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CE6110: Advanced Concrete Technology 11/5/2021
Lecture # 04
Concrete Mix Proportion
Lt Col Md. Jahidul Islam, PhD, Engrs

e-mail: mjislam@ce.mist.ac.bd
 Workability
 Minimum workability for adequate placement
 Improve by increasing the mortar content rather than just
adding additional water
 Strength
 Generally 28 days
 Other ages depending on the application
 Durability
 Chemical attacks and repeated freeze/thaw cycles
 Appearance
 Economy
 Generally, material costs are most important
CE6110: Dr M. Jahidul Islam 2
by Dr. M. Jahidul Islam 1

 Cement
 Supplementary Cementing Materials
 Water
 Aggregate
 Admixtures
 Fibers
 Water-cement ratio (w/c)

Abrams Law: For given materials, the strength depends only
on one factor – the ratio of water to cement
A
c =
B1.5( w / c )
c = compressive strength
A = empirical constant (96.5 MPa)
B = Constant that depends mostly on cement properties (~4)
w/c = water to cement ratio by weight

 Ideal aggregate grading

 Most dense aggregate-packing with a minimum content of voids will be
the most economical in theory
 In practice, it is adequate to follow the grading limits specified by
ASTM C 33
 Some basic rules for workability
 Workability
 For a given slump, water requirement  when
 Max aggregate size 

 Content of angular or rough-textured aggregate particles 
 Content of entrained air 
 Cohesiveness
 Improve cohesiveness
 Increase sand/coarse aggregate ratio

 Partial replacement of coarse sand by a fine sand
 Increase cement/aggregate ratio (at given w/c)
 Determine the job parameters

 Strength
 Durability requirements?
 Slump
 aggregate properties, max. aggregate size
 w/c
 admixtures
 Calculate batch weights
 Adjusting to the batch weights based on trial mix

 Statistical distribution of concrete strength

 Cannot design concrete on the basis of specified strength
 What constitutes an acceptable percentage of specimens
falling below the “minimum” design value? (ACI 318: 1%)
 In order to compute the required average compressive

strength of concrete mix, three things must be known:
 specified compressive strength f’c
 variability or standard deviation s of concrete
 allowable risk of having concrete with an unacceptable

strength
(1) The probable frequency of the average of 3 consecutive

tests below specified strength f’c will not exceed 1 in 100
f’cr = f’c + 2.33 s/ = f’c + 1.34 s
3
where
f’cr = required average compressive strength
f’c = specified compressive strength
s = standard deviation
(2) (a) For f’c  35 MPa, the probable frequency of tests more
than 3.5 MPa below f’c should not exceed 1 in 100
f’cr = f’c + 2.33 s - 3.5 (MPa)
(b) For f’c > 35 MPa, the probable frequency of tests below
0.90f’c should not exceed 1 in 100
f’cr = 0.90 f’c + 2.33 s
 The required average compressive strength f’cr is
determined as the larger value of the above

Specified Required average

compressive compressive strength, f'cr,
strength, f'c, MPa MPa
f'cr = f'c+ 1.34s
 35 f'cr = f'c + 2.33s – 3.5
Use larger value
f'cr = f'c+ 1.34s
> 35 f'cr = 0.90f'c + 2.33s
Use larger value
Modification Factor for Standard Deviation

( 30 Tests)
Modification factor for

Number of tests standard deviation
Less than 15 Use Table 15.3
15 1.16
20 1.08
25 1.03
30 or more 1.00
(ACI 318)
s is multiplied by the above factor


Specified compressive Required average

strength, compressive strength,
f'c, MPa f'cr, (MPa)
Less than 20 f'c + 7.0
20 to 35 f'c + 8.5
Over 35 1.1f'c + 5.0

(ACI 318)
These estimates are very conservative, and should not be used for large
projects (over-design, non-economical)
 Specimen shape and size (pp 366-373)

 ASTM: cylinder specimens (100x200 or 150x300
mm)
 EU and Singapore: cube (100 or 150 mm)
 End restraint and failure mode
0.866d

