Republic of the Philippines

State Universities and Colleges

Guimaras State College
Graduate School

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Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

According to UNESCO, tertiary education is likely to experience the highest

dropout rate and a projected 3.5% decline in environment, resulting in 7.9 million fewer

students. Pre-primary education is the second worst affected level with a projected

2.8% decline in enrolment, i.e. 5 million fewer children attending. According to these

projection, 0.27% of primary and 1.48% of secondary education students,

corresponding to 5.2 million girls and 5.7 million boys at both levels, risk dropping out

of school. Most of the young dropouts experience a wide range of job market,

earnings, social and income problems that impair their ability to transition to productive

career and stable family life.

The Drop out Reduction Program (DORP) is an intervention program to reduce

the high dropout rate and improve learning outcomes in public and private schools of

the country, using formal, non-formal and informal approaches (DO 74, s. 2010). The

program aims to facilitate access of every Filipino to quality basic education, which

equips him with the basic literacy tools and content that are essential for his growth

and development as a person and as a citizen of a democratic society.

As educators and policy makers we should find ways to ensure the education

systems meet the needs of all youth, including those at-risk of dropping out. Hence,
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preventing school dropout and promoting successful graduation is a national concern

that poses a significant challenge for schools and educational communities working with

youth at risk for school failure. To leave no child behind, educators must address issues

related to student mobility, alternate routes to school completion, and alternate time

lines for school completion, as well as engage in rigorous evaluation of school-

completion programs.

Dropout rate is one of the problems among primary schools in the District of

Dueñas. There are multiple reasons why a child drops out of school. The Drop out

Reduction Program mandated by the Department of Education helped in reducing the

number of kids dropping out of school. However, implementing the program comes with

challenges. Teachers continue to face problems such as reaching out to the students

and ensuring that they finish their schooling.

The above premises pushed the researcher to conduct a descriptive study on

challenges met by elementary teachers in the implementation of the drop out reduction

program. The respondent of the study are selected teachers in the District of Dueñas,

Dueñas, Iloilo during the school year 2021-2022.

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State Universities and Colleges
Guimaras State College
Graduate School

_________________________________________________________________

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the effectiveness in the implementation of the Drop

Out Reduction Program and the challenges met by Elementary teachers in the District

of Dueñas, Iloilo, Philippines, for the school year 2021-2022.

Specifically this will seek answers to the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the teacher in terms of age, sex, civil status,

position, and highest educational attainment and grade level taught?

2. What is the level of effectiveness in the implementation of the drop out

rate reduction program as assessed by teachers when rthey are taken as a whole and

when classified according to age, sex, civil status, position, and highest educational

attainment and grade level taught?

3. What are the challenges met by teachers when they are taken as a whole

and when classified according to age, sex, civil status, position, and highest

educational attainment and grade level taught?

4. Are there significant differences in the level of effectiveness in the

implementation of the drop out rate reduction program as assessed by teachers when

rthey are taken as a whole and when classified according to age, sex, civil status,

position, and highest educational attainment and grade level taught?

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State Universities and Colleges
Guimaras State College
Graduate School

_________________________________________________________________

5. Are there significant differences in the challenges met by teachers when

they are taken as a whole and when classified according to age, sex, civil status,

position, and highest educational attainment and grade level taught?

6. Is there a significant relationship between the effectiveness of the Drop

Out Reduction Program and challenges met by teachers?

Null Hypothesis

Based on the foregoing questions, these null hypotheses will be tested.

1. There are no significant differences in the level of effectiveness in the

implementation of the drop out rate reduction program as assessed by teachers when

rthey are taken as a whole and when classified according to age, sex, civil status,

position, and highest educational attainment and grade level taught?

2. There are no significant differences in the challenges met by teachers

when they are taken as a whole and when classified according to age, sex, civil status,

position, and highest educational attainment and grade level taught?

