Differential Eqn

Nature of Chapter:
1. Standard integration knowledge is required.
2. This chapter is majorly about finding solution of Differential Equations,

which is primarily integration after some manipulation of equation.
3. Good part is this topic is Format based.
4. Questions are made difficult, by adding some initial values, or by

asking something for which you need to do further manipulations
beyond solving the differential equation.
Weightage of Differential Equations (Last 5 years)
2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Average
JEE Main 3.5 % 5.8 % 5.3 % 4.3 % 3.1 % 4.40 %
Jee Advanced 6% 6% 3% 0% 3% 3.60 %

Differential Equations
● Order and Degree of Differential Equations
● Formation of Differential Equations
● First Order and First Degree Differential Equations
○ Variable separable Method
○ Homogeneous Differential Equations
○ Linear Differential Equations
○ Exact Form
● Applications of Differential Equations
Differential Equations
Critical Topics in the Chapter
● Solution of differential equations
○ Linear Differential equations
○ Exact form
Order & Degree of Differential Equations
Order - It is the order of the highest order differential coefficient

occuring in the differential equation.
For example,
The DE has Order =
The DE has Order =

Order - It is the order of the highest order differential coefficient

occuring in the differential equation.
For example,
The DE has Order = 2
The DE has Order = 3

Degree - It is the degree of the highest order derivative occuring in

the differential equation, after it has been expressed as a polynomial
in derivatives
(i.e., the powers of all the derivatives involved are whole numbers).

in derivatives
For example,
The DE has Degree =
The DE has Degree =


in derivatives
For example,
The DE has Degree = 2
The DE has Degree = undefined

NOTE
If the differential equation cannot be expressed

as a polynomial in the derivatives involved, then
its degree is undefined.
Let’s find the order and degree of the following DE
Order = __ and Degree = __



Order = 2 and Degree = 4
Order = 3 and Degree = undefined
Order = 1 and Degree = 1

Find the order and the degree of the following
Q
differential equations.
(a) (b)
Q
(a)
Q
(a)
Solution:
Q
(b)
Q
(b)
Solution:
Formation of Differential Equations
Consider a family of curves. By forming its differential equation, we mean
developing a relation between x, y and the derivatives of y
which is satisfied by every member of the given family of curves.

Algorithm for forming a differential equation
Say a family of curves f( x, y, c1, c2, …, cn ) = 0 is given, where c1 , c2 , …, cn are

arbitrary constants.
Step 1: Differentiate the given equation n times.

Step 2: Eliminate c1 , c2 , …, cn from total of n + 1 equations obtained.
The eliminant is the required differential equation.
Clearly, its order will be n.

Q Form the differential equations of the following families
of curves:
(a) y = asinx + b cosx , where a and b are arbitrary constants
(b) y = c(x - c)2, where c is an arbitrary constant
of curves:
of curves:
Solution:
of curves:
of curves:
Solution:
Q Form the differential equations of the following.
(a) Family of parabolas having vertex at origin and
axis along positive y-axis.
(b) Family of hyperbolas
(c) All concentric ellipses with principal axes along

the coordinate axes.
Solution:
The equation of the parabola having the vertex at
origin and the axis along the positive y-axis is:
On Differentiating equation (i), we get
Dividing equation (ii) by equation (i), we get:

Solution:
This is the required differential equation.

(b) Family of hyperbolas

Solution:
The given equation for the family of hyperbolas is
. . . .(i)
Differentiating the equation (i) , we get

Solution:
Solution:
JEE Main 28th July, 2022
Q The differential equation of the family of circles

passing through the points (0, 2) and (0, -2) is
D

D

Solution:
Q Find the order of the differential equations of the following:
(a) y = c1 cos(x + c2) (b)
Remark
The order of a differential equation of a given

relation is equal to the number of independent
arbitrary constants in the given relation.
Solution of a Differential Equation
The solution (or the integral or the primitive) of a differential equation is a

relation between the dependent and the independent variables (free from
derivatives) such that it satisfies the given differential equation.
General Solution
The solution of a differential equation, involving exactly the same
number of arbitrary constants as is the order of the differential
equation, is called the general solution.
Particular Solution
A solution obtained by assigning values to the arbitrary constants in
the general solution is called a particular solution of the given
differential equation.
First Order & first degree Differential Equation
First order & first degree Differential Equation
Let’s first see various types of first order and first degree differential equations.
Then we will pick them one by one and learn how to solve them.
Variable separable
Reducible to variable separable

DE
Linear differential equations and reducible to linear
differential equations
Exact form
Variable Separable form
If a differential equation can be expressed in the form f(x)dx + g(y)dy = 0 ,

then it is said to be in variable separable form.
Solve the following differential equations:
Q
(a)
(b) given that y = 0 at x = 0.

