JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY ANANTAPUR

MBA IV Semester LT P C

4 0 0 4

(17E00408) INTERNATIONAL MARKETING

(Elective VI)
Objective :The objective of the course is to provide students with a perspective of International
Marketing Management, its environment and complexities.

1. International Marketing: Scope and Significance of International Marketing, The importance of

international marketing, Differences between international and domestic marketing, legal
environment and regulatory environment of international marketing.
2. International Market Entry Strategies: Indirect Exporting, , Direct Exporting, Foreign
Manufacturing Strategies with Direct Investment. Entry Strategies of Indian Firms.
3. International product management: International product positioning, Product saturation
Levels in global Market, New products in Interntional Market, Products and culture, brands in
International Market.
4. International Marketing Channels: Distribution Structures, Distribution Patterns, Factors
effecting Choice of Channels, the Challenges in Managing an international Distribution Strategy,
Selecting Foreign Country Market intermediaries. The management of physical distribution of
goods, Grey Market goods.
5. Export Marketing: Introduction to Export Marketing, Export Policy Decisions of a firm, EXIM
policy of India. Export costing and pricing, Export procedures and export documentation. Export
assistance and incentives in India.

Text books:
 International Marketing, Michael R.Czinkota, Likka A Ronkainen, Cengage .
 Global marketing Management , Keegan, Green, 4/e, Pearson

References:
 International Marketing Analysis and Strategy, SakOnkvisit, John J. Shaw, PHI.
 International Marketing, Philip R. Cateora, John L. Graham, Prasanth Salwan, TMH.
 International Marketing,Vasudeva PK, excel.
 Global Maketing, Management, Lee, Carter, Oxford.
 International Marketing and Export management, Albaum , Pearson Education.
 Global Marketing, Johansson, TMH.
 Integrated Marking Management – Text and Cases, Mathur, Sage.
 NPTEL

Types of Environment https://youtu.be/uTIfDBH80HU?list=PLPwjO1gRbI2JLFTnu48Ez05_MKLvj3R1h

Entry Startagies https://youtu.be/X5lJaqn_uvQ
New Product https://youtu.be/HN9GtL21rb4
Development

PPT

Unit – 1 Importance of International Marketing

Unit – 2 Foregin Manufacturing strategies
Unit – 3 International product positioning
Unit – 4 Distribution Patterns
Unit – 5 EXIM policy of India

Text Books
S.No Name of the Text Book/Reference Book Name of the Author
R1
1 1. International Marketing Analysis & Strategy SakOnkvisit, John J.
Shaw
International Marketing Philip R. Cateora, John
R2
2 L. Graham, Prasanth
Salwan
International Marketing R3 Vasudeva PK
3
International Marketing & Export Management Albaum
4 R4
NARAYANA ENGINEERING COLLEGE::NELLORE
Permanently affiliated to JNTUA, Ananthapuramu

IM LIST

Roll Student Name IM

number
AKKARAPAKA HARI 
18711E0002 PRIYA
18711E0005 ARKATI SRIKANTH 
18711E0006 BABU REVATHI 
18711E0010 BAYYA THARUN 
18711E0013 BOYALLA SREEJA 
18711E0020 CHERUKURU SIREESHA 
18711E0024 CHOWTURU NAVEEN 
DHARAMAVARAM 
18711E0027 HARISHWAR KUMAR
DIDDI HIMAKAR RAJ 
18711E0029
18711E0033 GALLA SURYA TEJA 
18711E0037 GANTA SANTOSH KUMAR 
18711E0039 GURRAM RAJESH 
18711E0042 INGILELA DIVYA 
K SARAVANA SATYA 
18711E0047 SRINIVAS
18711E0052 KARAMSETTY JAHNAVI 
18711E0056 KORAKUTI SURENDRA 
18711E0061 MAKKI ARAVIND 
18711E0069 MOGALETI SAI KRISHNA 
MOHAMMED SANA 
18711E0071 TABASSUM
18711E0072 MUNAGALA DHARANI 
18711E0074 MUSUNURU CHANDU 
18711E0077 M SAI NAGA HASANTHI 
18711E0078 NAPA SAI SARAN 
18711E0079 NASINA SAI CHARAN 
18711E0080 NEELI SAI ROHITH 
18711E0081 NELLORE VIJAY 
ONTERU NAV3EEN 
18711E0083 KUMAR
ORUGANTI 
18711E0084 GURUBHARATHWAJ
18711E0086 PALAGAANI VAISHNAVI 
18711E0088 PALLA HYMA 
18711E0090 PANDHI VENKATARUPA 
18711E0092 PANNEM KAVYA 
18711E0094 PATHAN FAZIL KHAN 
18711E0095 PATHAN HASMEEN 
18711E0096 PAYASAM SRINIVASULU 
18711E00A1 POTHIREDDY SRIKANTH 
18711E00A3 PUTTA BHANU PRAKASH 
18711E00A4 RAJACK RASHYAD 
18711E00A5 RALLA HARI SANKAR 
18711E00A7 SARVEPALLI MANISHA 
18711E00A8 SHAIK CHAN BASHA 
18711E00A9 SHAIK JUHISHA 
18711E00B1 SHAIK MANISHA 
18711E00B5 SHAIK RAJAQ 
TIKKAVARAPU KRISHNA 
18711E00C2 SAI
18711E00D1 VELURU MOHAN BABU 
18711E00D2 VENNI SINDHU PRIYA 
18711E00D5 YARAGATIPALLI SWETHA 
 NARAYANA ENGINEERING COLLEGE: Nellore
DEPARTMENT OF MBA
SUB: INTERNATIONAL MARKETING