 Effect of specimen parameters on strength

 Height/diameter ratio of
cylinder , the strength 
 In general, larger specimens have
lower strength
 Ratio between cube and

cylinder strength
 Commonly assumed to be
fcu = 1.25 fcyl
 Fcu/ fcyl ranges from 1.3 for low-strength concrete to 1.04
for higher strength concrete
 Cylinders are cast and tested in the same position,
whereas for cubes, the loading direction is
perpendicular to the casting direction
 1. Required information
 2. Choice of slump
 3. Choice of maximum aggregate size
 4. Estimation of mixing water and the air content
 5. Selection of w/c or w/cm
 6. Calculation of cement or cm content
 7. Estimation of coarse aggregate content
 8. Estimation of fine-aggregate content
 9. Adjustments for moisture in the aggregates
 10. Trial batch

 Sieve analysis of fine and coarse aggregate, fineness

modulus
 Dry-rodded unit weight of coarse aggregate
 Bulk specific gravity of materials
 Absorption capacity, or free moisture in the aggregate
 Information on structure including the type and dimensions

of structural members, minimum space between
reinforcing bars
 Required strength
 Exposure conditions
 Relationship between strength and w/c for available

combinations of cement and aggregate
 Job specifications [e.g., max w/c, min. slump, strength at
early age (normally 28d)]
Free moisture content = total moisture - absorption

Absorption capacity
Effective absorption

Slump, mm
Concrete construction
Maximum Minimum
Reinforced foundation walls and
75 25
footings
Plain footings, caissons, and
75 25
substructure walls
Beams and reinforced walls 100 25
Building columns 100 25
Pavements and slabs 75 25
Mass concrete 50 25
(ACI 211.1)
 Using a large max size of a well-graded aggregate will

produce less void space than using a smaller size
 Large aggregates minimize the amount of water
required, therefore reduce the amount of cement
required.
 The maximum allowable aggregate size is limited by
 the dimensions of the structural elements and space
between reinforcement
 capabilities of construction equipment

150
- Form: 150/5= 30 mm
- Space between bars = 30x3/4=22.5 mm
- Space between bar & form (assume: cover
thickness = 25mm) = 25x3/4 = 19 mm
Select aggregate with max. size 19 mm

250
10
30 30 30 30
 The quantity of water required to produce a given

slump is
 dependent on the max size, shape and grading of aggregate,
amount of entrained air
 not greatly affected by cement content
 Estimation of water from Table 10.2 if no data are
available for a given aggregate
 The recommendations in Table 10.2 are reduced for
other aggregate shapes
kg/m3

Non-air-entrained concrete
Water, kg/m3 of concrete,

for indicated sizes of aggregate
9.5 12.5 19 25 37.5 50 75 150
Slump, mm
mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm
25 to 50 210 200 185 180 160 155 130 113
75 to 100 225 215 200 195 175 170 145 124
150 to 175 240 230 210 205 185 180 160 —
Approximate amount of
entrapped air in non-air-
3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0.3 0.2
entrained concrete,
percent
(ACI 211.1)
Based on well-shaped, angular coarse aggregate
 Air entrainment is required whenever concrete is

exposed to freeze-thaw conditions
 Air entrainment is also used for workability
 The amount of the air required varies with
 exposure conditions
 mild: indoor or outdoor service where concrete is not
exposed to freezing and de-icing salts. AEA may be used to
improve workability
 moderate: some freezing exposure occurs but concrete not
exposed to moisture
 severe
 size of the aggregates

Air-entrained concrete
Water, kg/m3 of concrete,

for indicated sizes of aggregate
9.5 12.5 19 25 37.5 50 75 150
Slump, mm
mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm
25 to 50 180 175 165 160 145 140 120 107
75 to 100 200 190 180 175 160 155 135 119
150 to 175 215 205 190 185 170 165 155 -
Recommended average total air content,
percent, for level of exposure
Mild exposure 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0
Moderate exposure 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0
Severe exposure 7.5 7.0 6.0 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0
23
CE6110: Dr M. Jahidul Islam
(ACI 211.1)
 Strength

