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Solutions To Chapter 2: Single Particles In Fluids: η = x g (ρ −ρ) L 18 μHU
Solutions To Chapter 2: Single Particles In Fluids: η = x g (ρ −ρ) L 18 μHU
EXERCISE 2.1:
The settling chamber, shown schematically in Figure 2.E1.1, is used as a primary
separation device in the removal of dust particles of density 1500 kg/m3 from a gas
of density 0.7 kg/m3 and viscosity 1.90 x 10-5 Pas.
(a) Assuming Stokes Law applies, show that the efficiency of collection of
particles of size x is given by the expression:
x 2 g(ρp − ρ f )L
collection efficiency, ηx =
18μHU
where U is the uniform gas velocity through the parallel-sided section of the
chamber. State any other assumptions made.
(b) What is the upper limit of particle size for which this expression applies.
(c) When the volumetric flow rate of gas is 0.9 m3/s, and the dimensions of the
chamber are those shown in Text-Figure 2.E1.1, determine the collection
efficiency for spherical particles of diameter 30μm.
There is a critical particle diamter xcrit such that a particle of diameter xcrit falls at a
L
velocity Ucrit covering the height H in time .
U
HU
i.e. U crit =
L
All particles falling at a velocity greater than or equal to Ucrit will be collected no
matter at which position in the cross section they start.
Assuming particles of all sizes are evenly distributed across the cross section at the
inlet to the parallel-sided section, then particle for which Ufall = 0.5Ucrit will be
collected with an efficiency of 50% (since 50% of these particles will have too far to
L
fall in the time available ( ).
U
Assuming that all particles reach their terminal free fall velcocity in very short time
and can be assumed to fall at this velocity, then
UT
ηx = , where UT is the single particle terminal velocity.
Ucrit
ηx =
(
x2g ρ p − ρf )L , where η is the efficiency of collection of particles of size x.
18μ HU
(b) The upper limit of particle size for which this expression applies.
The expression is limited to those particles for which Stokes Law applies,
i.e. for Rep < 0.3
U Tρ f x
At the limiting Reynolds number, = 0.3 (2.1.1)
μ
(c) Collection efficiency for spherical particles of diameter 30μm when volumetric
flow rate of gas is 0.9 m3/s:
0.9 0.9
Superficial gas velocity in parallel-sided section, U = = = 0.15 m / s
WH 2 × 3
= 653.7
This is the relationship between drag coefficient CD and single particle Reynolds
number Rep for particles of size 0.2 mm and density 2500 kg/m3 falling in a fluid of
density 1.0 kg/m3 and viscosity 2 x 10-5 Pas. Since C D Re2p is a constant, this
relationship will give a straight line of slope -2 when plotted on the log-log
coordinates of the standard drag curve.
Rep CD
1 653.7
10 6.537
These values are plotted on the standard drag curves for particles of different
sphericity (Text- Figure 2.3). The result is shown in Figure 2.2.1.
Where the plotted line intersects the standard drag curve for a sphericity of 0.6
(ψ = 0.6), Rep = 6.0.
ρx U 2.943 × 10 −3 × 1000 × 60 × 10 −6
Check Reynolds number, Re p = f v T = = 0.177
μ 0.001
Rep is less than 0.3, and so the assumption of Stokes Law is valid.
EXERCISE 2.4:
Spherical particles of density 2000 kg/m3 and in the size range 20 - 100 μm are fed
continuously into a stream of water (density, 1000 kg/m3 and viscosity, 0.001 Pas)
flowing upwards in a vertical, large diameter pipe. What maximum water velocity is
required to ensure that no particles of diameter greater than 50 μm are carried
upwards with the water?
hence, U T = = 1.36 × 10 −3 m / s
18 × 0.001
Rep is less than 0.3, and so the assumption of Stokes law is valid.
EXERCISE 2.5:
A particle of equivalent volume diameter 0.3 mm, density 2000 kg/m3 and sphericity
0.6 falls freely under gravity in a fluid of density 1.2 kg/m3 and viscosity 2 x10-5 Pas.
Estimate the terminal velocity reached by the particle.