Staff Name: D. Suma Laitha

UNIT-1

1. What is international marketing? what is the importance of international marketing (Nov 2019)
2. Explain the importance of international marketing?
3. Explain the scope of international marketing?
4. What are the differences between domestic and international marketing? (Nov 2019) (Jan 2016)
5. What is international environment? Explain the importance of international environment?
6. Explain the social and cultural environment in international marketing?
7. Explain political and legal and regulatory environment? (Jan 2016)
8. Explain the importance of technological environment in international marketing?
UNIT- II

1. What is indirect exporting? Write a short note on it? (Jan 2016)

2. Write a short note on domestic purchasing?
3. What are the methods of direct exporting? (Jan 2016)
4. Write a short note on international market entry strategies
5. Explain foreign manufacturing strategies without direct investment (Nov 2019) (Dec 2018)
(May 2018)
6. Explain foreign manufacturing strategies with investment (Nov 2019)
7. Write the most important entry strategies of Indian firms (Jan 2016) (Dec 2018)
8. What are the differences between indirect exporting and direct exporting?
UNIT-III

1. What is new product development and give some examples for new products (Nov 2019) (Dec
2018)
2. Explain the international product positioning (Nov 2019)
3. Explain the concept product saturation levels in global markets
4. What is international product life cycle ? what are the characteristics of product life cycle
5. Explain the concept geographic expansion and strategic alternatives?
6. What are the new products competition in international markets
7. Explain the concept product and culture
8. Explain the brands in international markets (Dec 2018)
UNIT-1V

1. Explain the channels of distribution (Nov 2019)

2. What are the various distribution patterns (Jan 2016)
3. What are the factors affecting choice of channels
4. How do you select foreign country market intermediaries
5. What are the challenges in managing international distribution strategy
6. Explain briefly about grey market goods?
7. What is branding ?what is the importance of branding
8. What are the global issues associated with physical distribution? How do company’s tackle
those issues (Nov 2019)
 UNIT-V

1. Explain the concept of export policy decision of a firm

2. Explain EXIM policy of India (Nov 2019)
3. Explain the export procedures and export documentation (Jan 2016)
4. What is the export assistance given by government (Dec 2018)
5. What are the incentives given by the government of India for exporters (Jan 2016)
6. What is the importance of EXIM policy
7. Explain the concept of export costing (Nov 2019)
8. Do you think export policy decisions are effective

Signature of Staff HOD Principal

NARAYANA ENGINEERING COLLEGE::NELLORE

 Permanently affiliated to JNTUA, Ananthapuramu
(Accredited by NAAC with “A+” Grade)

COURSE PLAN
Course Details
Class :Second Year, MBA Semester: IV Year: 2019-20
Course Title : International Marketing Course Code: 17E00408 Credits: 4
Program/Dept.: MBA Batch : 2018-20
Regulation: R-17 Faculty: D. Suma Lalitha

