INDIAN JUDICIARY

 The judiciary is the branch of government that deals with interpretation of a nation’s laws, resolution of legal
conflicts, and judgments for violations of the law.
 The judiciary, also known as the judicial system, is composed of judges and courts.
 The judicial system is deliberately kept separate from the nation’s legislative body, such as a parliament or
congress, which creates or abolishes the nation’s laws as part of the political process.
 Under our Constitution there is a single integrated system of courts for the Union as well as the States, which
administer both union and state laws, and at the head of the system stands the Supreme Court of India.
 Below the Supreme Court are the High Courts of different states and under each high court there are
‘subordinate courts’, i.e., courts subordinate to and under the control of the High Courts.

THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

 The Constitution has not recognized the doctrine of separation of powers in its absolute rigidity, the functions of
the three organs of state viz, the legislature, the judiciary and the executive have been sufficiently demarcated.
 The Supreme Court of India represents the Union judiciary. However, the structure and working of the judicial
branch is different from those of the executive and the legislative branches.
 Supreme Court of India
 The Indian Parliament is the creator of the Constitution. Therefore, a parliamentary law to be valid must
conform in all respects with the Constitution.
 Both Parliament and State Legislatures are sovereign within the limits assigned to them by the Constitution. The
supremacy of the legislature under a written Constitution as observed by the Supreme Court, is only within what
is in its power but what is within its power and what is not, when any specific act is challenged, it is for the
courts to say.
 Judiciary in India is unified in nature. There is a pyramid of Courts, at the top most level of which is the
Supreme Court, then at the state level there are High Courts and at the district and still lower levels there are
subordinate courts.

 As regard the relationship between Parliament and the Supreme Court, the basic pattern of the court, its
composition, powers, jurisdiction etc., the Constitution makes detailed provisions which cannot be touched by
ordinary legislative process. But within the constitutional framework, Parliament has some powers vis-à-vis the
court.
―The minimum number of its judges is fixed by the Constitution but Parliament has authority to increase, not
to decrease, this number.
―The Constitution confers a security of tenure on the judge’s subject to Parliament moving an address for
removal of a judge.
―The power thus vested in Parliament cannot be misused owing to several safeguards, viz., charges of
misbehavior and incapacity against the judge concerned have to be enquired and proved and special majority is
required in the two Houses for the motion to be carried.
―The salaries of the judges are fixed by the constitution. Parliament may prescribe the privileges, allowances,
leave and pension of a judges, subject to the safeguard that these cannot be varied during the course of tenure of
a judge to his disadvantage.
―In the area of the court’s jurisdiction, Parliament may provide that an appeal may lie to the Supreme Court in
civil matters from the judgement, decree or final order of a single judge of a High Courts; enhance the appellate
criminal jurisdiction of the Supreme Court by enabling it to entertain and hear appeal from any judgement, final
order or sentence in a criminal proceeding in a High Court over and above those cases in which the court can
already hear appeals under Art. 134. It provides that the Supreme Court shall not have jurisdiction and powers
of the Federal Court beyond what it already has under Arts. 133 and 134.
 It also regulates the Supreme Court’s power to review its own decisions and orders; confer further jurisdiction
(quantitatively or qualitatively) on the Supreme Court regarding any matter in the Union or concurrent list and;
provide that the Supreme Court shall have jurisdiction and powers with respect to any matter as the Government
of India and the Government of a State may be by special agreement seek to confer on it; confer on the Supreme
Court Power to issue
 As per the Constitution, the Supreme Court of India includes the Chief Justice and other Judges whose number
is prescribed by the Parliament from time to time.
 directions, orders or writs for any purpose other than those mentioned in Art.32 confer supplementary powers
on the Supreme Court so as to enable it to exercise its jurisdiction more effectively. It is clear from these
provisions that what Parliament can do is to expand the jurisdiction and powers of the Supreme Court in several
respects over and above what the Constitution confers.
 The rule making power of the Supreme Court is subject to any law made by Parliament. Parliament may
regulate and prescribe the conditions of service of officers and servants of the Supreme Court. It may prescribe
the manner in which a decree or order passed by the Supreme Court and enforced. It also passes a law to
regulate the courts power to make an order for securing the attendance of a person, discovery and production of
documents or investigation or punishment of contempt of itself. These are, however, procedural matters and do
not affect the Supreme Court in any substantive manner. 9In 1950 there was a Chief Justice and 7other Judges.
The number of Judges wasincreased whenever the need occurred.
The Chief Justice of Indian (CJI)
 At present, the Supreme Court has Judges along with a Chief Justice. The Chief Justice and other Judges of the
Supreme Court are appointed by the President of India.
 The President may consult the other Judges of the Supreme or High Courts for appointing the Chief Justice of
India. As a custom, the senior-most Judge in the Supreme Court is appointed as the Chief Justice.
 The President has to the Chief Justice for the appointment of other Judges of the Supreme Court. As a custom,
the Chief Justice himself consults a collegium of the four senior-most Judges, and all of them need to agree for
any candidate to be recommended for the appointment of a judge.

