COURSE MODULE

1st Semester
of A.Y. Don Carlos Polytechnic College
2020-2021 P-2, Pob. Norte, Don Carlos, Bukidnon
College of Teacher Education

Module Week No: 11

GE4-Mathematics in the Modern World

Introduction Intended Learning Outcome
This module contains a lesson about Linear Inequalities in On completion of this module, the student is expected to
Two Variables and System of Linear Inequalities in Two have
Variables. a. Employ the concepts of Basic Algebra in solving
problems, specifically in Linear inequalities in
Two Variables and System of Linear Inequalities
in Two variables;
b. Solve accurately and comprehensively problems in
Linear Inequalities in Two Variables; and
c. Support the use of mathematics in various aspects
and endeavors in life.
Mathematics as a Tool (Part 2)
Activity
Video watching on graphing linear inequalities, visit the link provided below.
https://youtu.be/5h6YzRRxzO4
Discussion

Linear Inequalities in Two Variables

Linear inequalities are very useful in the study of economics, statistics, business, engineering, science and other
areas.
Statements of the form
Ax + By > C Ax + By < C (strict inequality)
Ax + By ≥ C Ax + By ≤ C ( mixed inequality)
where A, B, and C are constants, and A and B are not both zero, are inequalities of the first
degree in two variables.
Solution of Linear Inequalities in Two Variables
The solution of a linear inequality in two variables is a subset of the plane consisting of all points (x , y) whose
coordinates satisfy the inequality. Hence, determining the solution is graphing the linear inequality.
Steps:
1. Replace the inequality symbol with equality. This is the equation of the boundary line of the desired region which is
considered the solution or feasibility region.
2. Graph the boundary line. (if the inequality involves ≥ or ≤ , the boundary line is solid indicating that the points in the
line are included in the solution. If the inequality is > or <, a broken line is used indicating that the points on the line
are not solutions of the inequality.
3. Choose a point not on the boundary line, if possible (0,0) and substitute the coordinates in the given inequality.
4. If the point satisfies the inequality, shade the region containing it. Otherwise, shade the region on the other side of
the boundary line. The shaded region is the solution.
Examples:

1. Graph y > 2x + 4
Step 1: The equation is y=2x+4. Take ordered pairs (0,4) and (-2,0). These are the intercepts of the equation. The graph
on the Cartesian plane.
Why (0,4) and (-2,0)?
First to get the ordered pair (0 , 4), First to get the ordered pair (-2 , 0),
Let x = 0, then Let y = 0, then
y = 2x + 4 y = 2x + 4
y = 2(0) + 4 2x + 4 = 0
y=0+4 2x = -4
y=4 x = -2
therefore, we have (0 , 4) therefore, we have (-2 , 0)

Step 2: The boundary line is broken line since the inequality is strict. (>)
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Step 3: Choose (0, 0) and test in the given inequality from y > 2x + 4. Therefore, 0 > 2(0) can be simplified as 0 > 4.
Step 4: 0 > 4 is not true; hence, shade the other side of the boundary line. (not in the region where (0,0) is located)

2. Get the solution set of 2x – 3y ≥ 12 by graphing.

Step 1: The equation is 2x-3y=12. Get the ordered pairs (0,-4) and (6,0). Graph
Why (0,-4) and (6,0)?
First to get the ordered pair (0,-4), First to get the ordered pair (6,0),
Let x = 0, then Let y = 0, then
2x – 3y = 12 2x – 3y = 12
2(0) – 3y = 12 2x – 3(0)=12
-3y = 12 2x =12
y = -4 x=6
therefore, we have (0 , -4) therefore, we have (6 , 0)
Step 2: The boundary line is a solid line since the inequality symbol is mixed. (≥)

Step 3: Choose (0,0) and test in the given inequality. From 2x – 3y ≥ 12, substituting (0,0) will result to 0 ≥ 12.
Step 4: 0 ≥ 12 is not correct. Hence, shade the region where (0,0) is not located.

