CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS

CERAMICS, GLASS AND GLASS - CERAMICS

GROUP MEMBER:
➢ JOHN JIM PAUL DUNES
➢ JEFFREY DORMITORIO
➢ CRISALYN MEDIANA
 CERAMICS
 What are Ceramics?
➢Ceramics are compounds between metallic and nonmetallic
elements. They are most frequently oxides, nitrides and
carbides.
➢The term ceramic comes from the Greek word keramikos,
which means “burnt stuff,”
➢Common ceramic materials include aluminum oxide(alumina),
silicon dioxide (silica), silicon carbide and silicon nitride.
 What are Ceramics?
➢Are relatively stiff and strong regarding mechanical behavior.
➢Highly susceptible to fracture.
➢Typically, insulative to the passage of electricity and heat
➢More resistant to high temperatures and harsh environments
than metals and polymers
➢Hard but very brittle (lack of ductility)
➢Newer ceramics are being engineered to have improved
resistance to fracture.
➢Regarding optical characteristics, ceramics may be
transparent, translucent or opaque.
➢Some of the oxide ceramics exhibit magnetic behavior.
HISTORY
Ceramics is one of the most ancient industries going
back thousands of years. Once humans discovered that
clay could be found in abundance and formed into objects
by first mixing with water and then firing, a key industry was
born. The oldest known ceramic artifact is dated as early as
28,000 BCE (BCE = Before Common Era), during the late
Paleolithic period. It is a statuette of a woman, named the
Venus of Dolní Věstonice, from a small prehistoric
settlement near Brno, in the Czech Republic. In this
location, hundreds of clay figurines representing Ice Age
animals were also uncovered near the remains of a
horseshoe-shaped kiln.
A summary of the most relevant milestones in the history of ceramics and
glass is provided in the table below.
ADVANTAGES OF CERAMICS

• Most of them have high hardness

• They have high melting point which makes them excellent refractory material
• They are good thermal insulators
• They are high electric resistivity
• They have low mass density
• They are generally chemically inert
DISADVANTAGES OF CERAMICS

• They are brittle in nature

• They have almost zero ductility
• They have poor tensile strength
• They show a wide range in the variation of strength, even for
the identical specimens
• They are difficult to shape and machine
 CERAMICS STRUCTURES
Two types of bonds are found in ceramics:
 Ionic
 In an ionic bond, one of the atoms (the metal) transfers electrons to the other atom (the
nonmetal), thus becoming positively charged (cation), whereas the nonmetal becomes
negatively charged (anion). The two ions having opposite charges attract each other with a
strong electrostatic force.

 Covalent
 Covalent bonding instead occurs between two nonmetals, in other words two atoms that have
similar electronegativity, and involves the sharing of electron pairs between the two atoms.

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 PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS
 Extreme Hardness
- High wear resistance
- Extreme hardness can reduce wear caused by friction
 Corrosion Resistance
 Heat Resistance
- Low electrical conductivity
- Low thermal conductivity
- Low thermal expansion
- Poor thermal shock resistance
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 PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS
 Good Thermal Insulator
 Highly electricity resistance
 Low mass density
 Generally, chemically inert
 Brittle in nature
 Zero ductility
 Low tensile strength

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 CLASSIFICATION OF CERAMICS
• They can be classified into three different material
categories.
1. Oxides: Alumina, Zirconia
2. Non – oxides: Carbides, Borides, Nitrides, Silicides
3. Composites: Particulate reinforced, combinations of
oxides and non – oxides