If no historical data are available

- make trial batches with different w/c, establish a relationship
between strength and w/c
- estimation of w/c for the trial mixes from Table 10.3
Compressive Water/Cement Ratio by mass

strength at 28 Non-air-entrained Air-entrained
days, MPa concrete concrete
45 0.37 - (ACI 211.1)
40 0.42 -
35 0.47 0.39
30 0.54 0.45
25 0.61 0.52
20 0.69 0.60
15 0.79 0.70
Not applicable to ASTM Type II, III, IV, and V cements and blended
cements with very high quantities of pozzolans or GGBFS
 Durability
 Checking w/c against the max. allowable w/c for
exposure conditions
 Generally, more severe exposure conditions require
lower w/c
 The minimum of the w/c for strength and durability is
selected for proportioning of the concrete

Sulfate Sulfate
(SO4) in (SO4) in Maximum Minimum
Sulfate soil, % by water, w/c-ratio, strength,
exposure mass ppm Cement type by mass f'c, MPa
No special
Negligible < 0.10 < 150 — —
type required
II, MS,
IP(MS),
0.10 to 150 to IS(MS),
Moderate 0.50 28
0.20 1500 P(MS),
I(PM)(MS),
I(SM)(MS)
0.20 to 1500 to
Severe V 0.45 31
2.00 10,000
Very V +pozzolans
> 2.00 > 10,000 0.45 31
severe or slag
28
CE6110: Dr M. Jahidul Islam
(ACI 211.1)

Maximum % of
cementitious
Cementitious materials materials
Fly ash and natural pozzolans 25
Slag 50
Silica fume 10
Total of fly ash, slag, silica fume
50
and natural pozzolans
Total of natural pozzolans and
35
silica fume
(ACI 318)
 Cement or cementitious material content = mixing

water (step 4) divided by the w/c (step 5)
 if the concrete is used in flatwork, check minimum
cement content requirement
Nominal maximum size Cementing materials,
of aggregate, mm kg/m3
37.5 280
25 310
19 320
12.5 350
9.5 360

 increase V, → less workability (pavement)

 reduce V, → increased workability (pumping, shotcrete)
Volume of Coarse Aggregate per Unit volume of Concrete
Maximum size of Fineness modulus of sand

aggregate, mm 2.40 2.60 2.80 3.00
9.5 0.50 0.48 0.46 0.44
12.5 0.59 0.57 0.55 0.53
19 0.66 0.64 0.62 0.60
25 0.71 0.69 0.67 0.65
37.5 0.76 0.74 0.72 0.70
50 0.78 0.76 0.74 0.72
75 0.82 0.80 0.78 0.76
150 0.87 0.85 0.83 0.81
CE6110: Dr M. Jahidul Islam 31 (ACI 211.1)
Assume: Max. aggregate size =9.5 mm

Fineness modulus of sand = 2.8
Volume of coarse aggregate in concrete

= 0.46 m3 of coarse aggregate/m3 concrete
Assume: Dry rodded unit weight = 1567 kg/m3 (oven dry)
Coarse aggregate content (Oven dry)

= 0.46 • 1567 kg/m3 = 715.5 kg/m3
Coarse aggregate content (SSD)

= 715.5 x (1+Absorption capacity)

 Mass (Weight) method

 Wfa = Wc - Weight of other ingredients
Wfa = weight of fine aggregate
Wc = unit weight of concrete
 Estimate according to Table 10.9
 Volume method
 The components weight and specific gravity are used to
determine the volumes of the water, coarse aggregate, and
cement. These volume + volume of air are subtracted from a
unit volume of concrete to determine the V of fine aggregate
Vfa = Vcon − Vcem − V ca − Vw − Va
= Vcon − Wcem / 3.15 − W ca / 2.65 − Ww / 1 − Va
1000 liters kg kg/l
 convert the V to weight (generally using bulk SSD specific

gravity)

 The mix proportions determined by steps 1 to 7 are

assumed to be on a saturated surface dry (SSD) basis.
 If aggregate contains free moisture, the mixing water should
be  and aggregates correspondingly  according to the
amount of free moisture in the aggregates.
 If aggregate is air dry, the mixing water should be  and
aggregates correspondingly 
Total water in aggregate – absorption = free moisture
 Example:
 Coarse aggregate, absorption capacity =1%, effective
absorption = 0.5%
 Fine aggregate, absorption capacity = 1.3%, total
moisture content 4.5%
 Assume a concrete mix proportion based on SSD:
 Cement = 400 kg/m3, Water = 200 kg/m3, Coarse
aggregate = 1050 kg/m3, Fine aggregate = 710 kg/m3
 Estimated unit weight = 2360 kg/m
3
 Actual mix proportion with the given aggregates