3. Get the solution region of y ≤ 4.

Step 1. The equation is y = 4. Graph.
Step 2. The graph is a horizontal line passing through (0,4). The boundary line is a solid line.

Step 3. Decide for the region to shade from the inequality which is y ≤ 4. If 0 is substituted to y, 0 ≤ 4.
Step 4. Since it is true that 0 ≤ 4, shade the region where y = 0 is located.
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System of Linear Inequalities in Two Variables

When two or more linear inequalities in one variable are graph in one rectangular coordinate plane, the result is a
system of linear inequalities in two variables. The solution of the system is the intersection or the region common to every
graph in the system. These are the set of points satisfying all the inequalities in the system.
To solve a system of linear inequalities in one variable is to graph all the given linear inequalities in one rectangular
coordinate plane following the steps presented earlier. After which, the common region is identified and that will be
considered as the solution region or feasible region.
Examples:
1. Solve the system consisting of the inequalities
2x – 3y ≥ 6
y>4
Step 1. Begin by determining the boundary lines. Change the inequality symbols to equations
a. 2x – 3y = 6
b. y = 4
Step 2. Graph the boundary line one at a time and perform the test.
a. For 2x – 3y = 6, use the ordered pair (0 , -2) and (3, 0). The first boundary line is a solid line since the inequality is
mixed. (≥)

 Test (0,0) in the inequality 2x – 3y ≥ 6. The resultant is 0 ≥ 6 which is not true; hence, the lower part of the line
is shaded.

In the same rectangular coordinate plane, graph the second equation which is the next boundary line.
 COURSE MODULE

Assessment
A. G ra p h th e fo llo w in g in e q ua litie s.

1. 3x – 5y + 3 > 0

2. x ≤ -3

A. Solve the following systems of inequalities graphically.

Reflection Resources and Additional Resources

What can you say about the topic?

“Mathematics in the Modern World”
by Mary Joy J. Rodriguez, MAEd;
Ivy Gay O. Salvador, MAME;
Feljone G. Ragma’ Ed.D.;
Elma M. Torres, MM;
Edwina M. Manalang, Ed.D.;
Nora A. Oredina, Ed.D.,Ph.D.;
Justin Ian N. Ogoy, BSEd

1st Semester
of A.Y. Don Carlos Polytechnic College
2020-2021 P-2, Pob. Norte, Don Carlos, Bukidnon
College of Teacher Education
 COURSE MODULE

Module Week No. 12

GE4-Mathematics in the Modern World

Introduction Intended Learning Outcome
This module contains a lesson about Apportionment, On completion of this module, the student is expected to
specifically the Hamilton and Jefferson Method. have
a. Define apportionment, standard quota, and
standard divisor;
b. Discuss and illustrate the Hamilton and Jefferson
methods;
c. Discuss the quota rule; and
d. Evaluate the fairness criteria in apportionment.
Mathematics as a Tool (Part 2)
Activity
Video watching on introduction to apportionment, visit the link provided below.
https://youtu.be/w_0XwyXgJvk
Discussion

Apportionment
It is a mathematical process of distributing or allocating number of items to several groups in a fair manner. The
number of people or items can be distributed using these two methods: Hamilton and Jefferson method.
To illustrate how these Hamilton and Jefferson methods work. Let us consider the fictitious country of Atlas with
45,000 population and six regions. This country calls for 30 representative chosen from the different regions. The
population per region is given below.

1. The Hamilton Plan

In this method, the total population is divided by the number of people to apportion. The quotient is called standard
quota.