Q
(a)
Solution:
Q
(b) given that y = 0 at x = 0.
Solution:
Solution:
Find the general solution of the following
Q
differential equation: 2xy’ = 3y.
Solution:
JEE Main 27th June, 2022
then y(2) is equal to
A 2 + log23
B 2 + log32
C 2 - log32
D 2 - log23
then y(2) is equal to
A 2 + log23
B 2 + log32
C 2 - log32
D 2 - log23
Solution:
Solution:
JEE Advanced 2018, P2
Q Let f: R → R be a differentiable function with f(0) = 0. If y = f(x)
satisfies the differential equation
then the value of is ______.

Q Let f: R → R be a differentiable function with f(0) = 0. If y = f(x)
satisfies the differential equation
then the value of is ______.
Ans : 0.4
Solution:
We have
When x = 0 ⇒ y = 0, then A = 1
On integrating both sides, we get

Reducible to Variable Separable form
Let’s consider first.
If a differential equation is of this form, then it becomes variable separable

on substituting ax + by + c = t
JEE Main 2020
The solution of the differential equation

Q
is ______.
(where C is a constant of integration.)
D
JEE Main 2020

Q
is ______.
D
JEE Main 2020

Q
is ______.
Solution:
Q Solve the following differential equation:
Solution:
Solution:
Remark
Any equation of the form yf(xy)dx + xg(xy)dy = 0 can be reduced to

variable separable form by using the substitution xy = v.
Homogeneous Differential Equations

f(x, y) is said to be a homogeneous expression of degree n in the

variables x and y if : f(tx, ty) = t f(x, y)
n
For example,
f(x, y) = x2 - 2xy is a homogeneous expression of degree 2
f(x, y) = 3x2 y + y3 + xy2 is a homogeneous expression of degree 3
is a homogeneous expression of degree 0

A differential equation of the form where f and g
are homogeneous expressions of the same degree, is called a
homogeneous differential equation.

A differential equation of the form where f and g
are homogeneous expressions of the same degree, is called a
homogeneous differential equation.
Working Strategy
This equation is reduced to the form by dividing
the numerator and the denominator by power of x.

Then we put y = vx.
Q Solve:
Solution:
Solution:
Let the solution curve of the differential equation

Q
y(1) = 3 be y = y(x). Then
y(2) is equal to:
A 15
B 11
C 13
D 17
Let the solution curve of the differential equation

Q
y(1) = 3 be y = y(x). Then
y(2) is equal to:
A 15
B 11
C 13
D 17
Solution:
JEE Adv 2013, P1
Q A curve passes through the point Let the slope
of the curve at each point (x, y) be
Then the equation of the curve is
D
JEE Adv 2013, P1
Q A curve passes through the point Let the slope
of the curve at each point (x, y) be
Then the equation of the curve is
D
Solution:
JEE Main 29th Aug, 2021
A 4 𝜙 (2)
B 4 𝜙 (1)
C 2 𝜙 (1)
D 𝜙 (1)
JEE Main 29th Aug, 2021
A 4 𝜙 (2)
B 4 𝜙 (1)
C 2 𝜙 (1)
D 𝜙 (1)
Solution:
Q Solve the differential equation:
Remark
The concept of substitution in differential

equations is similar to that of indefinite integrals.
Solution:
Solution:
The general solution of the differential equation

Q
(x - y2)dx + y(5x + y2)dy = 0 is:
A (y2 + x)4 = C |(y2 + 2x)3|
B (y2 + 2x)4 = C |(y2 + x)3|
C |(y2 + x)3| = C(2y2 + x)4
D |(y2 + 2x)3| = C(2y2 + x)4


Q
(x - y2)dx + y(5x + y2)dy = 0 is:
A (y2 + x)4 = C |(y2 + 2x)3|
B (y2 + 2x)4 = C |(y2 + x)3|
C |(y2 + x)3| = C(2y2 + x)4
D |(y2 + 2x)3| = C(2y2 + x)4

Solution:
Solution:
Now let’s see an example of reducible to homogeneous

differential equation.
Solution:
Solution:
Q If the solution curve of the differential equation
passes through the point (2, 1)
and (k + 1, 2), k > 0, then
D
Q If the solution curve of the differential equation
passes through the point (2, 1)
and (k + 1, 2), k > 0, then
D
Solution:
Solution:
Now let’s see how polar coordinates facilitate variable separation.
Observation
If x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ, then it can be proved that

(a) x dx + y dy = r dr
(b) x dy - y dx = r2 d θ
Observation
If x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ, then it can be proved that