Rep CD
1 2117
10 21.17
100 0.2117
These values are plotted on the standard drag curves for particles of different
sphericity (Text-Figure 2.3). The result is shown in Figure 2.5.1.
Where the plotted line intersects the standard drag curve for a sphericity of 0.6
(ψ = 0.6), Rep = 12.
(In both cases take the mass and diameter of the ball as 0.15 kg and 6.7 cm
respectively and the density of air as 1.2 kg/m3.) Readers unfamiliar with the game of
cricket may substitute a baseball.
hence: 0 = − ln(u 20 ) + K
2
and 1.128 = − ln(u100 )+K
⎛u ⎞
Eliminating K, 1.128 = −2 × ln⎜ 100 ⎟
⎝ u0 ⎠
u100 −0.564
Therefore, =e = 0.569
u0
⎛ u ⎞
And so the percentage change in velocity, ⎜1 − 100 ⎟ × 100 = 43.1%
⎝ u0 ⎠
(b) Percentage change in velocity over 100 m horizontal flight a new ball, with a drag
coefficient of 0.1:
u
With CD = 0.1, using the same procedure, 100 = e −0.141 = 0.868
u0
Find the mass of a sphere of 0.013 m diameter which falls with a steady velocity of
0.6 m/s in a large deep tank of water of density 1000 kg/m3 and viscosity 0.0015 Pas.
1 ⎛ πx 2 ⎞ π 3
therefore, Mg = CD ρf u2 ⎜ ⎟ + x ρf g (2.8.1)
2 ⎝ 4 ⎠ 6
From the data given, plot CD versus log10Re and interpolate to find
CD = 0.385 at Re = 5200.
EXERCISE 2.9
A particle of 2 mm in diameter and density of 2500 kg/m3 is settling in a stagnant
fluid in the Stokes’ flow regime.
a) Calculate the viscosity of the fluid if the fluid density is 1000 kg/m3 and the
particle falls at a terminal velocity of 4 mm/s.
b) What is the drag force on the particle at these conditions?
c) What is the particle drag coefficient at these conditions?
c) What is the particle acceleration at these conditions?
d) What is the apparent weight of the particle?
Hence, with UT = 4 x 10-3 m/s, ρf = 1000 kg/m3, ρp = 2500 kg/m3 and x = 2 x 10-3 m:
−3
18 × 4 × 10
πx 3
As a check, we calculate the apparent weight = (ρ p − ρ f )g = 6.164 × 10 −5 N
6
EXERCISE 2.10:
Starting with the force balance on a single particle at terminal velocity, show that:
4 gx ⎡ ρp − ρ f ⎤
CD = ⎢ ⎥
3 U2 ⎣ ρ f ⎦
T
where the symbols have their usual meaning.
EXERCISE 2.11:
Using the drag coefficient-Reynolds number data given below, calculate the density
of a sphere of diameter 10 mm which falls at a steady velocity of 0.25 m/s in large
tank of water of density 1000 kg/m3 and viscosity 0.001 Pas.
4 gx (ρ p − ρ f )
At terminal velocity: C D =
3 U 2T ρf
U T ρ f x 0.25 × 1000 × 10 × 10 −3
Under the given conditions, Re p = = = 2500
μ 0.001
Plotting the CD data given, we can interpolate to find CD at this value of Rep:
Gives: CD = 0.40
1.2
1
0.8
CD
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2 2.5 3 3.5 4
log10Re p
4 gx (ρ p − ρ f )
Hence, from C D = , particle density, ρp = 1191 kg/m3
3 U 2T ρf
EXERCISE 2.13:
Estimate the largest diameter of spherical particle of density 2000 kg/m3 which would
be expected to obey Stokes's Law in air of density and viscosity, 1.2 kg/m3 and
viscosity 18 x 10-6 Pas respectively.
The largest Reynolds number for given particle and fluid properties will be at U = UT
(since this is the maximum relative velocity achieved by the particle)
UT ρ f x
So: ≤ 0.3
μ
⎛ x (ρ p − ρ f )g ⎞ ρ f x
2
So: ⎜ ⎟ ≤ 0.3
⎜ 18μ ⎟ μ
⎝ ⎠
Largest diameter particle that will obey Stokes Law under these conditions is 42 μm