Teachin Textbook
Lectu
Planne Unit Delivere g Aid s/
re Topics to be Covered
d Date No. d Date Reference
No.
s
UNIT – I International Marketing

Introduction of international Chalk/Dust

1 17/12/19 1 er R4
marketing
History of international Chalk/Dust
2 19/12/19 1 er R4
marketing
19/12/19 Chalk/Dust
3 1 Need of international marketing R1&4
er
20/12/19 Chalk/Dust
4 1 Features of international marketing R1
er
5 20/12/19 1 Importance of International marketing PPT R2
24/12/19 Scope of international Chalk/Dust
6 1 er R1
marketing and significance
26/12/19 Differences between I.M AND Chalk/Dust
7 1 er R4&3
D.M
26/12/19 International marketing NPTEL
8 1 R1
environment
27/12/19 Chalk/Dust
9 1 Social environment er
R2
27/12/19 Chalk/Dust
10 1 Cultural environment er
R2
31/12/19 Chalk/Dust
11 1 Political environment er
R1
02/01/20 Chalk/Dust
12 1 Legal environment er
R2
02/01/20 Chalk/Dust
13 1 Regulatory environment er
R1
03/01/20 Chalk/Dust
14 1 Technological environment er
R2
03/01/20 Chalk/Dust
15 1 Impact of Environment er
R1
Unit –II International Market Entry Strategies

07/01/20 2 Chalk/Dust
16 Indirect Exporting er
R2
09/01/20 2 Chalk/Dust
17 indirect and direct exporting er R1

18 09/01/20 2 strategies of Indian firms NPTEL R3

19 10/01/20 2 manufacturing strategies Chalk/Dust R1
 er
2 Chalk/Dust
20 10/01/20 Direct Exporting R2
er
2 Difference between indirect and Chalk/Dust
21 17/01/20 er R3
direct exporting
2 Foreign manufacturing Chalk/Dust
22 17/01/20 strategies without direct er R1
investment
2 Entry strategies of Indian firms Chalk/Dust
23 21/01/20
er
R1
23/10/20 2 Importance of entry strategies Chalk/Dust
24 er
R2&3
23/10/20 Overview the concept of entry Chalk/Dust
25 2 er R2
strategies
24/10/20 Foreign manufacturing PPT
26 2 strategies with and without R3
direct investment
24/10/20 manufacturing strategies Chalk/Dust R2
27 2 er
28/01/20 Foreign manufacturing Chalk/Dust R2
28 2 strategies with and without er
direct investment
30/01/20 Importance of entry strategies Chalk/Dust R2
29 2 er
Direct Exporting Chalk/Dust R2
30 30/01/20 2 er
31/01/20 Case study Chalk/Dust
31 2 er
Unit III International product management

3 International product Chalk/Dust

32 31/01/20 er R1
positioning
33 04/02/20 3 product positioning PPT R2
3 Saturation levels In global Chalk/Dust R2
34 06/02/20 er
market
3 Saturation levels In global Chalk/Dust
35 06/02/20 er R1
market
3 Introduction to product life Chalk/Dust
36 07/02/20 er R1
cycle
3 Stages of product life cycle Chalk/Dust
37 07/02/20
er
R1
3 Importance of product life cycle Chalk/Dust
38 11/02/20
er
R1
Mid Examination I 12-02-20 to 15-02-20
18/02/20 3 Geographic expansion and Chalk/Dust
39 er R2
strategic alternatives
20/02/20 3 New products in international NPTEL
40 R2
marketing
20/02/20 3 Culture, Brands in IM Chalk/Dust
41 er
R1
25/02/20 3 Chalk/Dust
42 Case study er
R2
Unit IV International Marketing Channels
 27/02/20 Introduction to Distribution Chalk/Dust
43 4 er R1
structures
44 27/02/20 4 Distribution structures PPT R1&3
4 Distribution patterns Chalk/Dust
45 28/02/20
er
R1&3
4 Factors effecting choice of Chalk/Dust
46 28/02/20 er R1&3
channels
4 Managing distribution strategy Chalk/Dust
47 03/03/20 R1
er
4 Management of physical Chalk/Dust
48 05/03/20 er R1
distribution
4 Marketing intermediaries Chalk/Dust
49 05/03/20 R2
er
4 Advertising and branding Chalk/Dust
50 06/03/20 R1&4
er
4 Grey market goods Chalk/Dust
51 06/03/20 R1
er
4 Advertising importance Chalk/Dust
52 12/03/20 R2
er
4 Branding importance. Chalk/Dust
53 12/03/20 R1&3
er
4 Case study Chalk/Dust R1
54 13/03/20
er
Unit – V Export Marketing