 CA: 1050 – 1050x0.5% = 1045 kg/m3
 FA: free moisture = 4.5% – 1.3% = 3.2%
710 + 710x3.2% = 733 kg/m3

 Water: 200 + 1050x0.5% - 710x3.2% = 182 kg/m
3
 Estimated unit weight = 2360 kg/m

3

 Purpose
 Verifies that a concrete mixture meets design
requirements prior to use in construction.
 Determine
 Fresh concrete: slump, cohesiveness, segregation
tendency, unit weight, air content, finishing
 Hardened concrete: strength 28 days or other ages
 Adjust concrete mixture accordingly

 Strength does not meet requirement (workability ok)
 Reduce w/c
 Keep water content unaltered

 Increase cement, reduce aggregate
 Adjust concrete mixture accordingly (cont’d)

 Workability does not meet requirement (strength ok)
 Keep w/c unaltered
 Slump too low

 Increase water and cement content ( 6 kg/m3 water will 
slump by ~25 mm)
 Use WRA or superplasticizer
 Slump too high
 Reduce water and cement content
 Reduce the dosage of WRA or SP
 Segregation
 Increase fine aggregate and reduce coarse aggregate
accordingly
 Replace coarse sand with a finer sand
 Air content:  1% air, reduce water by 3 kg/m3

 Chemical admixtures
 Depend on applications
 W/C: below which level do we need to consider to
use WRA or SP?
 Mineral admixtures
 Depend on applications
 When used to replacement on mass basis, need to
adjust aggregate as specific gravity of cement &
mineral admixtures are different
 Job specification
 Type of construction: reinforced concrete basement wall
 Exposure: mild (below ground, not exposed to freezing or
high sulphate)
 Max aggregate size: 38 mm
 Slump: 75 to 100 mm
 Specified 28-d compressive strength: 24 MPa
 Assume standard deviation S = 2 MPa
 Characteristics of the materials selected
Cement, Fine Coarse
Type I aggregate aggregate
Bulk specific gravity 3.15 2.60 2.70
Dry rodded unit weight (kg/m3) - - 1600*
Fineness modulus - 2.8 -
Moisture deviation from SSD (%) - +2.5 -0.5
* assume this is based on SSD


 Step 2. Slump = 75-100 mm

 Step 3. Maximum aggregate size = 38 mm
 Step 4. Mixing water content = 175 kg/m3 (Table 10.2)
 approximate amount of entrapped air = 1% (Table 10.2)
 Step 5. Average strength = 26.7 MPa
 Assuming standard deviation on strength = 2 MPa
 Average strength
24 + 1.34 x 2 = 26.7 MPa  24 + 2.33 x 2 – 3.5 = 25.2 MPa
 W/C = 0.57 (Table 10.3)
 Checking w/c against the max. allowable w/c = 0.50 (Table 10.4)
 Step 6. Cement content = 175/0.5 = 350 kg/m3

 Step 7. Coarse aggregate
 Volume fraction on dry-rodded basis = 0.72 m3/m3 (Table 10.8)
 Weight of coarse aggregate = 0.72 x 1600 = 1152 kg/m3
 Step 8. Estimation of fine aggregate content

 Using weight method
 Unit weight of concrete = 2420 kg/m3 (Table 10.9)
 Weight of sand = 2420 – 175- 350 – 1152 = 743 kg/m3
 Using absolute volume method
 Volume of water = 175/1 = 175 liter/m3
 Volume of cement = 350 / 3.15 = 111 liter/m3
 Volume of coarse aggregate = 1152 / 2.70 = 423 liter/m3
 Volume of air = 10 liter/m3
 Volume of sand = 1000 – 175 – 111 – 423 – 10 = 281 liter/m3
 Weight of sand = 281 x 2.60 = 731 kg/m3
 As the volume method is more accurate, the values will be
used for further calculations

