1. Differences between Applied research and basic business research.

BASIS FOR APPLIED

BASIC RESEARCH
COMPARISON RESEARCH

Meaning Basic Research Applied Research is

refers to the study
that is aimed at
expanding the
existing base of
scientific knowledge.
the research that is
designed to solve
specific practical
problems or answer
certain questions.

Nature Theoretical Practical

Utility Universal Limited

Concerned with Developing scientific Development of

knowledge and technology and
predictions technique

Goal To add some To find out solution for

knowledge to the the problem at hand.
existing one.

2. TWO (2) in survey error.

coverage error
- Coverage errors arise from failure to cover adequately all components of the
population being studied. Incomplete sampling frames often result in coverage errors
sampling error
- a statistical error that occurs when an analyst does not select a sample that represents
the entire population of data. As a result, the results found in the sample do not
represent the results that would be obtained from the entire population.
response error
- to any error introduced into the survey results due to respondents providing untrue or
incorrect information. It is a type of systemic bias.
measurement error

3. TWO (2) measurement error.

 a) Random
- are statistical fluctuations (in either direction) in the measured data due to the
precision limitations of the measurement device. Random errors usually result from
the experimenter's inability to take the same measurement in exactly the same way to
get exact the same number.
b) Systematic
- Systematic errors are errors that are not determined by chance but are introduced by
an inaccuracy (involving either the observation or measurement process) inherent to
the system. Systematic error may also refer to an error with a non-zero mean, the
effect of which is not reduced when observations are averaged.

4. TREE (3) types of validity in business research.

Construct validity: Does the test measure the concept that it’s intended to measure?
Content validity: Is the test fully representative of what it aims to measure?
Face validity: Does the content of the test appear to be suitable to its aims?
Criterion validity: Do the results correspond to a different test of the same thing?

5. measurement important for quantitative research.

i. Establishes relationships between variables
- Quantitative research is considered a traditional sort of scientific method that tries to
establish causal relationships and test its strength as well as significance. It has put its
onus on objective measurements and numerical, mathematical or statistical data
analysis that has been collected over a while through sampling methods or via
maneuvering the existing statistical data.
ii. Objective and reliable data collection
- Quantitative research is a method used in generating reliable and accurate outcome
data by analyzing and measuring them. It can explain why the data is collected and
also about its statistical treatment. It also deals with results about relations in the
research and reports about the events that were unanticipated during the collection of
data.
iii. Identifying the research problem
- The research also makes viable notes about key gaps that exist in the collected data
and how the research study can fill the existing gaps and make suitable clarifications
about existing knowledge. Quantitative research is conducted to offer an outline of
the theory related to the study to describe the theoretical framework accurately.
iv. Importance of quantitative research in methodology
- The importance of quantitative research is that it offers tremendous help in studying
samples and populations. It discusses in detail relevant questions, for instance, where
did the data come from, where are the existing gaps in the data, how robust is it and
what were the exclusions within the data research. It is vital to note the process for
their selection and describe the methods and tools that are being used by the
researcher to collect the information.
 v. Helps in Testing theories
- Quantitative research is, in fact, about the cause and also the effect of social
phenomena. It starts with an assumption and is used to test hypotheses via its
deductive or investigative nature. It tries to minimize a complex problem and then
restructure it into limited variables that can be tested easily.

6. qualitative research.

- Qualitative research involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data (e.g., text,
video, or audio) to understand concepts, opinions, or experiences. It can be used to
gather in-depth insights into a problem or generate new ideas for research.
- Qualitative research is the opposite of quantitative research, which involves collecting
and analyzing numerical data for statistical analysis.
- Qualitative research is commonly used in the humanities and social sciences, in
subjects such as anthropology, sociology, education, health sciences, history, etc.

7. FOUR (4) categories of qualitative

a) Group interview
- A group interview is when an employee or team of employees interviews multiple
candidates at the same time, or when a team of employees forms a panel to interview
one candidate. Generally, employers perform both types of group interviews in
conference rooms to simulate a meeting or team project.
b) Focus group
- focus group is a group interview involving a small number of demographically
similar people. Their reactions to specific researcher-posed questions are studied.
Focus groups are used in market research and studies of people's political views
c) Observation
- The action or process of closely observing or monitoring something or someone.
- a statement based on something one has seen, heard, or noticed.
d) Action research
- Action research is a philosophy and methodology of research generally applied in the
social sciences. It seeks transformative change through the simultaneous process of
taking action and doing research, which are linked together by critical reflection.