MEANING AND DEFINTION Chalk/Dust

55 13/02/20 5 er
R2
5 Export policy decisions of a firm Chalk/Dust R1&4
56 17/03/20
er
5 Importance of export policy Chalk/Dust
57 19/03/20 er R2
decisions
5 Scope of export and import Chalk/Dust
58 19/03/20 er R1&4
policy
5 Export and import policies in Chalk/Dust
59 20/03/20 er R1&4
international level
5 PPT
60 20/03/20 Introduction to exim policy R1&4

5 Chalk/Dust R1&4
61 24/03/20 Importance of exim policy er
5 Chalk/Dust R2
62 26/03/20 Exim policy in India er
5 Export costing Chalk/Dust R2
63 26/03/20
er
5 Pricing Chalk/Dust
64 27/03/20
er
R4
Export procedures Chalk/Dust R1&4
65 27/03/20
er
Export documentation Chalk/Dust R1&4
66 31/03/20
er
Export assistance Chalk/Dust R1&4
67 03/04/20
er
68 03/04/20 Case Study
69 07/04/20 Case Study
 70 09/04/20 Revision
71 09/04/20 Revision
Mid Examination II 13-04-20 to 17-04-20
END EXAMINATIONS: 30-04-20 to 11-05-20

S.No Name of the Text Book/Reference Book Name of the Author

1 2. International Marketing Analysis & Strategy R1
SakOnkvisit, John J. Shaw
International Marketing Philip R. Cateora, John L.
2 R2
Graham, Prasanth Salwan
International Marketing Vasudeva PK
3 R3
International Marketing & Export Management Albaum
4 R4

SIGNATURE OF STAFF HOD

NARAYANA ENGINEERING COLLEGE: NELLORE

DEPQARTMENT OF MBA

Subject: International Marketing (17E00408)

 Unit - 1
International Marketing: Scope and Significance of International Marketing, The
importance of international marketing, Differences between international and domestic
marketing, legal environment and regulatory environment of international marketing.

Meaning:

International Marketing is defined as the performance of business activities designed to plan, price,
promote, and direct the flow of a company's goods and services to consumers or users in more than one
nation for a profit. No matter domestic or international the Marketing objective remains the same
for marketers

Definition:

International Marketing is defined as the performance of business activities designed to plan, price,
promote, and direct the flow of a company’s goods and services to consumers or users in more than one
nation for a profit. 

Difference b/w domestic and international marketing:

Scope of International Marketing:

 Export
 Import
 Re-export
 Management of international operations

Importance of International Marketing:

 Important to expand target market

 Important to boost brand reputation
 Important to connect business with the world
 Important to open door for future opportunities

Significance of International Marketing:

International marketing is multinational process of planning and executing the conception, pricing,
promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods, and services to create exchange that satisfy individual and
organisational objectives.” Countries of the world are nearing to participate in the global
market opportunities.
Differences b/w domestic marketing and international marketing:

 Meaning
 Area served
 Government interference
 Business operation
 Use of technology
 Risk factor
 Capital requirement
 Nature of customers
 Research

Marketing Environment:

The Marketing Environment includes the internal factors (employees, customers, shareholders, retailers

& distributors, etc.) and the External factors (political, legal, social, technological, economic) that
surround the business and influence its marketing operations.

Legal Environment:

The government, in every country, regulates the business according to its defined priorities. Legal
system of a country is framed by the government. The laws which are passed by the government for
business operation is called legal environment. In every country, the government regulates business
activities. These regulations of government are considered as legal environment. In practice legal and
regulatory goes hand in hand. The limits for business operations are decided by regulatory environment
& this is also called legal environment.

Regulatory Environment:

A regulated environment is basically any controlled environment. Rules state which conditions must be
met by a company to produce valid results or goods of a guaranteed level of quality.

Unit – 2

International Market Entry Strategies: Indirect Exporting, , Direct Exporting, Foreign

Manufacturing Strategies with Direct Investment. Entry Strategies of Indian Firms.