Material SSD, SSD, in Moisture adjustment Mix

kg/m3 10- liter proportion
batch, kg for trial batch
Cement 350 3.5 3.5
Sand 731 7.31 7.31 x 0.025 = 0.18 7.49
Coarse 1152 11.52 11.52 x (-0.005) = -0.06 11.46

aggregate
Water 175 1.75 1.75 – 0.18 + 0.06 1.63
Total 2408 24.08 24.08
 Step 10. Making the 1st laboratory trial and adjusting

the proportions
 Measured properties of fresh concrete from the trial batch
 Slump = 120 mm
 Workability = slight tendency to segregate and bleed
 Unit weight = 2368 kg/m3
 Air content = 1%
 Action taken for the 2nd trial batch: reduce the coarse
aggregate by 0.11 kg and increase the sand by the same
amount
 Batch weights for the 2nd trial batch
 Cement = 3.50 kg
 Sand = 7.49 + 0.11 = 7.60 kg
 Coarse aggregate = 11.46 – 0.11 = 11.35 kg
 Water = 1.63

 Measured properties of fresh concrete for the

2nd trial batch
 Slump = 100 mm
 Workability = satisfactory
 Unit weight = 2368 kg/m3
 Air content = 1%
 Three75x150-mm cylinders were cast and moist

cured at 23  1 oC
 Average 28-day compressive strength = 29.3 MPa
Material 1 m3 Moisture adjustment Mix proportion

concrete, on SSD basis,
kg/m3 kg/m3
Cement 350 350
Sand 760 760 x 0.025 = 19 741
Coarse 1135 1135 x (-0.005) = -6 1141

aggregate
Water 163 163 + 19 – 6 = 176 176
Total 2408 2408

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CE6110: Advanced Concrete Technology 11/5/2021

Lt Col Md. Jahidul Islam, PhD, Engrs

by Dr. M. Jahidul Islam 1

CE6110: Dr M. Jahidul Islam 3

 Water-cement ratio (w/c)

CE6110: Dr M. Jahidul Islam 4

by Dr. M. Jahidul Islam 2

 Ideal aggregate grading

 Max aggregate size 

 Increase sand/coarse aggregate ratio

 Determine the job parameters

CE6110: Dr M. Jahidul Islam 6

by Dr. M. Jahidul Islam 3

 Statistical distribution of concrete strength

 In order to compute the required average compressive

 variability or standard deviation s of concrete

 allowable risk of having concrete with an unacceptable

(1) The probable frequency of the average of 3 consecutive

by Dr. M. Jahidul Islam 4

Specified Required average

Modification Factor for Standard Deviation

Modification factor for

s is multiplied by the above factor

by Dr. M. Jahidul Islam 5

Specified compressive Required average

Over 35 1.1f'c + 5.0

CE6110: Dr M. Jahidul Islam 11

 Specimen shape and size (pp 366-373)

CE6110: Dr M. Jahidul Islam 12

by Dr. M. Jahidul Islam 6

 Effect of specimen parameters on strength

 Ratio between cube and

CE6110: Dr M. Jahidul Islam 14

by Dr. M. Jahidul Islam 7

 Sieve analysis of fine and coarse aggregate, fineness

 Absorption capacity, or free moisture in the aggregate

 Information on structure including the type and dimensions

 Relationship between strength and w/c for available

Free moisture content = total moisture - absorption

by Dr. M. Jahidul Islam 8

 Using a large max size of a well-graded aggregate will

CE6110: Dr M. Jahidul Islam 18

by Dr. M. Jahidul Islam 9

Select aggregate with max. size 19 mm

 The quantity of water required to produce a given

CE6110: Dr M. Jahidul Islam 20

by Dr. M. Jahidul Islam 10

Water, kg/m3 of concrete,

 Air entrainment is required whenever concrete is

CE6110: Dr M. Jahidul Islam 22

by Dr. M. Jahidul Islam 11

Water, kg/m3 of concrete,

CE6110: Dr M. Jahidul Islam 24

by Dr. M. Jahidul Islam 12

If no historical data are available

Compressive Water/Cement Ratio by mass

CE6110: Dr M. Jahidul Islam 26

by Dr. M. Jahidul Islam 13

CE6110: Dr M. Jahidul Islam 27

by Dr. M. Jahidul Islam 14

 Cement or cementitious material content = mixing

by Dr. M. Jahidul Islam 15