(a) x dx + y dy = r dr
(b) x dy - y dx = r2 d θ
Proof
(a) x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ (b)
⇒ x2 + y2 = r2
⇒ 2x dx + 2y dy = 2r dr
∴ x dx + y dy = r dr
Q Solve the following differential equations:
(a) (b) x dx + y dy = x(x dy - y dx)
Remark
Whenever we have terms such as x2 + y2, x dx + y dy,

x dy - y dx, in a differential equation, we may try
putting x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ.
(a)
Solution:
Solution:
(b) x dx + y dy = x(x dy - y dx)
Solution:
Solution:
Linear Differential Equations
A differential equation is said to be linear if the dependent variable and

its derivative occur in degree 1 only and are not multiplied together.
Let’s take a few examples and understand how to identify it first.

Identify which of the following are linear differential equations.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Identify which of the following are linear differential equations.
1. LDE
2. LDE
3. LDE
4.
5. LDE
6. LDE
Now, let’s see the general form of LDE and how to solve it.
Linear in y and
(where P and Q are functions of x)
Solution is given by,
where is called the integrating factor.

Linear in x and
(where P and Q are functions of y)
Solution is given by,
where is called the integrating factor.

Q
Solve the following differential equation:
Q
Solution:
Q Solve the following:
Solution:
Solution:
JEE Main 29th June 2022
Q Let the solution curve y = y(x) of the differential equation
pass through the point
Then, is equal to
D
JEE Main 29th June 2022
Q Let the solution curve y = y(x) of the differential equation
pass through the point
Then, is equal to
D
Solution:
Solution:
Q Solve:
Solution:
Now, let’s see how the solution formula for LDE was derived.
Consider , where P and Q are functions of x

Now, let’s see how the solution formula for LDE was derived.
Consider , where P and Q are functions of x
Multiplying both sides by , we get
… (1)
NOTE
So, multiplying with makes the LHS a complete derivative

and that’s the reason it is called the integrating factor.
Equations reducible to LDE
Try to observe that in any equation of the form

putting f(y) = t will make it LDE.
For example, in the differential equation

putting f(y) = t will make it LDE.
For example, in the differential equation
Putting tan y = t will make it LDE in t and

JEE Main 17th March, 2021
If y = y(x) is the solution of the equation
Q
y(0) = 0; then
is equal to
JEE Main 17th March, 2021
If y = y(x) is the solution of the equation
Q
y(0) = 0; then
is equal to
Ans: 1
Solution:
Special Case
Bernoulli’s Equation :
Special Case
Bernoulli’s Equation :
Here, if we divide by yn and then put yn - 1 = t, we get LDE in t and

Solution:
Solution:
Q
Solution:
Solution:
Multiple choice question JEE Advanced 2016
A solution curve of the differential equation
Q
passes through the point (1, 3). Then the solution curve
A Intersects y = x + 2 exactly at one point
B Intersects y = x + 2 exactly at two point
C Intersects y = (x + 2)2
D Does NOT intersect y = (x + 3)2

Multiple choice question JEE Advanced 2016
A solution curve of the differential equation
Q
passes through the point (1, 3). Then the solution curve
A Intersects y = x + 2 exactly at one point
B Intersects y = x + 2 exactly at two point
C Intersects y = (x + 2)2
D Does NOT intersect y = (x + 3)2

Solution:
Solution:
Exact Form
In this topic, basically we do variable separation by creation and inspection.

To understand this topic, first we need to observe a few exact differentials.
Exact Form
Try to remember the following
1. 4.
2. 5.
3. 6.
(x2 - ay)dx + (y2 - ax)dy = 0
(x2 - ay)dx + (y2 - ax)dy = 0
Solution:
Remark
Whenever you see ln y, look for

Solution:
JEE Main 2019
Q
(y2 - x3)dx - (xy)dy = 0 (x ≠ 0) is __________.
(where c is a constant of integration)
A y2 + 2 x3 + cx2 = 0
B y2 - 2x2 + cx3 = 0
C y2 - 2 x3 + cx2 = 0
D y2 + 2x2 + cx3 = 0
JEE Main 2019
Q
(y2 - x3)dx - (xy)dy = 0 (x ≠ 0) is __________.
A y2 + 2 x3 + cx2 = 0
B y2 - 2x2 + cx3 = 0
C y2 - 2 x3 + cx2 = 0
D y2 + 2x2 + cx3 = 0
JEE Main 2019
Q
(y2 - x3)dx - (xy)dy = 0 (x ≠ 0) is __________.
Solution:
Q For x ∊ R, let y (x) be a solution of the differential equation
such that y(2) = 7.
Then the maximum value of the function y(x) is

Q For x ∊ R, let y (x) be a solution of the differential equation
such that y(2) = 7.
Then the maximum value of the function y(x) is
Ans: 16
Solution:
Application of Differential Equations
Application of Differential Equations
1. Finding the equation of a curve from given conditions.