Indirect Exporting:
Indirect exporting refers to selling to an intermediary, who later sells the goods or services either
directly to importing wholesalers or to customers. It could also be a sale by the exporter to the buyer via
a locally located intermediary, such as an export trading company or an export management company.

Direct Exporting:

Direct exporting is the sale by an exporter directly to an importer located in another country, without
using another person or organization to make arrangements for them. The exporter will be responsible
for handling the market research, logistics of shipment, foreign distribution, and for collecting payment.

Foreign Manufacturing Strategies with `direct investment:

Having so far considered market entry strategies that have been based upon the development,
manufacture and supply of products and services from the firms’ domestic operations, we now turn our
attention to strategies which involve production and service supply from overseas plants.

 Licensing,
 Franchising,
 Contract manufacture,
 Turnkey operations,
 Management Contracts, and
 Original Equipment Manufacturing.

Foreign manufacturing strategies with direct investment include:

Foreign direct investments (FDI) in wholly owned manufacturing subsidiaries are considered by
global firms for many reasons. It is done for acquiring raw materials, operate at lower
manufacturing cost, for avoiding tariff barriers and satisfy local content requirements, and for
penetrating the local market.
 Joint Ventures,
 Strategic Alliances,
 Merger,
 Acquisition,
 Wholly-Owned Subsidiary,
 Assembly Operations
 Integrated Local Manufacturing.

Entry Strategies of Indian firms:

Indian industry can move towards globalization by different strategies such as developing
exports foreign investments including joint ventures and acquisitions, strategic alliance, licensing
and franchising etc. 

 Finding Partners and Agents

 Market Entry Considerations
 Geographic Diversity
 Border Countries
 Indo-Pacific Vision

Unit - 3
International product management: International product positioning, Product saturation
Levels in global Market, New products in International Market, Products and culture, brands in
International Market.

International Product Management:

product management is an organisational lifecycle function within a company dealing with the planning,
forecasting, and production, or marketing of a product or products internationally at all stages of
the what is international product management.

Product Positioning:

After the global market has been segmented and one or more segments have been targeted, it is
essential to plan a way to reach the target(s). To achieve this task, marketers use positioning, a process
whereby a company establishes an image for its product in the minds of consumers relative to the image
of competitors’ product offerings. 

1) High Tech Positioning

 Technical Products
 Special-Interest Products
 Products that Demonstrate Well

2) High-Touch Positioning
 Products that solve a Common Problem
 Global Village Products
 Products that use Universal Themes

Product Saturation:
 Product saturation is a situation in which a product has become diffused (distributed) within a market;
the actual level of saturation can depend on consumer purchasing power; as well as competition, prices,
and technology.

New Products in International Markets:

Inbusiness and engineering, new product development (NPD) istheterm used to describe the

complete process of bringing a new product orserviceto market. There are two parallel paths involvedint
he NPD process : one involves the idea generation, product design,and detail engineering ;the otherinvol
ves market research and marketing analysis.Companies typically see new product development asthe fir
st stage in generating and commercializing new products within the overall strategic process ofproduct li
fe cycle management used to maintain or grow their market share.

 Idea Generation
 Idea Screening
 Concept development & testing
 Marketing strategy development
 Business Analysis
 Product Development
 Test Marketing
 Commercialization

Products and Culture:

Products are the tangible or intangible creations of a particular culture. They reflect

a culture's perspectives. Perspectives—the philosophical perspectives, meanings, attitudes, values,
beliefs, ideas that underlie the cultural practices and products of a society. They represent
a culture's view of the world.

Brands in International Markets:

Branding is a process of designing a distinct name and picture for an item in the minds of the customers,
mainly through advertising campaigns. A brand is a name, signature, mark, term, symbol, design or
mixture of these components used to determine an item, a family of goods, or all products of a
company. Branding is a vital aspect or element of product planning process and proves to be a very
essential and powerful tool for marketing and selling products.

 Brand Name
  Trade Name
 Brand Mark
 Trade Mark
 Trade Characters

Unit - 4
International Marketing Channels: Distribution Structures, Distribution Patterns, Factors
effecting Choice of Channels, the Challenges in Managing an international Distribution
Strategy, Selecting Foreign Country Market intermediaries. The management of physical
distribution of goods, Grey Market goods.

