CHAPTER 2

Review of Related Literature and Studies:

This chapter presents the review of related

literature and studies after a thorough search by the
researcher that would enhance the researcher’s ideas
and study.
This chapter presents an analysis of the review of
related literature on areas and spaces of institution
which is quarantine facility. And how the appearance of
the interior design affects the environment of whoever
uses the area and to determine the impact of the design
in their physical and mental health as well as the
outcome of Quarantine facility, what are the related in
design procedure and concept of design and knowledge in
principles and elements of the interior design.

 Local literature and Studies

According to Manila Bulletin, Quarantine facility

is a place where suspected people or probable case of
the disease COVID-19 brought. A person who tests
positive COVID-19 but are classified as mild and
asymptomatic, are fetched by the city’s vehicle from
their houses and brought to a quarantine facility.
Quarantine facility is the best place to isolate and
get better. The 14-days stay in quarantine facility is
free, and comes with free meal provided by the local
government units. Healthcare workers monitor the
patients in the facilities daily and are on standby 24
hours a day in case someone needs to be brought to the
hospital. According to Revised Organizational Structure
and Staffing Standards for Government Hospitals 2013,
Isolation facilities must have proper procedures for
the care and control of infectious and communicable
diseases as well as for the prevention of cross
infections.
 Quarantine facility is under by the health
facility. According to P.D. 1096, s.1977 section 105,
health facility like hospitals and other health
facilities must be sanitary, hygienic or safe. In other
words, the environment of the institution should be
located that is readily accessible to the community and
reasonably free from undue noise, smoke, dust, foul
odor, flood, and shall not be located adjacent to rail
roads, freight yards, children’s playgrounds, airports,
industrial plants, disposal plant. As mentioned, the
health facility must be accessible and it should have a
welcoming ambience to the community so that every
citizen will not hesitate to come in so that it can be
easily cured or treated according to their health needs
and there is a law that discusses patient rights and
laws regarding discrimination against healthcare
workers and people connected with COVID-19 disease
which is Republic Act No. 8344. Also, a law regarding
discrimination against healthcare workers and people
who are connected in COVID-19 disease which is Republic
Act No. 11494, Sec.8 Non- Discrimination law. And as
also mentioned the health facility like quarantine
facility should be safe and away from various pollution
nor should it be close to dangerous places because in
can affect the mental and physical health of the people
who use the institution. It can also add tension to the
condition of the facility users and it also causes a
loss of concentration among healthcare workers.

Health facilities like hospital and quarantine

facility must be rich in natural ventilation and well
ventilated. According to Department of Health (DOH)
2004, adequate ventilation shall be provided to ensure
comfort of patients, personnel and public. According to
Ex-Department of Health (DOH) Spokesperson Dr. Lydon
Lee Suy 2018, the natural light coming from the sun or
daylighting has a good benefit such as Vitamin D which
helps to strengthen and establish bones in the body.
Also, according to William Bryan, the new coronavirus
is quickly destroyed by sunlight, in other words,
airborne pathogens do not survive in the sun. Natural
light coming from the must be considered in the
planning and design of the quarantine facility so that
it is fully utilized by the people who use the
facility, natural light can also help the patients in
their healing process to speed up their recovery and it
also adds a good effect to the interior design of
different area and spaces of the institution to give
more emphasize to the interior design which in inspired
by nature. However, artificial lighting is still needed
at night. Speaking of artificial lighting, artificial
light is not only about to allow us to see at night or
about to perform visual task, but it has also a
positive effect on areas of the facility especially to
the users which is healthcare workers and patients.
According to Department of Health (DOH) 2004, all areas
in a hospital and other health facilities shall be
provided with sufficient illumination to promote
comfort, healing and recovery of patients and to enable
personnel in the performance of work. Imagine having a
proper lighting in health facilities like quarantine
facility is additional form of healing.

According to Department of Health (DOH) 2004,

there are different areas of hospital according to
their purposes or in other word it’s known as Zoning,
which it can be applied in planning quarantine facility
since quarantine facility is under health facility. The
different areas of a hospital shall be grouped
according to zones as follows: (DOH 2004)

Outer Zone – areas that are immediately accessible

to the public: emergency service, outpatient service,
and administrative service. They shall be located near
the entrance of the hospital.

Second Zone – areas that receive workload from the

outer zone: laboratory, pharmacy, and radiology. They
shall be located near the outer zone.

Inner Zone – areas that provide nursing care and

management of patients: nursing service. They shall be
located in private areas but accessible to guests.

Deep Zone – areas that require asepsis to perform

the prescribed services: surgical service, delivery
service, nursery, and intensive care. They shall be
segregated from the public areas but accessible to the
outer, second and inner zones.
 According to Department of Health (DOH) 2004,
health facilities spaces shall be wide enough for free
movements of patients whether it is stretchers or
wheelchair. Circulation routes for transferring
patients from one to area to another shall be available
and free at all times. This guideline from DOH should
be considered in planning quarantine facility to ensure
the comfortability of the patients so they can move
freely and convenient in order to avoid stress, since
patients might be adult, pregnant or people with
disability. Things that should be considered in patient
movements according to guidelines given by DOH as
follows: (DOH 2004)

Corridors for access by patient and equipment

shall have a minimum width of 2.44 meters.