List of Chief Justice of India (from 1950 to till date)

No. Name Tenure
1 H. J. Kania 26th January 1950 – 6th November 1951
2 M. Patanjali Sastri 7th November 1951 – 3rd January 1954
3 Mehr Chand Mahajan 4th January 1954 – 22nd December 1954
4 Bijan Kumar Mukherjea 23rd December 1954 – 31st January 1956
5 SudhiRanjan Das 1st February 1956 – 30th September 1959
6 Bhuvaneshwar Prasad Sinha 1st October 1959 – 31st January 1964
7 P. B. Gajendragadkar 1st February 1964 – 15th March 1966
8 Amal Kumar Sarkar 16th March 1966 – 29th June 1966
9 Koka Subba Rao 30th June 1966 – 11th April 1967
10 Kailas Nath Wanchoo 12th April 1967 – 24th February 1968
11 Mohammad Hidayatullah 25th February 1968 – 16th December 1970
12 JayantilalChhotalal Shah 17th December 1970 – 21st January 1971
13 SarvMittra Sikri 22nd January 1971 – 25th April 1973
14 Ajit Nath Ray 26th April 1973 – 27th January 1977
15 Mirza Hameedullah Beg 28th January 1977 – 21st February 1978
16 Yeshwant Vishnu Chandrachud 22nd February 1978 – 11th July 1985
17 Prafullachandra Natwarlal Bhagwati 12th July 1985 – 20th December 1986
18 Raghunandan Swarup Pathak 21st December 1986 – 18th June 1989
19 EngalaguppeSeetharamiah Venkataramiah 19th June 1989 – 17th December 1989
20 Sabyasachi Mukharji 18th December 1989 – 25th September 1990
21 Ranganath Misra 26th September 1990 – 24th November 1991
22 Kamal Narain Singh 25th November 1991 – 12th December 1991
23 MadhukarHiralal Kania 13th December 1991 – 17th November 1992
24 Lalit Mohan Sharma 18th November 1992 – 11th February 1993
25 Manepalli Narayana Rao Venkatachaliah 12th February 1993 – 24th October 1994
26 Aziz Mushabber Ahmadi 25th October 1994 – 24th March 1997
27 Jagdish Sharan Verma 25th March 1997 – 17th January 1998
28 Madan Mohan Punchhi 18th January 1998 – 9th October 1998
29 Adarsh Sein Anand 10th October 1998 – 31st October 2001
30 Sam Piroj Bharucha 1st November 2001 – 5th May 2002
31 Bhupinder Nath Kirpal 6th May 2002 – 7th November 2002
32 Gopal BallavPattanaik 8th November 2002 – 18th December 2002
33 V. N. Khare 19th December 2002 – 1st May 2004
34 S. Rajendra Babu 2nd May 2004 – 31st May 2004
35 Ramesh Chandra Lahoti 1st June 2004 – 31st October 2005
36 Yogesh Kumar Sabharwal 1st November 2005 – 13th January 2007
37 K. G. Balakrishnan 14th January 2007 – 12th May 2010
38 S. H. Kapadia 12th May 2010 – 28th September 2012
39 Altamas Kabir 29th September 2012 – 18th July 2013
40 P. Sathasivam 19th July 2013 – 26th April 2014
41 Rajendra Mal Lodha 27th April 2014 – 27th September 2014
42 H. L. Dattu 28th September 2014 – 2nd December 2015
43 T. S. Thakur 3rd December 2015 – 3rd January 2017
44 Jagdish Singh Khehar 4th January 2017 – 27th August 2017
45 Dipak Misra 28th August 2017– 2nd October 2018
46 RanjanGogoi 28th August 2017– 2nd October 2018

Qualifications
 A person must have been/should be
(i) a citizen of India;
(ii) at least a Judge of a High Court or of 2 or more such Courts in succession for at least 5 years; or
(iii) an advocate of a High Court or of 2 or more such Courts in succession for at least 10 years; or
(iv) should be, in the opinion of the President, a distinguished jurist.
 Judges of the Supreme Court hold office till they attain the age of 65 years.

Removal
 The of process of removal is known as impeachment.
 Judges may be removed from office by an order of the President, passed after an address by each House of
Parliament supported by a special majority on the basis of proved misbehavior or incapacity.
―No Chief Justice or Judge of the Supreme Court has been impeached so far.
―A Supreme Court Judge is barred from pleading in any court within the territory of India after retirement.