Standard Divisor = total population

Number of people to apportion
= 45,000
30
= 1, 500
Standard Quota
- This is the whole number part of the quotient of population and standard divisor.

figure 1.
From the figure 1, the total number of representatives is only 28 but the required is 30. Since the country still needs 2
representatives to complete the required number of representatives, this calls to revisit the computation of the quotient and
assigning an additional representative to the training.
 COURSE MODULE

2. The Jefferson Plan

Based on the Hamilton method, there was a shortage of representatives when the population from each region was
divided by the standard divisor. To improve this result, Jefferson method will be using a modified standard divisor.
This number is chosen by trial and error so that the sum of the standard quotas is equal to the number of
representatives. If we are going to use 1360 as the standard divisor.

The table below shows the results of two methods. Observe the number of representatives per region.

We have applied apportionment to allocating representatives to six regions in Atlas country.

The method used in apportionment affects the number of representatives in an Atlas country. But what is fair in this
method? We will try to state conditions by which an apportionment plan is judged fair.
A quota rule must be satisfied as one criterion for an apportionment plan.
Quota Rule
The number of representatives apportioned to a state is the standard quota or one more than the standard quota.

The standard quota of D is 6. Jefferson plan assigns 6 so it does not violate the quota rule.
Another measure of fairness is average constituency. This is the population of state divided by the number of
representatives from the state and then rounded to the nearest whole number.

Consider the regions A and B in the table below.

Region Population Representatives Average Constituency
A 12, 000 8 12, 000 ≈ 1,500
8
B 7, 258 4 8,340 ≈ 1, 451.6
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4

Since the average constituencies are approximately equal then both states are equally represented.

Assessment

Solve the following problems comprehensively.

1. There are 15 scholarships to be apportioned among 231 English majors, 502 Psychology majors,
and 355 Math majors.
a. Determine the standard divisor. What is the meaning of standard divisor in the context of this
exercise?
b. Use the Hamilton method to determine the number of number of scholarships to be
apportioned to each major.
c. Use Jefferson method to determine the number of scholarships to be apportioned to each
major. Is this apportionment in violation of quota rule?
2. A total of 30 elementary teachers are to be apportioned among six classes at new elementary school. The
enrollments in the six classes are shown in the table below.
a. Determine the standard divisor.
b. Use the Hamilton method to determine the number of elementary teacher to be apportioned to each
class.
c. Use the Jefferson method to determine the number of elementary teacher to be apportioned to each class.
Is this apportionment in violation of the quota rule?

Reflection Resources and Additional Resources

What can you say about the topic?

“Mathematics in the Modern World”
by Mary Joy J. Rodriguez, MAEd;
Ivy Gay O. Salvador, MAME;
Feljone G. Ragma’ Ed.D.;
Elma M. Torres, MM;
Edwina M. Manalang, Ed.D.;
Nora A. Oredina, Ed.D.,Ph.D.;
Justin Ian N. Ogoy, BSEd

1st Semester
of A.Y. Don Carlos Polytechnic College
2020-2021 P-2, Pob. Norte, Don Carlos, Bukidnon
College of Teacher Education
Module Week No.13-14

GE4-Mathematics in the Modern World

Introduction Intended Learning Outcome
This module contains a lesson about Voting, specifically its On completion of this module, the student is expected to
concepts and methods. have
a. Discuss the importance of voting;
b. Define and construct the preference table;
c. Define majority votes;
 COURSE MODULE
d. Discuss and apply the four methods of voting;
e. Discuss the four fairness criteria; and
f. Evaluate the fairness criteria for every voting
method
Mathematics as a Tool (Part 2)
Activity
Video watching on introduction to voting, visit the link provided below.
https://youtu.be/i9aJl1pB0c
Discussion

Introduction to Voting
As a democratic country, one of the privileges of a Filipino citizen is to vote for our preferred representatives or
candidates in local and national elections. Democracy is practiced in various areas like choosing our favourite contestant in
different competitions such as Pilipinas Got Talent and The Voice as well as in selecting classroom and organization’s
officers. However, there are cases for which the best candidate is not elected because of how plurality voting system
works. Moreover, it is possible for the candidate that has less than majority support to win.
 Majority of votes- a candidate with more than 50% of the votes.
example:
If 50 people will vote for an organization’s election, how many votes are needed for a majority?