Corridors in areas not commonly used for bed,

stretcher and equipment transport may be reduced in
width to 1.83 meters.

A ramp shall be provided as access to the entrance

of the hospital not on the same level of the site.
According to Department of Health (DOH) 2004,
regarding in housekeeping, a hospital and other
facilities shall provide and maintain a healthy and
aesthetic environment for patients, personnel and
public. Imagine having a clean and healthy environment
is very pleasing to the feeling of every individual who
uses the facility plus the aesthetic of green interior
design that inspired in nature that has a good effect
in every user not only but also on environment.

In order to achieve the healthy and clean health

facility, there is an enacted law to be the guide to
achieve the eco-friendly facility through green design
that inspired in nature in order to provide a
comfortable and convenient health facility like
quarantine facility. This is known as Philippine Green
building Code (P.D. 1096).

According to P.D. 1096, Section 6. Which is, Green

building concept, Green building is the practice of
adopting measures that promote resource management
efficiency and site sustainability while minimizing the
negative impact of buildings on human health and the
environment. This practice complements the conventional
building design concerns of economy, durability,
serviceability and comfort. According to P.D. 1096
Section 9, Green Building Code shall be subject to the
following performance standards such as Energy
efficiency, Water efficiency, Material sustainability,
Solid waste management, Site sustainability and Indoor
environmental quality. As mentioned in P.D. 1096,
Section 6, having an eco-friendly facility or Green
design health facility or any establishment can
minimize the negative impact of buildings on human
health and the environment. For the reason that green
design is another term of Biomimicry which is,
Biomimicry is an innovation inspired by nature, a new
science that studies nature’s best ideas and then
imitates these designs and processes to solve human
problems (Janine Benyus 2014). By creating a
establishment that inspired in nature or in other words
an establishment that values nature which the idea of
green design is to prevent the continued worsening of
pollution causes adverse effects on our health and
lifestyle.

 Foreign Literature and Studies

According to Elsevier 2016, A health facility is

in general, any location where healthcare is provided.
Health facilities range from small clinics and doctor's
offices to urgent care centers and large hospitals with
elaborate emergency rooms and trauma centers.
Quarantine facility is under of health facility in the
reason that, quarantine facility is a place where
infected person detained or brought to isolate and get
better according to the human health needs.

According to the book of Guidelines for Quarantine

Facilities COVID-19, quarantine is the separation and
restriction of movement or activities of person who are
not ill but who are believed to have been exposed to
infection, for the purpose of preventing transmission
of diseases. Quarantine facility is a big deal in our
community due to the timely outbreak of the deadly
COVID-19 disease.

According to the book of Guidelines for Quarantine

Facilities COVID-19, In building of health facility
like quarantine facility has a standard requirement
that must be considered. Requirements for Quarantine
facility in a community-based facility is as under:
Location:
• preferably placed in the outskirt of the urban/ city
area (can be a hostel/unused health
facilities/building, etc.)
• away from the people’s reach, crowded and populated
area
• well protected and secured (preferably by security
personnel/ army)
• preferably should have better approachability to a
tertiary hospital facility having critical care and
isolation facility.
Ventilation capacity: Well ventilated preferably
natural. (UK/COVID19 2020) Such as by letting sunlight
and natural air enter inside the facility, in that
case, it can provide many possible benefits especially
in whosoever uses the facility.

According to Robert Ulrich, Evidence from many

studies leaves no doubt that hospital air quality and
ventilation play decisive roles in affecting air
concentrations of pathogens such as fungal spores
(Aspergillus) and, in this way, have major effects on
infection rates. Light is critical to human functioning
in that it allows us to see things and perform
activities. But it is also important because it affects
human beings psychologically and physiologically.
Several studies have documented the importance of light
in reducing depression, decreasing fatigue, improving
alertness, modulating circadian rhythms, and treating
conditions such as hyperbilirubinemia among infants
(Ulrich, Zimring, Joseph, Quan, & Choudhary, 2004).
According to Philip E. Hockberger, sunlight, especially
the UV-violet-blue rays was capable of killing many
different kinds of bacteria and microorganisms.
However, artificial lighting is still needed at night.
 According to Olivera Nikolic, Color is an
essential element of the architectural design of the
environment that surrounds us. The color choice is
related to psychological, visual, aesthetic, and
technical aspects of human-made environments.
Scientific researches on the topic of color in the
interior of hospitals showed that there is no direct
link between certain colors and the alleviation of
pain, but it was found that colors may reduce anxiety,
and shorten the hospital stay etc. Calming and
stimulating psychological impacts of colors on patient
have been known since ancient times. According to
Stefan Gheorge author of The Role of Colors in Interior
Design, Color is an international visual language
understood by all so when you’re trying to communicate
or transmit something through interior design, there’s
no better way to do it than through color. In order to
do that, you need to understand how colors behave, how
they change their character and how they influence our
mood.

According to Robert F. Carr author of Health Care

Facilities, Sustainability must be a consideration for
the design of all health care facilities. Many
sustainable design features can be incorporated into
health care facility design, including daylighting,
energy and water conservation, nontoxic materials and
finishes, and sustainable operations and maintenance.