8. THREE (3) major types of mechanical observation

a) Video camera
 - a camera for recording images on videotape or for transmitting them to a monitor
screen.
b) Audio record
- a mechanism that records sound tracks for sound motion pictures on a separate film
from the picture film
c) Eye’s camera
- A specialized camera that focuses on the human eye and measures eye movements.
An eye camera is used in eye movement analysis, which measures how one's eyes
respond to a visual advertisement. For that reason, eye cameras are important to
marketing.

9. Differentiate between rating and ranking.

Rating
Commonly used and easily understood by
respondents
Allow respondents to assign items the
same
Often have a narrow distribution of
ratings, which typically fall into an upper
band (for instance, most items are
considered important when using
important scales)
Lead to less differentiation among items,
with the possibility that a respondent rates
every item identically
Accept great personal variations in
response styles (e.g., respondents who
never assign the highest rating)
Ranking
Ranking questions compare individual
elements to each other. This question type
allows respondents to rank items, in order
of preference, by selecting a numeric
value for each answer choice.
Guarantee that each item ranked has a
unique value
Force respondents to differentiate between
items that they may regard as equivalent
Emphasize items earlier in the list, which
are more likely to be ranked highest
Return different results depending on the
completeness of the list of items being
ranked

1. What is Research?
A systematic and organized effort to investigate a specific problem that needs a solution.
It is a series of steps designed and followed, with the goal of finding answers to the issues
that are of concern to us in the work environment.
2. Business Research
In business, research is usually primarily conducted to resolve problematic issues in, or
interrelated among, the areas of accounting, finance, management, and marketing.
3. Types of Research
Applied research
Sample size determination is the act of choosing the number of observations or replicates
to include in a statistical sample. The sample size is an important feature of any empirical
study in which the goal is to make inferences about a population from a sample

Population. Population refers to the entire group of people, events, or things of interest
that the researcher wishes to investigate.

Population frame. The population frame is a listing of all the elements in the population
from which the sample is to be drawn.

Basic or fundamental research

Scales
Nominal scale
Ordinal scale
Interval scale
Ratio scale

DEVELOPING SCALE
Rating scale
Graphic rating scale
Itemized rating scale

Attitude scale
Likert scale
Semantic differential

Hypothesis
1. There is a significant relationship between iv and dv
 Tyes of Validity

Reliability
a) Stability of measures
Test-retest reliability
Parallel-form reliability

b) Internal consistency of measures

Interitem consistency reliability
Split-half reliability
Interrater reliability
Goodness of measures
Data Collection Methods,
Data collection methods include face to face interviews, telephone interviews, computer-assisted
interviews; questionnaires that are either personally administered, sent through the mail, or
electronically administered; observation of individuals and events with or without videotaping or
audio recording; and a variety of other motivational techniques such as projective tests.
Interviewing
Unstructured interviews
Unstructured interviews are also labeled because the interviewer does not enter the interview
setting with a planned sequence of questions that he will be asking the respondent.

Structured interviews
Structured interviews are those conducted by the interviewer when he or she knows exactly what
information is needed and has a predetermined list of questions that will be posed to the
respondent.
Question air

Sampling
Sampling is the process of selecting a sufficient number of elements from the population so that
by studying the sample, and understanding the properties or the characteristics of the sample
subjects, we will be able to generalize the properties or characteristics to the population
elements.

Probability and Nonprobability Sampling

Probability sampling
Unrestricted or simple random sampling
Restricted or complex probability sampling
Systematic sampling
Stratified random sampling
Cluster sampling
Area sampling
Double sampling
Non probability sampling
Convenience sampling
Purposive sampling
Judgment sampling
Quota sampling

Probability and Nonprobability sampling Design

Research design definition
Research design is the framework of research methods and techniques chosen by a researcher.
The design allows researchers to hone in on research methods that are suitable for the subject
matter and set up their studies up for success.

The design of a research topic explains the type of research (experimental, survey, correlational,
semi-experimental, review) and also its sub-type (experimental design, research problem,
descriptive case-study).