2. Solving certain rate of change problems such as growth
and decay problems.
3. Finding the orthogonal trajectory of a family of curves.
Let’s consider them one by one

At any point (x, y) of a curve, the slope of the tangent is
Q
twice the slope of the line segment joining the point of
contact to the point (-4, -3). Find the equation of the
curve, given that it passes through (-2, 1).
Solution:
Find the curve, not passing through the origin, for which
Q
the length of the normal at any point P on the curve is
equal to the magnitude of the radius vector of point P.
Solution:
Solution:
The population of a country doubles in 40 years.
Q
Assuming that the rate of increase is proportional
to the number of inhabitants, find the number of
years in which it would treble itself.
Solution:
Solution:
A doctor took the temperature of a dead body at 11 : 30 PM, which
Q
was 94.6 oF. He took the temperature of the body again after 1 hour
and found it to be 93.4 oF. If the temperature of the room was 70 oF,
estimate the time of death. Take the normal temperature of the
human body as 98.6 oF.
NOTE
Newton’s law of cooling states that the temperature of a

body changes at a rate which is proportional to the
difference in the temperature between that of the
surrounding medium and that of the body itself.
Solution:
Solution:
Q Find the orthogonal trajectory of y2 = 4ax (a being
the parameter).
Solution:
Q The orthogonal trajectory of xy = c2 is_____.
A x2 - y2 = C
B x2y2 = C
C x2 + y2 = C
D xy = C
Q The orthogonal trajectory of xy = c2 is_____.
A x2 - y2 = C
B x2y2 = C
C x2 + y2 = C
D xy = C
Solution:

Differential Eqn

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Nature of Chapter:

1. Standard integration knowledge is required.

2. This chapter is majorly about finding solution of Differential Equations,

4. Questions are made difficult, by adding some initial values, or by

JEE Main 3.5 % 5.8 % 5.3 % 4.3 % 3.1 % 4.40 %

Jee Advanced 6% 6% 3% 0% 3% 3.60 %

Order - It is the order of the highest order differential coefficient

The DE has Order =

The DE has Order =

Order - It is the order of the highest order differential coefficient

The DE has Order = 2

The DE has Order = 3

Degree - It is the degree of the highest order derivative occuring in

Degree - It is the degree of the highest order derivative occuring in

The DE has Degree =

The DE has Degree =

Degree - It is the degree of the highest order derivative occuring in

The DE has Degree = 2

The DE has Degree = undefined

If the differential equation cannot be expressed

Let’s find the order and degree of the following DE

Order = __ and Degree = __

Let’s find the order and degree of the following DE

Order = __ and Degree = __

Let’s find the order and degree of the following DE

Order = __ and Degree = __

Let’s find the order and degree of the following DE

Order = 2 and Degree = 4

Order = 3 and Degree = undefined

Order = 1 and Degree = 1

Consider a family of curves. By forming its differential equation, we mean

developing a relation between x, y and the derivatives of y

which is satisfied by every member of the given family of curves.

Algorithm for forming a differential equation

Say a family of curves f( x, y, c1, c2, …, cn ) = 0 is given, where c1 , c2 , …, cn are

Step 1: Differentiate the given equation n times.

The eliminant is the required differential equation.

Clearly, its order will be n.

(b) Family of hyperbolas

(c) All concentric ellipses with principal axes along

On Differentiating equation (i), we get

Dividing equation (ii) by equation (i), we get:

This is the required differential equation.

(b) Family of hyperbolas

Differentiating the equation (i) , we get

Q The differential equation of the family of circles

Q The differential equation of the family of circles

Q The differential equation of the family of circles

The order of a differential equation of a given

The solution (or the integral or the primitive) of a differential equation is a

Reducible to variable separable

If a differential equation can be expressed in the form f(x)dx + g(y)dy = 0 ,

(b) given that y = 0 at x = 0.

then y(2) is equal to

then y(2) is equal to

Q Let f: R → R be a differentiable function with f(0) = 0. If y = f(x)

satisfies the differential equation

then the value of is ______.

Q Let f: R → R be a differentiable function with f(0) = 0. If y = f(x)

satisfies the differential equation

then the value of is ______.

On integrating both sides, we get

Let’s consider first.

If a differential equation is of this form, then it becomes variable separable

Order = and Degree =

Order = and Degree =

Order = and Degree =