TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC NGOẠI THƯƠNG

CƠ SỞ II TẠI THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH

BÀI THI KẾT THÚC HỌC PHẦN

Tên học phần : Chính sách thương mại quốc tế
Học kỳ II năm học 2020-2021

Họ và tên sinh viên: Nguyễn Thị Trà My Ngày thi: 24/07/2021

Ngày sinh: 03/12/2001 Ca thi: 13h45
Mã sinh viên: 1911155052 Phòng thi: 1
Mã lớp: ML222 Số trang bài làm:
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Điểm bài thi Họ tên và chữ ký của giáo viên chấm thi
Bằng số Bằng chữ
GV chấm thi 1:

GV chấm thi 2:

PHẦN BÀI LÀM

1.
We divide export activities in 3 main parts:
2019:
- Vietnam recorded a trade surplus of $11.12 billion in 2019. Exports in 2019 rose
8.4% to $264.189 billion, while imports rose 6.8% to $253.071 billion.
- Key imports were electronics and machinery.

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- The data showed that the United States is Vietnam’s largest export market, which
widened to $46.98 billion last year from $34.87 billion a year earlier. However,
Vietnam is at risk of being labeled a currency manipulator by the U.S. because of its
trade surplus with the U.S., a highly positive current account balance and because its
central bank has been quite active in terms of net foreign exchange purchases.
Therefore, Vietnam has been seeking to import more U.S. goods to help narrow the
trade gap following threats by President Donald Trump to impose tariffs on its product
due to the China-U.S. trade war.
- In addition, Vietnam’s trade deficit with China rose to $34.04 billion last year from
$24.15 billion a year earlier. Vietnam relies on China, its largest trading partner, for
materials and equipment for its labor-intensive manufacturing.
2020:
- Despite severe impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic, Vietnam’s exports remain a
spotlight of the economy with an expansion of 5.3% year-on-year to US$254 billion,
which resulted in a record high trade surplus of over US$20 billion.
- Enterprises in Vietnam have efficiently taken advantages of Vietnam’s free trade
agreements (FTAs)
- During the 11-month period, Vietnam had 31 export items earning more than US$1
billion each, accounting for 92% of total exports, and six with over US$10 billion, or
64.3%. Among Vietnam’s key export staples, phones and parts are predicted to gross
the largest export turnover during the January-November period with US$46.9 billion,
down 3.4% year-on-year and accounting for 18.4% of Vietnam’s total exports.
- 2021:
Following the achievements in 2020, the first quarter of 2021 recorded a strong
recovery of import and export activities. Total import-export turnover in this quarter
was estimated at 152.65 billion USD, rose by 24.1% over the same period last year, of
which export turnover reached 77.34 billion USD, increased by 22%; import reached
75.31 billion USD, increased by 26.3%. The trade balance in the first quarter of 2021
was estimated to have a trade surplus of 2.03 billion USD. This is a step creating
momentum, creating a breakthrough for import and export activities in 2021.

To sum up:

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- Vietnam has emerged as an important electronics exporter, with electrical and

electronic products overtaking coffee, textiles, and rice to become the country's
top export item.
- Vietnam top exports: Electrical machinery, equipment, Machinery, Footwear,
Clothing, accessories Furniture,
In addition:
- Vietnam signed CPTPP in 2018, EVFTA in 2019
- Vietnam Major partner: United States, China, Japan, South Korea, Hong
Kong,...
2.
The answer for whether Vietnam can maintain a favourable balance of trade in the
long run is no. Firstly, higher prices for domestic goods will lead to increased import
and decreased export. That means, in the long run, Vietnam business will easily lose to
other international competitors. Secondly, the inflow and increase of gold will one day
lead to inflation. Thus, the value of domestic currency will depreciate, which requires
a lower interest rate to ensure positive influences on currency value. Therefore, trade
surplus is only in the short run.

3.
Types of imports applied in Vietnam:
- Specific tariff
- Ad Valorem tariff
- Compound tariff
- Seasonal tariff
- Tariff - Rate Quota
The reason why Vietnam uses different tariffs on second-hand cars:
- Firstly, these tariffs will help this market not to badly affect domestic automobile
production because of its competitive price.
- Secondly, because the second-hand cars don’t have good quality, they produce more
pollution and affect the environment.Thus, the tariffs prevent the case in which VN
becomes an industrial waste landfill because of environmental problems due to
infrastructures and traffic congestion caused by a great number of used cars.

