Class 10th Maths Book(All Definitions)☆

Chapter No.1

Q. Define Quadratic equation.

Ans: An equation which contains the square of the unknown (variable) quantity, but no
higher power, is called Quadratic equation or equation of second degree.

Q. Define a pure Quadratic equation.

Ans: If b = 0 in Quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, then it is called a pure Quadratic
equation.

Q. Define reciprocal equation.

Ans: An equation is said to be a reciprocal equation, if it remains unchanged when x is
replaced by 1
x

Q. Define Exponential equation.

Ans: An equation in which the variable occurs in the exponent is called the exponential
equation.

Q. Define Radical equation.

Ans: An equation involving expression under the radical sign is called a radical equation.

Chapter No. 2

Q. Define discriminant.
Ans: The expression "'b2 - 4ac" of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c is called
discriminant.

Q. What are cube roots of unity?

Ans:The cube roots of unity are 1,w and w2.

Q. What is the sum and product of the roots of quadratic equation?

Ans: The sum and product of roots of a quadratic equation are
@ + B=-b @B=c
a a

Q. Define synthetic division.

Ans: Synthetic division is the process of finding the quotient and remainder,when a
polynomial is divided by a linear polynomial.

Q. Define simultaneous equations.

Ans: A system of equations having a common solution is called a system of simultaneous
equations.
Q. Define solution set of the simultaneous equations.
Ans: The set of all the ordered pairs (x,y) which satisfies the system of equations is called
the solution set of the system.

Chapter No. 3

Q. Define Ratio.
Ans: A relation between two quantities of the same kind is called ratio.

Q. Define antecedent and consequent.

Ans: In a ratio a : b, the first term a is called antecedent and the second term b is called
consequent.

Q. Define Proportion.
Ans: Equality of two ratios is called proportion.

Q. Define extremes and means.

Ans: If two ratios a : b and c : d are equal then we can write a : b = c : d , where a and d are
called extremes, while b and c are called means.

Q. Define Direct variation.

Ans: If two quantities are related in such a way that when one quantity increases, the other
also increases, is called direct variation.

Q. Define Inverse variation.

Ans: If two quantities are related in such a way that when one quantity increases, the other
decreases, is called inverse variation.

Q. Define Third Proportional.

Ans: If three quantities a, b and c are related as a : b :: b: c then c is called the third
proportion.

Q. Define Fourth proportion.

Ans: If four quantities a, b, c and d are related as a : b :: c : d then d is called the fourth
proportional.

Q. Define Mean proportion.

Ans: If three quantities a, b and c are related as a : b :: b : c then b is called the mean
proportional.

Q. Define Continued proportion.

Ans: If three quantities a, b and c are related as a : b :: b : c then a is first, b is the mean and
c is the third proportional, then a, b and c are in continued proportion.

Q. What is Theorem of Invertando?

Ans: If a:b = c:d then b:a = d:c
Q. What is Theorem of Alternando?
Ans: If a:b = c:d then a:c = b:d

Q. What is Theorem of Componendo?

Ans: If a:b = c:d then
(i) a+b:b = c+d:d
(ii) a:a+b = c:c+d

Q. What is Theorem of Dividendo?

Ans: If a:b = c:d then
(i) a-b:b = c-d:d
(ii) a:a-b = c:c-d

Q. What is Theorem of Componendo - Dividendo?

Ans: If a:b = c:d then
a+b:a-b = c+d:c-d

Q. Define joint variation.

Ans: A combination of direct and inverse variations of one or more than one variables forms
joint variation.

Q. Define K Method.
Ans: If a = c then
b d
k= a = c or a=bk and c=dk
b d

Chapter No. 4

Q. Define Fraction.
Ans: A Fraction is an indicated quotient of two numbers or algebraic expressions.

Q. Define Equation.
Ans: An equation is equality between two quantities.

Q. Define Rational fraction.

Ans: An expression of the form N(x) ,
D(x)
where N(x) and D(x) are polynomials in x with real coefficient, is called a rational
expression. Every fractional expression can be expressed as a quotient of two polynomials.