50/2 = 25, 25 votes is 50% but we need more than 50% votes, so 26 votes or higher for a majority.
 To organize and summarize the results of an election, we use of what we called preference table.

Preference table for the ballots above.

Number of Votes 10 6 7 4 1 2
1st C D A B C A
2nd B C B D D B
3rd D B C C B D
4th A A D A A C
This preference table joins all the ballots together to summarize the results of the election.
Methods to Determine the Result of an Election
1. Plurality method
2. Plurality with elimination method
3. Borda count method
4. Pairwise comparison method
 Plurality Method
The candidate with the most first place votes, wins. The elected candidate using this method does not have a
majority of votes.
Example:
Using the preference table below, as the result of the election, four members of the organization are running as
a president of the organization, namely, candidates A, B, C, and D. The members were asked to rank the four
candidates.
 COURSE MODULE
Number of Votes 10 6 7 4 1 2
1st C D A B C A
2nd B C B D D B
3rd D B C C B D
4th A A D A A C
a. How many students voted C as their first in rank? 11
b. How many students voted their candidate in this order: A, B, C, and D? 7
c. How many students voted in this election? 30
Who will win as the president in this election using the Plurality method?
Solution:
To answer this question, we only need the first-place votes in this result.
Number of Votes 10 6 7 4 1 2
1st C D A B C A
Candidates A: 7 + 2 = 9
Candidate B: 4
Candidate C: 10 + 1= 11
Candidate D: 6
The candidate who gets the most first-place votes is Candidate C. Did candidate C get the majority?
The total number of students voted is 30, 30 divided by 2 is 15, we need more than 15 for the majority. Since candidate C
has only 11 votes, he did not get the majority but he still wins.
 Plurality with Elimination Method
It is a variation of Plurality method of voting called plurality with elimination. This method is performed in
rounds and considers voter’s alternate choices by eliminating the candidate/s with the fewest first place votes for
every round. If only two candidates are remaining then the candidate with the most votes wins the election.
Example:
Based on the preference table below, who will win as the president using the plurality with elimination?

Number of Votes 10 6 7 4 1 2
1st C D A B C A
2nd B C B D D B
3rd D B C C B D
4th A A D A A C
Candidate A: 7 + 2 = 9 Candidate B: 4
Candidate C: 10 + 1 = 11 Candidate D: 6
Candidate C has the highest votes but not a majority. Therefore, there is no winner yet. Since, candidate B has the fewest
votes then he has to be eliminated.

Number of Votes 10 6 7 4 1 2
1st C D A C A
2nd C D D
3rd D C C D
4th A A D A A C

Then the newer preference table is shown below.

Number of Votes 10 6 7 4 1 2
1st C D A D C A
2nd D C C C D D
3rd A A D A A C
Candidate A: 7 + 2 = 9
Candidate C: 10 + 1 = 11
Candidate D: 6 + 4 = 10
Candidate C has the highest votes but not a majority. Therefore, there is not winner yet. Since, candidate A has the fewest
votes, and then he has to be eliminated.
Number of Votes 10 6 7 4 1 2
1st C D D C A
2nd D C C C D D
3rd D C
The new preference table is shown below.
Number of Votes 10 6 7 4 1 2
1st C D C D C D
2nd D C D C D C
Candidate C: 10 + 7 = 18
Candidate D: 6 + 4 + 2 + 12
The votes required for the majority is 16 and above. Since, Candidate C got the highest and majority of votes then he is
declared the winner.
Example:

Number of Votes 10 6 7 4 1 2
1st C D A B C A
2nd B C B D D B
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rd
3 D B C C B D
4th A A D A A C
The first choice receives 4 points, the second choice receives 3 points, the third choice receives 2 points and the last choice
receives 1 point.
 Borda Count
In this method each voter ranks the candidates by giving points to the voter’s choice. The voter’s least choice
candidate receives1 point and 2 points for the next candidate and so on. The candidate receives the most total
points is declared as the winner.

