LECTURE # 20

ARRAY ANTENNAS
N-ELEMENT LINEAR ARRAY: UNIFORM AMPLITUDE AND SPACING
  N 
j  N 2  − j  N 2  sin    
j ( N −1) 2    e 
jN 
e −1 −e j ( N −1) 2    2 
AF = j =e  j1 2 − j1 2  = e   (10 )
e −1  e −e   sin  1   
  
 2 
  N    N 
 sin  2     sin  2   
     11b
AF =   (11a ) AF 

( )
 sin  1     
    
2   2

  N    N 
 sin      sin  2   
1  2   
( AF )n =   (11c ) ( AF )n   (11d )
N 1  
sin     N 
  2    2  2
N-ELEMENT LINEAR ARRAY: UNIFORM AMPLITUDE AND SPACING
N  N    2n   n = 1, 2,3,
sin    = 0 →  =  n → n = arccos   −     , n  N , 2 N ,3N , (12 )
2  2 =n  2d  N 

 1   
= ( kd cos  +  ) =  m → m = arccos  ( −  2m ) ,m = 0,1, 2, (13)
2 2 =m  2d 
  
m = arccos   (14 )
 2d 

N N    2.782  
= ( kd cos  +  ) = 1.391 → h = arccos   −    (15 )
2 2 =h  2d  N 
    2.782  
h = − arcsin   −    (15a )
2  2d  N  3
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N-ELEMENT LINEAR ARRAY: UNIFORM AMPLITUDE AND SPACING

h = 2 m − h (15c )
    2.782  
h −  −    (15b )
2  2d  N 
N  N  N
sin    = sin  ( kd cos  +  )  1 → ( kd cos  +  )
2  2  =s 2 =s

 2s + 1      2s + 1   
   → s arccos   −   N     ,s = 1, 2,3, (16 )
 2   2d    

     2s + 1   
s − arcsin   −   N     ,s = 1, 2,3, (16a )
2  2d    
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 N-ELEMENT LINEAR ARRAY: UNIFORM AMPLITUDE AND SPACING

     2s + 1   
s −  −   N     ,s = 1, 2,3, (16b )
2  2d    
N N  3 
 = ( kd cos  +  )    (17 )
2 2 =s  2 
    3  
s = arccos   −   N     (17a )
 2d    
  N 
 sin  2   
  2 2
( AF )n   = = 0.212 (18 ) ( AF )n = 20 log = −13.46 dB (18a )
 N  3 3
 2  =s
s =1
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Broadside Array
• The broadside array is defined as “the radiation pattern's direction is
perpendicular or broadside to the array axis”.
• It uses the dipole elements that are fed in phase and separated by the
one-half wave length. A broadside array is a type of antenna array
which is used to radiate the energy in specific direction to make
better transmission. It is a bidirectional array which can send and
receive process at both ends (sending and receiving end).

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 Broadside Array

 = kd cos  +  = 0 (19 )

 = kd cos  +  =90 =  = 0 (19a )

 = kd cos  +  =
d = n
0
= 2n cos  =0 ,180 = 2n ( 20 )
n =1,2 ,3 ,

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Broadside Array

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 Broadside Array -Directivity

 N   N 
 sin  kd cos     sin  2 kd cos   
      21a
1
( AF )n = 
2
 ( 21) ( AF )n ( )
N 1 
sin  kd cos      N kd cos   
 2     2  
 
2
 N 
 sin  2 kd cos     sin ( Z )  2
U (  ) = ( AF )n    N
22 ) Z = kd cos  ( 22a )
(
2
  = 
  N kd cos     Z  2
  2  
 

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 Broadside Array -Directivity
4U max U max
D0 = = ( 23)
Prad U0
2
 N  
−1   sin  kd cos   
1  sin ( Z ) 
 2
 4  1  2 
U0 =   =   sin d  =   N  sin d  ( 24 )
 Prad  20 Z  20 kd cos  
 2 

 sin ( Z )   sin ( Z ) 
− Nkd 2 2 + Nkd 2 2
1 1
U0 = −    dZ =    dZ ( 25 )
+ Nkd 2 
Nkd Z  Nkd − Nkd 2 
Z 

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 Broadside Array -Directivity
 sin ( Z )   sin ( Z ) 
− Nkd 2 2 + 2
1 1 
U0 = −
Nkd  
+ Nkd 2 
Z 
 dZ
Nkd −  Z  dZ = Nkd ( 26 )
=

U max Nkd d 
D0 == = 2 N   ( 27 ) L = ( N − 1) d ( 28 )
U0  

d   L  d 
D0 2N   2 1 +   ( 29 )
  d   
d   L  d  L d
L
D0 2 N   = 2 1 +   2   ( 30 )
  d    
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 Example 2

Given a linear, broadside, uniform array of 10 isotropic elements (N-10) with a separation
of  4 ( d =  4 ) between the elements, find the directivity of the array.
Solution : Using Eq.(30)
d 
D0 2 N   = 5 ( dimensionless ) = 10 log ( 5 ) = 6.99dB


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Summary
• When = 0, all the elements are in phase and pattern maxima occur at
= 0 and = 180 , that is, in the directions perpendicular to the line of
the array. This configuration is called a broadside array. The pattern
will be maximum in these directions regardless of the element
spacing, d. These will be the only primary maxima if d < . If d = ,
additional maxima occur at = 90 and = 270 . As d is increased still
further, additional maxima occur as cones of radiation about the axis
of the array. They are known as grating lobes, analogous to the lobes
observed in the optical study of a diffraction or reflection grating.
Ordinarily, therefore, the spacing of elements in a broadside array is
kept less than a wavelength
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