International Marketing Channel:

A channel is a passageway that allows the happening of certain processes. The channel is the medium
through which the firm's global marketing strategy is communicated among the customers scattered all
around the globe.

Distribution Structure:

Distribution Structure the way in which an organisation arranges the movement or delivery of its
products to end-users, either by direct supply or by means of one or more intermediaries.

Distribution Patterns:

Dispersion or distribution patterns show the spatial relationship between members of a population

within a habitat. Individuals of a population can be distributed in one of three basic  patterns: uniform,
random, or clumped.

Factors `effecting choice of channels:

There are several channels available for the purpose of distribution of goods. Each channel has its own
advantages and limitations and every company has to make difficult choice about channels of
distribution. This decision about choice of a channel of distribution depends on several factors.

1. Market Related Factors27

 Customers
 Competition
 Existing Channels of Distribution
 2. Product Factors:
 Perish ability
 Nature of the Product
 Technicality
 Seasonality
 Variety Offered
 Unit Value

3. Company Factors:
 Company’s Financial Strength
 The extent of control design
 Reputation of the company
 Companies marketing `policies
 Past experiences
4. Channel Related Factors:
 The Ability of the Channels
 The Financial Strength of the Channels
 Ability to Provide after Sales Service
5. Environmental Factors:
 Economic Situation
 Legal Factors
 Fiscal Structure
Challenges in managing international distribution strategy:

 Difference between Customer Expectations across Countries

 Differences in Channel Structure & Trade Practices
 Differences in the Quality of Physical Infrastructure
 Differences in Distribution Systems between Countries

Selecting foreign country market intermediaries:

 Meaning and Definitions of International Distribution Channels

 Types of Distribution Channels
 Export Distribution Channels
 Different Approaches to Export Channel Strategy
 Level of Distribution
 Direct vs Indirect Distribution System

Grey Market goods:

Grey market goods are goods sold outside the authorized distribution channels by entities which may
have no relationship with the producer of the goods. This form of parallel import frequently occurs
when the price of an item is significantly higher in one country than another.

UNIT - 5

Export Marketing: Introduction to Export Marketing, Export Policy Decisions of a firm, EXIM
policy of India. Export costing and pricing, Export procedures and export documentation. Export
assistance and incentives in India.

Export Marketing:
Export marketing is the practice by which a company sells products or services to a foreign
country. Products are produced or distributed from the company's home country to buyers in
international locations.

Export policy:
Exim Policy or Foreign Trade Policy is a set of guidelines and instructions established by
the DGFT in matters related to the import and export of goods in India.
Indian EXIM Policy:

Indian EXIM Policy contains various policy related decisions taken by the government in the
sphere of Foreign Trade, i.e., with respect to imports and exports from the country and more
especially export promotion measures, policies and procedures related thereto. Trade Policy is
prepared and announced by the Central Government (Ministry of Commerce). India's Export
Import Policy also know as Foreign Trade Policy, in general, aims at developing export
potential, improving export performance, encouraging foreign trade and creating favorable
balance of payments position.

Export Costing:

Export Costing is basically Cost Accountant's job. It consists of fixed cost and variable cost
comprising various elements. It is advisable to prepare an export costing sheet for every export
product.

Export Pricing:
 Export pricing is the most important factor in for promoting export and facing international trade
competition. It is important for the exporter to keep the prices down keeping in mind all export
benefits and expenses. 

Export Procedure:

Export is one of the major components of international trade. Exports facilitate international
trade and stimulate domestic economic activity by creating employment, production, and
revenues. Businesses export goods and services where they have a competitive advantage.

 Introduction
 Governing Authorities
 Export Procedure

Export Documentation:

Export compliance documents. Export Licenses an export licenses a government document that

authorizes the export of specific goods in specific quantities to a particular destination.
This document may be required for most or all exports to some countries or for other countries only
under special circumstances

Export assistance and incentives in India:

 Market Development Assistance Scheme.
 Export Oriented Unit (EOU) Scheme.
 Market Access Initiative (MAI) Scheme.
 Software Technology Park (STP) Scheme.
 Services Exports from India Scheme (SEIS) .
 The Merchandise Exports from India Scheme (MEIS)
 Export Promotional Capital Goods (EPCG) Scheme