3. There is no significant relationship between the effectiveness of the Drop

Out Reduction Program and challenges met by teachers

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State Universities and Colleges
Guimaras State College
Graduate School

_________________________________________________________________

Theoretical Framework

This study will be anchored on the Academic Mediation theory, and the the

General Deviance theory. These two theories concern drop out of school with the main

focus on different sets of predictors, and include individual as well as structural reasons

(Danovska, 2018).

The Academic Mediation theory concentrates on explaining the connection

between academic achievement and drop out of an educational facility. Meaning, that

the strongest predictor for students to drop out of school is a poor academic

presentation, usually in form of standardized tests or grade point average (Battin-

Pearson 2000, Danovska, 2018).

Danovska (2018) mentioned that the General Deviance theory focuses on the

relationship between deviant behaviour and dropout rates. According to Garnier et. Al

(1997), cited in Danovska (2018), level of family's’ commitment to different lifestyles

and values is a predictor for children’s probability of dropping out of the school. She

writes that children’s early life’s exposure to drug use will affect their development. The

General Deviance theory argues, that this type of attitude and behaviour has a close

link with earlier mentioned low academic achievement. Meaning that those who do not

do good in school and have a low motivation are most likely going to engage in sexual
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relationships or criminal activities, than those who have a motivation to study and are

doing well in school (Battin-Pearson, 2015).

The study is also anchored on Mezirow’s (2004) Theory of Transformational

Learning. Pollack (2010) noted that it is the ability to reflect critically that provides the

impetus for change, which then provides the framework for learning. Consequently, it is

the learned ability to reflect critically that supports making positive life choices. The

ability of the implementers of the District of Dueñas’ drop out rate reduction program to

reflect critically determines the effectiveness of their interventions.

Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework of the study illustrates the interplay of the various

variables. The independent variables considered are teachers’ profile – age, sex, civil

status, position and highest educational attainment and grade level taught. The

dependent variable are the effectiveness of DORP and the challenges met by teachers.

Age in this study refers to the respondents’ existence until his last birthday and will be

considered as “young (21-40)” and “old (41 and above)”. Sex refers to the respondents’

sexual category and it will be considered as male or female. Highest Educational

Attainment refers to the degree of the respondents such as Bachelor’s degree, Master’s

Degree, and Doctorate Degree. Position refers to an assignment at which one

(respondents) regular works for pay. It will be categorized into Teacher I, Teacher II,
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Teacher III, Master Teacher I, Master Teacher II, and Master Teacher III. Grade level

taught refers to the grade level respondent is handling. It will be categorized as Grade

I, Grade II, Grade III, Grade IV, Grade V and

Grade VI. The result of the study will be used as basis for formulating programs to

improve teacher’s teaching performance.

A significant number of studies proved that people’s decisions and choices vary

depending on many factors. There are few studies that discuss the relationship of the

independent variables to the challenges they’ve experienced while implementing the

DORP. The study is anchored on the belief that the challenges that they have

encountered vary depending on their age, sex, civil status, position and highest

educational attainment.

Neiss et al (2010) noted that emotional perceptions differed in the old and the

young. Older adults may rely on different processes and thus different areas of the

brain to process emotion. This simply means that a teacher’s perception on a certain

event might be affected by their age.

The US Institute of Medicine Committee (2001) highlighted the importance of

considering how sex differences in genetic, hormonal, psychosocial, and stressful

environmental circumstances interact and evolve across the life span to give rise to an

individual's ever-changeable “pain phenotype” at any particular time of her or his life.

The study proved the differences in perception among men and women.
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Married individuals were evaluated more favorably on several traits than were all

groups of unmarried individuals, regardless of sex or age (Etaugh& Birdoes, 2015).

Middle-aged women were perceived more positively than young women on some

characteristics, whereas men were rated similarly regardless of age. Women of lower

educational attainment perceive themselves to have less control over their lives than

women of higher educational attainment (Barker et al, 2019)

In this study, the researcher assumes that the assessment of the respondents on

the effectiveness of the DORP and the challenges they’ve met are affected by their age,

sex, civil status, position, highest educational qualification, and grade level taught.