Number of Votes 10 6 7 4 1 2
1st C (40) D (24) A (28) B (16) C (4) A (8)
2nd B (30) C (18) B (21) D (12) D (3) B (6)
3rd D (20) B (12) C(14) C (8) B (2) D (4)
4th A (10) A (6) D (7) A (4) A (1) C (2)
Summary of points for each candidate:
Candidate A : 10 + 6 + 28 + 4 + 1 + 1 = 50
Candidate B : 30 + 12 + 21 + 16 + 2 + 6 = 87
Candidate C: 40 + 18 + 14 + 8 + 4 + 2 = 86
Candidate D: 20 + 24 + 7 + 12 + 3 + 4 = 70
Using the Borda Count, candidate B is the winner.
 Pairwise comparison Voting Method
Tin this voting method is also known as “head to head” method. In this method, the voters rank the candidates.
The preferred candidate receives 1 point, ½ point for the candidates and zero point for the loss. After all the
comparisons are made among the candidates, the candidate with the highest number of points is declared the
winner.
Using the same preference table below, who is the winner using the Pairwise Comparison?
Number of Votes 10 6 7 4 1 2
1st C D A B C A
2nd B C B D D B
3rd D B C C B D
4th A A D A A C
Solution:
C vs B C vs D C vs A
10 7 10 6 10 7
6 4 7 4 6 2
1 2 1 2 4
17 13 18 12 1
21 9

B vs D B vs A D vs A
10 6 10 7 10 7
7 1 6 2 6 2
4 4 4
2 1
23 21 9 21 9
21 9
Candidate A = 0 Candidate B= 2
Candidate C = 3 Candidate D = 1
Using the pairwise comparison, candidate C is the winner.
With the four methods of voting, is it necessary for the election officials to specify the voting method to be used prior
to an election?
Yes, it is important to specify the voting method to be used prior to the election to avoid disagreements as to the winner
because different candidates might win depending on the voting method used.
The four methods have shown that different winners could be the result of the different methods. With these results,
which method is considered the fairest? But what does fair means in this voting?
Kenneth J. Arrow has outlined the criteria for fair voting system.
The Four Fairness Criteria
1. Majority Criterion: Any candidate who receives majority of first place votes is the winner.
2. Monotonicity Criterion: If a winner is declared in an election, this winning candidate will still win for the second
round of election if the voter’s preference changes in favour of the winning candidate.
3. Condorcet Criterion (Head –to-head): A candidate who wins all possible head-to-head match ups with all other
candidates declared as the winner.
4. Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives: The declared winner for the first round of election will still be the
winner for the second round of election though one or more of the other candidates is removed.
Is there a particular voting method that will satisfy the entire fairness criterion?

Arrow’s Impossibility Theorem states that:

 All fairness criteria may be satisfied using a particular method in some election.
 COURSE MODULE
 It is not possible for any democratic voting method to simultaneously s
 Satisfy all the fairness criteria voting method.
Methods for Testing the Fairness Criteria
1. Applying the Majority Criterion
Using the preference table below, does the winning candidate have a majority of votes?

Number of Votes 15 10 3
1st A B C
2nd B C B
3rd C A A
Does the same candidate win with each of the following voting method? If yes, then that method satisfies the
majority criterion.
Total Votes= 28
50% of 28 = 14
Majority Votes: at least 15
A. Plurality
Candidate A = 15 Candidate B= 10 Candidate C= 3
Using the Majority Criterion for Plurality, candidate A is the winner, and has the majority of votes.