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- We can't use environmental tariffs, An environmental tariff, also known as an

eco-tariff, is a tax on products imported from countries with inadequate environmental
pollution controls because of complicated custom valuation. We use specific and
compound to protect the environment because in principle, second hand is not
welcomed as it is a special case (cheap + low quality automobiles) so it cannot bear
such a high tax as we impose, so second hand cars must be high quality, high priced
ones, protecting the environment with its quality.

4.
On May 20, 2020, the ratification of the EU - Vietnam Free Trade Agreement
(EVFTA) marked a strategic breakthrough on the cooperation and development
between Vietnam and the EU. This event has brought Vietnam many different
opportunities and challenges for export, especially of seafood commodities.

For opportunities:
- The first thing to mention is the advantage related to tariffs applied to seafood
commodities. For example, as soon as the EVFTA Agreement comes into effect,
nearly 50% of the tariff lines will have the base tax rate of 0-22%, of which most of
them are from 6 to 22%, and will be reduced to 0% (about 840 tariff lines). About 50%
of the remaining tax lines with the base tax rate of 5.5-26% will be returned to 0%
after 3 to 7 years. For canned tuna and fish balls, the EU gives Vietnam the tariff
quotas of 11,500 tons and 500 tons, respectively. For frozen shrimp and black tiger
shrimp (HS 03061792), tax will be reduced from the basic rate of 20% to 0% as soon
as the agreement comes into effect. Thanks to this, Vietnamese seafood exporters are
having a huge opportunity to export to the large EU market: the cost will be much
cheaper and therefore, the products will have a more competitive price.
- Another advantage is the improvement of competitiveness of Vietnam seafood
products compared with many competitors that have not joined FTAs yet. Currently,
shrimp, catfish and tuna are one of the key export products of Vietnam to the EU
market. For tuna products, Thailand and China are the two biggest competitors of
Vietnam, holding the most export market shares, but both countries have not signed an
FTA with the EU. This means that Vietnam's tuna exports have absolute tax
advantages over the two above-mentioned countries in the main EU business regions.

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- In addition, when the EVFTA Agreement is signed, it will create opportunities for
Vietnamese seafood businesses to expand export markets, especially new markets such
as the Netherlands, Spain, Italy, etc.
- On the other hand, Vietnam's seafood industry also has more opportunities to attract
foreign investment, improve production technology and product quality. In addition to
the basic benefits of export tax, Vietnam's seafood industry also has a great
opportunity to access procurement packages for public investment items from EU
countries, such as importing machinery and equipment for seafood production and
processing from EU countries at more reasonable prices; more convenient import and
technology transfer; origin certification procedures, customs procedures; complaints
procedures, handling problems with TBT (technical barriers to trade), SPS (sanitary
and epidemiological measures) will be more convenient, faster and more transparent;
access to better financial, insurance, logistics; access to more convenient distribution
channels.

For challenges:
- Firstly, the EU mainly consists of developing countries with high living standards.
Currently, Vietnam's seafood industry has met quite well the requirements of technical
barriers to trade (TBT), sanitary and phytosanitary regulations and inspection of plant
and animal hygiene (SPS) of the EU. However, in the future, the EU may apply new
TBT and SPS regulations for raw materials or export restrictions. Therefore, in order
to export to the EU, businesses have no choice but to meet those new requirements.
- EVFTA also poses significant challenges for Vietnamese seafood, especially in terms
of traceability. Because in order to enjoy preferential tariffs, Vietnamese seafood
exporters must comply with the rules of origin of products, which may not be easy to
follow.
- In addition, commitments in EVFTA increase the environmental requirements related
to fishing. For seafood, the EU has just issued a "Yellow Card" - warning of illegal,
unmanaged and undeclared fishing for seafood exported from Vietnam to the EU,
creating a complicated environment when the two sides are promoting
trade-investment cooperation.
- Finally, the bad effects from the public debt crisis of EU countries on many smaller
economies in the region will reduce the demand for seafood imports in the EU market.

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This situation has had a significant impact on seafood export activities of countries to
the EU, including Vietnam.

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