Research Paradigm

Independent Variables Dependent Variables

Teacher’s Profile

Age
Effectiveness of the DORP
Sex
..
Civil Status

Position

Highest Educational Qualification Challenges Met

Grade Level Taught

Figure 1. Schematic diagram showing the relationships among the variables of

the study.
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Significance of the Study

The results of this study will be beneficiary to the following:

Teachers. To become aware of the challenges met among elementary teachers

in the implementation of Drop out Reduction Program and to know the approaches that

aid the challenges.

School Heads. To create a school climate conducive to learning that will suit

pupils’ needs and interest and implements programs that will encourage teachers to

have insights and favorable attitudes of pupils toward learning.

Parents. The parents will understand their children and motivate them to be

more supportive of their children’s individual preferences especially in their study habits.

Researcher. As a teacher he will be more aware in the challenges met by

elementary teachers in the implementation of Drop out Reduction Program and develop

new insights and plans for suitable and effective teaching styles that would suit the

challenges.

Learners. To know how to absorb and retain information by helping them

recognize their strong points as well as their not so strong areas. It can help them

when it comes to deciding how best to study for an exam. To determine and facilitate

their learning styles as well as in reaching their experiences which will prepare them in

the real learning situation.

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State Universities and Colleges
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Future researchers. They could make use this study in relation to heirs and

they may get the name of authors to be used in searching related articles or literature

for their study. They could also refer in this study the type of research they want and

ways on doing a research proposal.

Definition of Terms

For clarity and better understanding, the following terms are conceptually and

operationally defined in the context of this investigation:

Challenges Met. It means to dispute especially as being unjust, invalid, or

outmoded; to confront or defy boldly; a stimulating task or problem; a calling to

account or into question; an invitation to compete in a sport, the act or process of

provoking or testing physiological activity by exposure to a specific substance (Merriam-

Webster, 2020).

In this study, challenges refers to the obstacles faced by the teachers in

implementing the Drop out rate reduction program

Drop out Rate Reduction Program. The Drop out Rate Reduction Program

(DORP) is an intervention program to reduce the high dropout rate and improve

learning outcomes in public and private schools of the country, using formal, non-formal

and informal approaches (DO 74, s. 2010).

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State Universities and Colleges
Guimaras State College
Graduate School

_________________________________________________________________

In this study, the drop out rate reduction program is the intervention

implemented by the District of Dueñas aimed at encouraging students to continue their

education.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

This study aims to investigate the level of effectiveness in the implementation of

the Drop Out Reduction Program and challenges met by elementary teachers in the

District of Dueñas, Dueñas, Iloilo City, Philippines for the school year 2021-2022. The

study will be conducted from August 2021 to June 2022.

A total of twenty five (25) teachers from the Zone Four Elementary schools in the

District of Dueñas, Iloilo, will be randomly selected to be the respondents of the study.

The study will only be conducted on the seven schools form the zone. The

number of teachers from the schools ranges from 7 teachers to 9. For schools that have

7 or 8 teachers, 3 teachers were selected and for schools that have 9 teachers, 5

teachers have represented the elementary schools from the district of Duenas, Iloilo.

Proportioned sampling method was used due to the constraints in time, resources and

mobility caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Aside from age, sex, civil status, position, highest educational attainment, and

grade level taught coming from selected schools, no other criteria were set for the

selection of the respondents.

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State Universities and Colleges
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Gathering of data is through interview, observations, and survey questionnaires;

the data will be taken from the elicited answers of the respondents in the administered

survey questionnaire, which will be used to distinguish the respondents’ demographic

profile and identify the challenges met by the Elementary School Teachers in the

District of Dueñas, Iloilo.

The statistical tools used in the study are the frequency counts, mean, t-test and

ANOVA. All statistical computation and analysis will be made using the Statistical

Package for Social Sciences (SPSS)