B. Plurality with Elimination

Since Candidate A is the majority then Candidate A is the winner.
C. Borda Count Method

Number of Votes 15 10 3
1st (3) A (45) B (30) C (9)
2nd (2) B (30) C (20) B (6)
3rd (1) C (15) A (10) A (3)
Candidate A =45 + 10 + 3 = 58 Candidate B = 30 + 30 + 6 = 66
Candidate C= 15 + 20 + 9 = 44
Using the Borda Count Method, candidate B is the winner. This violates the majority criterion.

D. Pairwise Comparison
Number of Votes 15 10 3
1st A B C
2nd B C B
3rd C A A

Using the Pairwise Comparison, candidate A is the winner. This does not violate the majority criterion.
2. Applying the Monotonicity Criterion
In this criterion, it is important to specify which voting method will be used.
Using the preference table below, who will win this section?
First Election
Number of Votes 16 25 20 10
1st X Z Y X
2nd Y X Z Z
3rd z y X Y
Using the plurality with elimination, who will be the winner in this election?
Total votes= 71
50% of 71 = 35.5
Majority = at least 36 votes
Candidates X = 26 Candidate Y = 20 Candidate Z = 25
Candidate Y has to be eliminated.
Number of Votes 16 25 20 10
1st X Z Z X
2nd Z X X Z
Candidate X = 16 + 10 = 26 Candidate Z = 25+ 20= 45
Candidate Z wins the election.
If 10 voters changed their votes to Z as the first, X as the second and, Y as the third rank.
Second Election
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Number of Votes 16 25 20 10
1st X Z Y X
2nd Y X Z Z
3rd z y X Y
Candidate X = 16 Candidate Y = 20 Candidate Z = 35

Candidate X has to be eliminated

Number of Votes 16 25 20 10
1st Y Z Y Z
2nd Z Y Z Y
Candidate Y = 36 Candidate Z = 35

From this result, candidate Y is the winner. This result violates the monotonicity criterion because candidate Z won
the first election but loses in the second election.

3. Applying the Condorcet (Head-to-head) Criterion

Does the candidate win the head-to-head over the other candidate?
Number of Votes 6 4 6 5 6 8
1st B B C C A A
2nd C A B A B C
3rd A C A B C B

Let us verify the head-to-head criterion using the four mtethods of voting.

A. Plurality
Candidate A= 14 Candidate B= 10 Candidate C = 11
Candidate A is the winner using plurality and this violates the head-to-head criterion
B. Borda Count
Number of Votes 6 4 6 5 6 8
1st B (18) B (12) C (18) C (15) A (18) A (24)
2nd C (12) A (8) B (12) A (10) B (12) C (16)
3rd A (6) C (4) A (6) B (5) C (6) B (8)

Candidate A is the winner using Borda count and this violates the head-to-head criterion.
C. Plurality with Elimination
Total votes= 35
Majority= at least 18
Number of Votes 6 4 6 5 6 8
1st B B C C A A
2nd C A B A B C
3rd A C A B C B

Candidate A= 14 Candidate B = 10 Candidate C = 1

There is no majority yet. Candidate B is eliminated.
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COURSE MODULE
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Assessment

Solve each problem completely and comprehensively.

1. Which fast food makes the best burger in the city? According to the survey the best three burgers are
produced by the fast food A, fast food B, and fast food C. Table below shows the points in voting.
Place Number of Points
15 5 10
First B A A
Second A C B
Third C B C
a. Which fast food is the winner using the plurality method?
b. Which fast food is the winner using the Borda count method?
c. Does the Borda count method violate the majority criterion?
d. Which fast food is the winner suing the pairwise comparison method?

Reflection Resources and Additional Resources

What can you say about the topic?
“Mathematics in the Modern World”
by Mary Joy J. Rodriguez, MAEd; Ivy Gay O. Salvador,
MAME; Feljone G. Ragma’ Ed.D.; Elma M. Torres, MM;
Edwina M. Manalang, Ed.D.; Nora A. Oredina,
Ed.D.,Ph.D.; Justin Ian N. Ogoy, BSEd