There are three main types of research design: Data collection, measurement, and analysis.

The type of research problem an organization is facing will determine the research design and
not vice-versa. The design phase of a study determines which tools to use and how they are used.

An impactful research design usually creates a minimum bias in data and increases trust in the
accuracy of collected data. A design that produces the least margin of error in experimental
research is generally considered the desired outcome. The essential elements of the research
design are:

Accurate purpose statement

Techniques to be implemented for collecting and analyzing research
The method applied for analyzing collected details
Type of research methodology
Probable objections for research
Settings for the research study
Timeline
Measurement of analysis
Proper research design sets your study up for success. Successful research studies provide
insights that are accurate and unbiased. You’ll need to create a survey that meets all of the main
characteristics of a design. There are four key characteristics of research design:

Neutrality: When you set up your study, you may have to make assumptions about the data you
expect to collect. The results projected in the research design should be free from bias and
neutral. Understand opinions about the final evaluated scores and conclusions from multiple
individuals and consider those who agree with the derived results.

Reliability: With regularly conducted research, the researcher involved expects similar results
every time. Your design should indicate how to form research questions to ensure the standard of
results. You’ll only be able to reach the expected results if your design is reliable.

Validity: There are multiple measuring tools available. However, the only correct measuring
tools are those which help a researcher in gauging results according to the objective of the
research. The questionnaire developed from this design will then be valid.

Generalization: The outcome of your design should apply to a population and not just a restricted
sample. A generalized design implies that your survey can be conducted on any part of a
population with similar accuracy.
The above factors affect the way respondents answer the research questions and so all the above
characteristics should be balanced in a good design.

A researcher must have a clear understanding of the various types of research design to select
which model to implement for a study. Like research itself, the design of your study can be
broadly classified into quantitative and qualitative.

Qualitative research design: Qualitative research determines relationships between collected data
and observations based on mathematical calculations. Theories related to a naturally existing
phenomenon can be proved or disproved using statistical methods. Researchers rely on
qualitative research design methods that conclude “why” a particular theory exists along with
“what” respondents have to say about it.

Quantitative research design: Quantitative research is for cases where statistical conclusions to
collect actionable insights are essential. Numbers provide a better perspective to make critical
business decisions. Quantitative research design methods are necessary for the growth of any
organization. Insights drawn from hard numerical data and analysis prove to be highly effective
when making decisions related to the future of the business.
You can further break down the types of research design into five categories:

1. Descriptive research design: In a descriptive design, a researcher is solely interested in

describing the situation or case under their research study. It is a theory-based design method
which is created by gathering, analyzing, and presenting collected data. This allows a researcher
to provide insights into the why and how of research. Descriptive design helps others better
understand the need for the research. If the problem statement is not clear, you can conduct
exploratory research.

2. Experimental research design: Experimental research design establishes a relationship

between the cause and effect of a situation. It is a causal design where one observes the impact
caused by the independent variable on the dependent variable. For example, one monitors the
influence of an independent variable such as a price on a dependent variable such as customer
satisfaction or brand loyalty. It is a highly practical research design method as it contributes to
solving a problem at hand. The independent variables are manipulated to monitor the change it
has on the dependent variable. It is often used in social sciences to observe human behavior by
analyzing two groups. Researchers can have participants change their actions and study how the
people around them react to gain a better understanding of social psychology.
3. Correlational research design: Correlational research is a non-experimental research design
technique that helps researchers establish a relationship between two closely connected variables.
This type of research requires two different groups. There is no assumption while evaluating a
relationship between two different variables, and statistical analysis techniques calculate the
relationship between them.

A correlation coefficient determines the correlation between two variables, whose value ranges
between -1 and +1. If the correlation coefficient is towards +1, it indicates a positive relationship
between the variables and -1 means a negative relationship between the two variables.

4. Diagnostic research design: In diagnostic design, the researcher is looking to evaluate the
underlying cause of a specific topic or phenomenon. This method helps one learn more about the
factors that create troublesome situations.

This design has three parts of the research:

· Inception of the issue

· Diagnosis of the issue

· Solution for the issue

5. Explanatory research design: Explanatory design uses a researcher’s ideas and thoughts on a
subject to further explore their theories. The research explains unexplored aspects of a subject
and details about what, how, and why of research questions.