomic profit, such an approach also does not af-
considerations, priorities, and ethical issues(15). fect the status of the environment and the per-
ceived experience of tourists. This equilibrium
Environmental Impact Assessment means achieving the carrying capacity which is
Any human intervention and activities in the en- defined as the maximum number of people who
vironment causes different degrees of unwanted can use a site without making unacceptable
negative effects. In some cases, because of the changes in the physical environment and reduc-
type of activity and the direct effects which ap- ing the quality of the visitors’ experience (17).
pear sooner in the environment, the consequenc-
es are clearer and more familiar. But tourism is Effective regulations
among interventions that in addition to direct
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International Journal of Ethics & Society (IJES), (2018) Vol. 1, No. 1
Since the environment is considered as the main Among the many different recreational activities,
capital and a key element for tourism, environ- mass tourism is known to be responsible for en-
mental protection can lead to the prosperity of vironmental degradation associated with tourism.
this industry. But since tourists are not perma- This category of tourism is inherently against sus-
nent residents, they may feel that they will not be tainable tourism. Although it can take a more
responsible of environmental degradation they sustainable and responsible form of the current
cause. Therefore, the local community and the state, little research has been done to achieve this
natural environment can be harmed by this irre- goal and researchers are more interested in con-
sponsibility, which is not an ethical issue. There- ducting surveys of newer forms of tourism such
fore, it is vital to set up effective laws and regula- as ecotourism or other forms alternative tourism.
tions to prevent the destruction of the environ- That’s the reason why negative impacts of mass
ment by tourists. tourism on sustainable development have some-
times been ignored. This is an important research
Considering the local community topic which requires immediate attention from
At first glance, it seems that tourism has a lot of researchers and practitioners (8).
economic benefits for local people, including in-
creased job opportunities and income generation. Conclusion
However, experience has shown that most of the
jobs created are seasonal, with low income; al- In the past few decades, the tourism industry has
most no training provided and have no guarantee expiries an excessive growth and become one of
to continue and provide health insurance ser- the fastest growing economic sectors and one of
vices. Furthermore, the attractions of employ- the most important actors in international trade
ment in the tourism industry leads to the with- (19). However, tourism is not the clean industry
drawal of labor from other economic sectors re- that many policymakers and ordinary people im-
sulting in the destruction of the prospects for agine. As a result of the close relationship with
growth and employment in other economic sec- the natural environment and the local communi-
tors in the region. Also, an important part of the ty, it can bring about deleterious effects which
tourism revenue and its potential investments may remain hidden from the eye. Often, the eco-
leaks outside of the region, because the main nomic benefits of tourism are the result of the
owners and players in the tourism sector are not costs imposed the environment and societies,
often in the region (8). which eventually jeopardizes tourism industry
In addition to the above mentioned tourism de- assets which are natural and cultural attrac-
velopment in remote areas leads to rising of land tions(8).
prices which eventually eliminates jobs that gen- This is a bitter reality that the benefits of tourism
erate less income from the land, such as agricul- industry cannot be gained by all but its negative
ture, gardening or fishery. Therefore, the local impacts affect everyone and also the natural envi-
people's ability to own land will be reduced and ronment, which is not off course ethically cor-
gradually become marginalized and poorer (18). rect. Thus, in order to solve these problems, cer-
Thus, there should be sufficient guarantees in tain mechanisms are needed to be taken by the
tourism development plans that firstly, they will society and authorities to control and mitigate
not reduce the income of local people and elimi- these effects. In this research, after introducing
nate small businesses and work force will be pro- the ethical aspects of tourism, some measures for
vided from local people while providing suffi- reducing and controlling the negative effects of
cient training. Secondly, land price should be tourism were reviewed and introduced, so that
prevented from rising and as much as possible. the industry can move towards social and envi-
ronmental equity and, ultimately, be ethical.
Mass Tourism Considerations
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