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 CHARACTERISTICS
• Oxide Ceramics:
➢ Oxidation resistant
➢ chemically inert
➢ electrically insulating
➢ generally low thermal conductivity
➢ slightly complex manufacturing
➢ low cost for alumina
➢ more complex manufacturing
Zirconia
higher cost for zirconia.
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 CHARACTERISTICS
• Non - oxide Ceramics:
➢ Low oxidation resistance
➢ Extreme hardness
➢ Chemically inert
➢ High thermal conductivity
➢ Electrically conducting
➢ Difficult energy dependent
manufacturing and high cost. Silicone carbide ceramic
foam filter (CFS)
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 CHARACTERISTICS
• Ceramic – Based Composites:
➢ Toughness
➢ Low and high oxidation resistance
(type related)
➢ Variable thermal and electrical
conductivity
➢ Complex manufacturing processes
➢ High cost.
Ceramic Matrix Composite
(CMC) rotor
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 GLASS
 What are Glass?
Glass is a hard substance which
may be transparent or translucent
and brittle. The fusion process is used
to manufacture glasses. In this
process, sand is fused with lime,
soda, and some other admixtures and
then cooled rapidly. Glasses used in
construction purposes and
architectural purposes in engineering.
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  The familiar glass materials are noncrystalline silicates that
contain other oxides. In addition to silica, the two other
primary ingredients of a typical soda – lime glass are soda
and lime.

 The two prime assets of glass materials are optical

transparency and ease of fabrication

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 GLASS
 Within the electronics sector, glass is primarily used to fabricate
display panels for televisions, computers, and mobile devices. The
unprecedented mass appeal of portable devices has led producers
to create ultra-tough glass that does not break when dropped.
 Glass powder is also added in thick film paste for metallization of
electronic components, whereas glass seals are used in certain
applications to protect electronic devices from the
environment. Flexible glass is being produced for fabrication of
flexible devices, such as organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs).

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 GLASS - CERAMIC
 What are Glass - Ceramics?
• Glass – ceramics are initially fabricated as glasses, and then by heat
treatment, crystallized to form fine-grained polycrystalline
materials.
• Glass – ceramics materials were first developed at the Corning Glass
Works and share properties of both the parent glass material and
polycrystalline materials.
• Two properties of glass-ceramics that make them superior to glass
are improved mechanical strengths and lower coefficients of
thermal expansion (which improves shock resistance).
 GLASS CERAMIC MATERIALS
 Glass ceramic materials have the same chemical compositions
as glasses but differ from them in that they are typically 95-
98% crystalline by volume.
 The crystals are generally very small.
 Due to their crystallinity and network of grain boundaries, they
are no longer transparent.
 PROPERTIES OF GLASS CERAMIC MATERIALS
 Glass ceramic materials are typically characterized by:
> high mechanical strength
> high impact resistance
> low coefficient of thermal expansion
> good resistance to thermal shock
> a range of optical properties from translucent to opaque and
sometime opalescence.
 PROPERTIES OF GLASS CERAMIC MATERIALS
 Glass ceramic materials are  The most common uses for
manufacture commercially these materials are as:
under the trade names of:
> Ovenware
> Pyroceram
> Tableware
> CorningWare
> Oven windows
> Cercor
> Range tops
> Vision
PROPERTIES OF GLASS CERAMIC MATERIALS
 PRODUCTION OF GLASS CERAMIC MATERIALS
 Glass ceramic materials are formed using the same processes
that are applicable to glass components.
 Devitrification can occur spontaneously during cooling or in
service but is most incorporated to produce glass ceramics. It
involves heating the formed glass product to a temperature
high enough to stimulate crystals to nucleate throughout the
glass.
 PRODUCTION OF GLASS CERAMIC MATERIALS
 Nucleation requires a critical number of atoms converging to
form a nucleus. It occurs when the nucleus reaches critical size.
 The devitrification heat treatment must be carefully controlled
to ensure the maximum number of nuclei are formed and that
these nuclei grow into a uniform fine crystal structure.
 In order to obtain a high concentration of nuclei throughout the
structure, nucleating agent was added to the glass composition.
 PRODUCTION OF GLASS CERAMIC MATERIALS
 Nucleating agents
The most common nucleating agents are the titanium dioxide
(TiO2) and zirconium dioxide (ZrO2). Other materials that have
been used include phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5).
GLASS CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS
 LAS – mixture of lithium, aluminum and silicon oxides
 MAS – mixture of magnesium, aluminum and silicon oxides
 ZAS – mixture of zinc, aluminum and silicon oxides
FABRICATION AND PROCESSING OF GLASSES AND GLASS CERAMICS
 Because glasses are formed at elevated temperatures, the
temperature – viscosity behavior is an important consideration.
 On the viscosity scale, several specific points that are important in
the fabrication and processing of glasses are labeled:
* Melting point - corresponds to the temperature at which the
viscosity is 10 Pa.s (100 P); the glass is fluid enough to be considered a
liquid.
* Working point - represents the temperature at which the
viscosity is 10^3 Pa.s (10^4 P); the glass is easily deformed at this
viscosity.
FABRICATION AND PROCESSING OF GLASSES AND GLASS CERAMICS
* Softening point - the temperature at which the viscosity is 4x10^6
Pa.s (4 x10^7 P), is the maximum temperature at which a glass piece may
be handled without causing significant dimensional alterations.
* Annealing point - is the temperature at which the viscosity is 10^12
Pa.s (10^13 P); at this temperature, atomic diffusion is sufficiently rapid
that any residual stresses may be removed within about 15 min.
* Strain point - corresponds to the temperature at which the viscosity
becomes 3x10^13 Pa.s (3x10^14 P); for temperatures below the strain
point, fracture will occur before the onset of plastic deformation. The glass
transition temperature will be above the strain point.
FABRICATION AND PROCESSING OF GLASSES AND GLASS CERAMICS
 Four of the more common glass-forming techniques are the following:
1. Pressing – is used in the fabrication of relatively thick-walled pieces
such as plates and dishes.
2. Blowing – some glass blowing is done by hand, especially for art
objects, the process has been completely automated to produce glass
jars, bottles and light bulbs.
3. Drawing – is used to form long glass pieces such as sheet, rod, tubing
and fibers
4. Fiber forming – fibers are formed by drawing the molten glass through
many small orifices at the chamber base.
FABRICATION AND PROCESSING OF GLASSES AND GLASS CERAMICS
FABRICATION AND PROCESSING OF GLASSES AND GLASS CERAMICS
FABRICATION AND PROCESSING OF GLASSES AND GLASS CERAMICS