Q. Define Proper Rational Fraction.

Ans: A rational fraction in which the degree of the polynomial in the numerator is less than
the degree of the polynomial in the denominator is called a proper rational fraction.

Q. Define Improper Rational Fraction.

Ans: A rational fraction in which the degree of the polynomial in the numerator is greater or
equal to the degree of the polynomial in the denominator is called an improper rational
fraction.

Q. Define identity.
Ans: An identity is an equation which is satisfied by all the values of the variable involved.

Q. What factors are given in Chapter 4?

Ans: (i) Non-repeated Linear Factors
(ii) Repeated Linear Factors
(iii) Non-repeated irreducible quadratic factors
(iv) Repeated Quadratic Factor

Chapter No. 5

Q. Define a set.
Ans: A collection of well-defined objects is called a set.

Q. Define Union of sets.

Ans: The union of two sets A and B written as A∪ B(read as A union B) is the set consisting
of all the elements which are either in A or in B or in both.

Q. Define Intersection of sets.

Ans: The intersection of two sets A and B, written as A ∩ B(read as A intersection B) is the
set consisting of all the common elements of A and B.

Q. Define Difference of sets.

Ans: The set difference of A and B, denoted by A - B is the set consisting of all the elements
of A which do not belong to B.

Q. Define complement.
Ans: The complement of a set, denoted A', is the set of all elements in the given universal
set U that are not in A.

Q. Define an ordered pair.

Ans: Cartesian product of two non-empty sets A and B denoted by A × B consists of all
ordered pairs (x,y) such that x ∈ A and y ∈ B.

Q. What is the commutative property of union?

Ans: A∪ B = B∪ A

Q. What is the commutative property of intersection?

Ans: A ∩ B = B ∩ A

Q. What is the associative property of union?

Ans: (A∪ B) ∪ C = A∪ (B∪ C)
Q. What is the associative property of intersection?
Ans: (A ∩ B) ∩ C = A ∩ (B ∩ C)

Q. What is the distributive property of union over intersection?

Ans: A∪(B ∩ C) = (A∪ B) ∩ (A∪ C)

Q. What is the distributive property of intersection over union?

Ans: A ∩ (B∪ C) = (A ∩ B)∪ (A ∩ C)

Q. What are De-Morgan's Laws?

Ans: (i) (A∪ B)' = A' ∩ B'
(ii) (A ∩ B)' = A'∪ B'

Q. Define Domain and Range.

Ans: Domain of Relation denoted by Dom R is the set consisting of all the first elements of
each ordered pair in the relation. While Range of relation denoted by Rang R is the set
consisting of all the second elements of each ordered pair in the relation.

Chapter No. 6

Q. Define frequency distribution.

Ans: A frequency distribution is a tabular arrangement classifying data into different
groups.

Q. Define Class limits.

Ans: The minimum and the maximum values defined for a class or group are called class
limits.

Q. Define Class boundary.

Ans: The real class limits of a class is called class boundary. It is obtained by adding two
successive class limits and dividing the sum by 2.

Q. Define Class mark.

Ans: For a given class the average of that class obtained by dividing the sum of upper and
lower class limit by 2, is called midpoint or class mark of that class.

Q. Define cumulative frequency.

Ans: The total of frequency up to an upper class limit or boundary is called the cumulative
frequency.

Q. Define histogram.
Ans: A histogram is a graph of adjacent rectangles constructed on XY-plane.

Q. Define arithmetic mean.

Ans: Arithmetic mean is a measure that determines a value of the variable under study by
dividing the sum of all values of the variable by their number.
Q. Define mode.
Ans: Mode is defined as the most frequent occurring observation of the variable or data.

Q. Define median.
Ans: Median is the measure which determines the middlemost observation in a data set.

Q. Define quartiles.
Ans: The observations that divide a data set into four equal parts are called quartiles.

Q. Define measures of dispersion.

Ans: The measures that are used to determine the degree or extent of variation in a data set
are called measures of dispersion.

