Digital Communication & Information Theory

Course Code TC-311

LECTURE 3

Dr Sunila Akbar

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 LECTURE 3 - OUTLINE
▪ Review of the Last Lecture

▪ Basic Digital Communications Nomenclature (Contd.)

▪ Classification of Signals – (CS & SnS Recap)

▪ An Exercise Problem (Classification of Signals)

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 Review of the Last Lecture
▪Goals in DCS Design

▪Block Diagram of a Typical DCS

▪Basic Digital Communication Transformations

▪Basic Digital Communication Nomenclature

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 Basic Digital Communication Nomenclature
(Contd.)
Baseband Modulated Signal
▪ Each mi (t) symbol will be represented by one of a set of baseband pulse
waveforms g1 (t), g2 (t), … , gM (t)
▪ For transmitting a sequence of such pulses, unit Baud is sometimes used to
express the pulse rate (symbol rate)
Bandpass Modulated Signal
▪ For typical bandpass transmission, each gi (t) pulse will then be represented
by one of a set of bandpass waveforms s1 (t), s2 (t), … , sM (t)

Thus, for wireless systems, the symbol mi (t) is sent by

transmitting the digital waveform si (t) for T seconds, the symbol
time duration.
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 Basic Digital Communication Nomenclature

Digital Waveform
▪ Voltage or current waveform (a pulse for baseband transmission, or a sinusoid
for bandpass transmission) that represents a digital symbol
▪ The waveform characteristics (amplitude, width, and position for pulses or
amplitude, frequency, and phase for sinusoids) allow its identification as one
of the symbols in the finite symbol set

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 Basic Digital Communication Nomenclature
Data rate
log 𝑀
This quantity in bits per second (bits/s) is given by 𝑅 = 𝑘/𝑇= 2 bits/s, where 𝑘
𝑇
bits identify a symbol from 𝑀= 2 symbol set, and 𝑇 is the 𝑘-bit symbol duration.
k

T --- Symbol Duration

1/T --- Symbol per second (Symbol rate)
k --- Bits per symbol
R --- Bits per second (Bit rate)
[k (bits/symbol) x 1/T (symbols/sec)]

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 Classification of Signals (SnS & CS - Recap)
Various ways of classification of Signals
1. Deterministic and Random Signals
2. Periodic and Non-Periodic Signals
3. Continuous Time and Discrete Time Signals
4. Analog and Digital Signals
5. Real and Complex Signals
6. Energy and Power Signals
7. Even and Odd Signals

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 1. Deterministic and Random Signals
❑Deterministic Signal
▪ A signal is deterministic if there is no uncertainty with respect to its value at
any time.
▪ Deterministic waveforms are modeled by explicit mathematical expressions.
▪ Example: 𝑥(𝑡)=2cos (10𝜋𝑡+30°)
❑Random Signal
▪ A signal is random if there is some degree of uncertainty before the signal
actually occurs.
▪ Random waveforms/ Random processes when examined over a long period
may exhibit certain regularities that can be described in terms of probabilities
and statistical averages.
▪ Example : Noise

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 2. Periodic and Non-Periodic Signals
❑Periodic Signal
▪ A signal 𝑥(𝑡) is called periodic in time, if there exists a constant To > 0, such
that
𝑥(𝑡)=𝑥(t)+ To ∀𝑡
The smallest value of To satisfying this condition is called period of 𝑥(𝑡).

❑Non-Periodic Signal
▪ A signal for which there is no value of To that satisfies the above mentioned
condition is called a non-periodic signal.

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 3. Continuous Time and Discrete Time Signals
❑Continuous Time Signal
▪ A signal x(t) is a continuous-time signal if ‘t’ is a continuous variable; that is,
x(t) is uniquely defined for all t.
▪ Example: An electrical analog at output of a microphone.
❑Discrete Signal
▪ A discrete signal x(kT) is one that exists only at discrete times; it is
characterized by a sequence of numbers defined for each time, kT, where k is
an integer and T is a fixed time interval.
▪ Example: A sampled signal.

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 4. Analog and Digital Signals
❑Analog Signal
▪ If a continuous-time signal x(t) can take on any value in the continuous
interval (a, b), then the continuous-time signal x(t) is called an analog signal.