 When glass pieces are cooled, internal thermal stresses may be

generated because of differences in cooling rate (and degrees
of thermal contraction) between interior and surfaces regions.
 After fabrication, glasses may be annealed and/or tempered to
improved mechanical characteristics.

➢Tempered glass is used for applications in which high strength is

important; these include large doors and eyeglass lenses.
APPLICATION
OF CERAMICS

• Electrical and
Electronic
properties
APPLICATION
OF CERAMICS

• Electrical and
Electronic
properties
APPLICATION
OF CERAMICS

• Electrical and
Electronic
properties
 APPLICATION OF GLASS
 Electrical and Electronic properties
 APPLICATION OF TECHNICAL CERAMICS
 Thermal Properties
➢Thermal insulation
(high-temperature
furnace linings)
 APPLICATION OF TECHNICAL CERAMICS
 Thermal Properties
➢Refractories (high-
temperature furnace
linings and crucibles for
insulation and
containment of molten
metals and slags)
 APPLICATION OF TECHNICAL CERAMICS
 Magnetic and superconductive
Properties
➢Hard (permanent) magnets
➢Soft magnets (transformer cores
and magnetic tapes)
 APPLICATION OF TECHNICAL CERAMICS
 Optical Properties
➢Transparency (different windows,
lenses, cables for optical
communications)
➢Translucency and chemical
inertness (heat and corrosion
resistand materials for sodium
vapour lamps and other devices
 APPLICATION OF TECHNICAL CERAMICS
 Optical Properties
➢Non-linearity (for switching
devices for optical computing)
➢Infra-red transparency (IR
laser windows
 APPLICATION OF TECHNICAL CERAMICS
 Optoelectronic Properties
➢Active laser medium
➢Jewelry
 APPLICATION OF TECHNICAL CERAMICS
 Chemical Properties
➢Biocompatibility (artificial
joint prostheses, cardiac
valve replacement,
prosthodontics)
 APPLICATION OF TECHNICAL CERAMICS
 Mechanical Properties
➢Hardness (cutting and
stamping tools, die molds,
abrasives)
 APPLICATION OF TECHNICAL CERAMICS
 Mechanical Properties
➢Wear resistance (bearings,
brake-shoes)
 APPLICATION OF TECHNICAL CERAMICS
 Physico-mechanical
Properties
➢Military use (body and
technical armour, piercing
ammunition of projectiles)
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