Q. Define measure of central tendency along with its types.

Ans: The measures or techniques that are used to determine the central value are called
measure of central tendency. The following are measures of central tendency:

(i) Arithmetic Mean

(ii) Median
(iii) Mode
(iv) Geometric Mean
(v) Harmonic Mean
(vi) Quartiles

Q. Define Dispersion.
Ans: The spread or scatterness of observation in a data set is called Dispersion.

Q. Define Range.
Ans: Range measures the extent of variation between two extreme observation of A data
set. It is given by the formula:
Range: Xmax - Xmin

Q. Define Variance.
Ans: Variance is defined as the mean of the squared deviations of xi , (i= 1,2,.....,n)
observation from their arithmetic mean.

Q. Define standard deviation.

Ans: Standard deviation is defined as the positive square root of mean of the squared
deviation of xi , (i= 1,2,.....,n) observation from their arithmetic mean.

Chapter No. 7

Q. What is contact of Tangent/Writer?

Ans: (x-7) (x-4) (x-5) (x-3) (x+2) (x-4) (x-2) (x-3) (x-5) (x+2) (x-4).

(X = Number of Qualities)
Q. Define angle.
Ans: An angle is defined as the union of two noncollinear rays with some common end
point.

Q. What is meant by arms and vertex of angle?

Ans: The rays are called arms and the common end point is known as vertex of the angle.

Q. Differentiate between the initial side and terminal side of an angle.

Ans: The original position of the ray is called initial side and the final position of the ray is
called the terminal side of the angle.

Q. Define Degree.
Ans: We divide the circumference of A circle into 360 equal arcs. The angle subtended at
the centre of the circle by one arc is called one degree and is denoted by 1°.

Q. Define radian.
Ans: The angle subtended at the centre of the circle by an arc, whose length is equal to the
radius of the circle is called one Radian.

Q. What is meant by the standard position of an angle?

Ans: A general angle is said to be in standard position If it's vertex is at the origin and it's
initial side is directed along the positive direction of the x-axis.

Q. What is the relationship between Degree and radian?

Ans: 1° = π ~ 0.0175 rad and
180
1 radian = 180 ~ 57.295°
π
Q. Define arc.
Ans: A part of the circumference of a circle is called an arc.

Q. Define segment of a circle.

Ans: A part of the circle bounded by an arc and a chord is called segment of a circle.

Q. Define sector of a circle.

Ans: A part of the circle bounded by two radii and an arc is called sector of a circle.

Q. Define coterminal or general angles.

Ans: Two or more than two angles with same initial and terminal sides are called coterminal
or general angles.

Q. What is meant by quadrants?

Ans: The x-axis and y-axis divide the plane in four regions, called quadrants, when they
intersect each other at right angle.

Q. Define origin.
Ans: The point of intersection is called origin and is denoted by O.
Q. Define quadrantal angles.
Ans: If the terminal side of an angle in standard position falls on x-axis and y-axis, then it is
called a quadrantal angle i.e. 90°, 180°, 270° and 360° are quadrantal angles.

Q. What are circular or trigonometric functions?

Ans: There are three fundamental trigonometric ratios(functions) called sine, cosine,
tangent, cosecant, secant and cotangent.

Q. What are Reciprocal identities of trigonometric ratios.

Ans: sec θ = cosec θ-1
cos θ = sec θ-1
tan θ = cot θ-1
Q. Write three trigonometric or Pythagorean identities.
Ans: (i) cos2 θ + sin2 θ = 1
(ii) sec2 θ - tan2 θ = 1
(iii) cosec2 θ - cot2 θ = 1

Q. What is a general hint for the formula of trigonometric ratios?

Ans: Some People Have
Curly Black Hair
Through Proper Brushes

sin θ = Prep
Hyp
cos θ = Base
Hyp
tan θ = Prep
Base

Q. What is angle of elevation and angle of depression?

Ans: Suppose O, P and Q are three points, P being at a higher level of O and Q being at
lower level than O. Let a horizontal line drawn through O meet in M, the vertical line drawn
through P and Q.
The angles MOP is called the angle of elevation of point P as seen from O. For looking at
Q below the horizontal line, we have to lower our eyes and MOQ is called the angle of
depression.