❑Digital Signal
▪ If a discrete-time signal x[n] can take on only a finite number of distinct
values, then we call this signal a digital signal.

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 5. Real and Complex Signals
❑Real Signal
▪ A signal x(t) is a real signal if its value is a real number.

❑Complex Signal
▪ A signal x(t) is a complex signal if its value is a complex number.
▪ A general complex signal x(𝑡) is a function of the form
x(𝑡)=x1(t) + j x2(t)
where x1(t) and x2(t) are real signals and 𝑗= −1.
.

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 6. Energy and Power Signals
❑To understand these signals, lets recall the definition of Energy and Power:
▪ An electrical signal is described either by its voltage or by current.
𝑣 2 (𝑡)
▪ Power across a resistor (𝑅) is 𝑝 𝑡 = = 𝑖 2 𝑡 𝑅.
𝑅
▪ For communication systems power is normalized by taking 𝑅=1. Therefore, 𝑝 𝑡 =
𝑣 2 (𝑡) = 𝑖 2 𝑡 .
▪ Regardless signal [𝑥(𝑡)] is voltage or current, instantaneous power is 𝑝 𝑡 = 𝑥 2 𝑡 .
▪ Actual power can be obtained by de-normalization.
▪ Energy dissipated in time interval (− 𝑇Τ2 , 𝑇Τ2) by a real signal is
𝑇ൗ 𝑇ൗ
2 2
𝐸𝑋𝑇 = න 𝑝 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = න 𝑥 2 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
−𝑇ൗ2 −𝑇ൗ2
▪ Power is the rate at which energy is delivered
▪ Power dissipated during this interval is
𝑇 𝑇ൗ
𝑇
𝐸𝑋 1 2
𝑃𝑋 = = න 𝑥 2 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 𝑇 −𝑇ൗ
2

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 6. Energy and Power Signals
❑Energy Signals
▪ 𝑥(𝑡) is classified as an energy signal if, and only if, it has nonzero but finite
energy (0 < 𝐸𝑋 < ∞) for all time, where:
𝑇ൗ ∞
2
𝐸𝑋 = lim න 𝑥 2 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = න 𝑥 2 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇→∞ −𝑇ൗ −∞
2
▪ An energy signal has finite energy but zero average power.
▪ Signals that are both deterministic and non-periodic are classified as energy
signals

The performance of a communication system depends on the

received signal energy; higher energy signals are detected more
reliably (with fewer errors) than are lower energy signals
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 6. Energy and Power Signals
❑Power Signal
▪ A signal is defined as a power signal if, and only if, it has finite but nonzero
power (0 < 𝑃𝑋 < ∞) for all time, where
𝑇
1 ൗ2 2
𝑃𝑋 = lim න 𝑥 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇→∞ 𝑇 −𝑇ൗ
2

▪ Power signal has finite average power but infinite energy.

▪ As a general rule, periodic signals or random signals are classified as power

signals.

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 7. Even and Odd Signals
❑Even Signal
▪ A signal x(t) or x[n] is referred to as an even signal if
𝑥(−𝑡) = 𝑥(𝑡); 𝑥[−𝑛] = 𝑥[𝑛]

❑Odd Signal
▪ A signal x(t) or x[n] is referred to as an odd signal if
𝑥(−𝑡) = −𝑥(𝑡); 𝑥[−𝑛]=−𝑥[𝑛]

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 7. Even and Odd Signals
▪ Any signal x(t) or x[n] can be expressed as a sum of two signals, one
of which is even and one of which is odd i.e.,
𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑥𝑜 (𝑡)
𝑥[𝑛] = 𝑥𝑒 [𝑛] + 𝑥𝑜 [𝑛]
▪ The product of two even signals or of two odd signals is an even
signal.
▪ The product of an even signal and an odd signal is an odd signal.

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 Exercise: Classification of Signals
▪ Chapter 1: DCs – Sklar (Exercise 1.1)

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 Solution
▪ 1.1.
Power Signal

Px=

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 Solution
▪ 1.1.

Energy Signal

Ex=

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 Solution
▪ 1.1.

Energy Signal

Ex=

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 Solve Yourself!
▪ 1.1.

Answer: Power Signal, Px= 13

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Thank You ☺
Stay safe!

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