Q. What is the sexagesimal system of measurement of angles?

Ans: D°M' S"

Chapter No. 8

Q. State Apollonius Theorem.

Ans: In any triangle, the sum of the squares on any two sides is equal to twice the square on
half the third together with twice the square on the median which bisects the third side.
Q. Define projection.
Ans: The projection of a given point on a line is the foot of ⊥ drawn from the point on that
line. However the projection of A given P on a line AB is the point P itself.

Q. What is meant by zero dimension?

Ans: The projection of A finite line on an other line is the portion of the latter intercepted
between the projection of the ends of the given finite line. However projection of a vertical
line on an other line is the join of these two intersecting lines which is of zero dimension.

Q. Define acute angle.

Ans: An angle which is less than 90° is called an acute angle.

Q. Define right angle.

Ans: An angle which is equal to 90° is called a right angle.

Q. Define obtuse angle.

Ans: An angle which is greater than 90° is called an obtuse angle.

Chapter No. 9

Q. Define circle and it's centre.

Ans: A circle is the locus of A moving point P in a plane which is always equidistant from
some fixed point O. The fixed point O not lying on the circle is called the centre.

Q. Define radius and radial segment.

Ans: The distance from centre to any point on circumference is called radius of a circle.
Radial segment of a circle is a line segment determined by the centre and a point on the
circle.

Q. Define circumference of a circle.

Ans: 2πr is the circumference of a circle with radius r.

Q. Define diameter of a circle.

Ans: A chord which passes through the centre of the circle is called diameter of a circle.

Q. Define collinear and non-collinear points.

Ans: Two or more than two points which lying on a same straight line are called collinear
points, otherwise they are non-collinear points.

Q. Differentiate between interior and exterior of a circle.

Ans: The internal area or part of a circle is called interior and the external part or area of a
circle is called exterior of a circle.

Q. Differentiate between minor arc and major arc.

Ans: A chord divides a circle in two areas. An arc covering a smaller area is called minor
arc and an arc covering a larger area is called major arc.
Q. What is meant by area of a circle.
Ans: πr2 is the area of a circle with radius r.

Chapter No. 10

Q. Define a secant line.

Ans: A secant is a line which cuts the circumference of a circle in two distinct points.

Q. Define tangent line.

Ans: A tangent of a circle is a line which meets the circumference of a circle at only one
point. The point of tangency is also known as the point of contact.

Q. Define length of a tangent.

Ans: The length of a tangent to a circle is measured from the given point to the point of
contact.

Chapter No. 12

Q. Define central angle.

Ans: The central angle is subtended by two radii at the centre of the circle.

Q. Define circumangle.
Ans: A circumangle is subtended between any two chords of a circle, having common point
on its circumference.

Q. Define cyclic quadrilateral.

Ans: A quadrilateral is called cyclic when a circle can be drawn through its four vertices.

Q. What is meant by word "geometry"?

Ans: The word geometry is derived from two Greek word namely Geo (earth) and Metron
(measurement)!

Chapter No. 13

Q. Define circumcircle, circumradius and circumcentre.

Ans: The circle passing through the vertices of a triangle is known as circumcircle, it's
radius as circumradius and centre as circumcentre.

Q. Define in-circle, in-radius and in-centre.

Ans: A circle which touches the three sides of a triangle internally is known as in-circle, its
radius as in-radius and its centre as in-centre.

Q. Define escribed circle, e-radius and e-centre.

Ans: If a circle touches one side of a triangle externally and other two sides internally, is
called escribed circle, it's radius as e-radius and it's centre as e-centre.

Q. What is meant by perimeter?

Ans: The perimeter of a closed geometric figure is the sum of its sides.

Q. Define triangle.
Ans: A plane figure formed by three straight edges as its sides is called a triangle.

Q. Define polygon.
Ans: A plane figure with three or more straight edges as its sides is called a polygon.

Q. Define regular polygon.

Ans: A figure bounded by equal straight lines which has all its sides angles equal is called a
regular polygon.

Q. Define vertices.
Ans: The corners of a polygon are called its vertices.

Q. Define locus.
Ans: The path of an object moving according to some rule, is the locus of the object.

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Composer : Sikander Mughal

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