The Jurisdictions of the Supreme Court

 (i) Original Jurisdiction: The Supreme Court alone has the authority to hear certain cases directly such as
―Disputes between the Union government and one or more State governments,
―Disputes between two or more States,
―Disputes between the Government of India and one or more States on the one side and one or more States on
the other side.
Note: The Supreme Court has no jurisdiction regarding disputes relating to water and matter relating to the
distribution of revenues between the Union and States and adjustment of certain expenses between the Union and
States.
 (ii) Appellate Jurisdiction: The power of a superior or higher court to hear and decide appeals against the
judgment of the lower court is called appellate jurisdiction. The Appellate Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court
extends to four heads (i) Civil, (ii) Criminal, (iii) Constitutional, and (iv) Special leave.
―The Supreme Court is a court of appeal for constitutional, civil and criminal cases. It can hear appeals against
the judgments of the High Courts.
―It also has the authority to review its own judgment. It may in its own discretion grant special lease to appeal
against any judgment or order delivered or passed by any court or tribunal within the territory of India.
―An Appeal may come to the Supreme Court in any criminal case, if the High Court certifies that the case is fit
for appeal to the Supreme Court.
―The special appellate power has become a handy weapon in the hands of the Court to review the decisions
pertaining to elections and Labour and Industrial Tribunals.
 (iii) Advisory Jurisdiction: The Supreme Court has a special advisory jurisdiction in matters which may
specifically be referred to it by the President of India.
 ―If at any time, it appears to the President that a question of law or fact has arisen or is likely to arise, which is
of such public importance that it is urgent to obtain the opinion of the Supreme Court on it, he/she may refer it
to the Supreme Court.
―The Supreme Court may, after such hearing as it thinks fit, report to the President its opinion thereon. The
report or the opinion of the Supreme Court is of course, not binding on the President. Similarly, there is no
compulsion for the Court to give its advice.
―The Supreme Court is a court of record. The records of the Supreme Court, in matters of interpretation of the
law or of the constitution, have to be accepted when produced before the lower courts.

Some special functions of the Supreme Court of India:

 (i) Guardian of the Constitution: As the interpreter of the Constitution, the Supreme Court has the power to
protect and defend the Constitution.
―If the Court finds that any law or executive order is against the Constitution, the same can be declared
unconstitutional or invalid.
―The Supreme Court also acts as the custodian and protector of Fundamental Rights. If any citizen feels that
his/her fundamental rights have been infringed, he/she may move to the Supreme Court directly for the
protection of his/her fundamental rights.
―The Right to Constitutional Remedies empowers the Supreme Court to act as the guardian of the
Constitution.
 (ii) Judicial Review: The Supreme Court has the powers to interpret the Constitution, and through this it has
assumed the power of judicial review.
Judicial Activism
 Judicial activism refers to ‘innovative interpretation’ of the Constitution by the Court. This has often been
disapproved as the judiciary superseding the powers of the legislature.
 In India Judicial activism has enjoyed support from the public, because it has focused on giving the
disadvantaged the access to justice. It uses the instrument of Public Interest Litigation (PIL).
 Through public interest litigation, any person can bring a petition about a problem before the court, and not just
the person affected by the problem.
 PIL has often been used on behalf of people who are poor or disadvantaged and do not have the means to
approach the court.
 Through judicial activism and PIL, courts have given judgments on pollution, the need for a uniform civil code,
eviction of unauthorized buildings, stopping child labour in dangerous occupations, and other issues.

THE HIGH COURTS (HCs)

 There shall be a High Court for each State. Every High Court consists of a Chief Justice and such other Judges
as the President may from time to time deem it necessary to appoint.
Appointment of Judges
 Every Judge of a High Court is appointed by the President of India after consultation with the Chief Justice of
India and the Governor of the concerning State. In the case of appointment of Judge other than the Chief
Justice, the Chief Justice of that High Court is also consulted.
Tenure and Removal
 A Judge of a High Court may cease to be so on the happening of any one of the following contingencies:
(1) On attaining the age of 62 years;
(2) On resigning his office by writing under his hand addressed to the President;
(3) On being appointed a Judge of the Supreme Court or being transferred to any other High Court;
(4) On being removed from his office by an order of the President on an address by each House of Parliament
by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members of the House present and voting and has been
presented to the President in the same session for such removal on the ground of proved misbehavior or
incapacity.
Functions and Jurisdiction of the High Court
 The High Court is the highest judicial authority in a State. It is a Court of record and has power to punish for its
contempt by itself.
 It has the following jurisdiction and powers:
 (1) Power to issue certain writs: Every High Court has the power to issue writs of habeus corpus, mandamus,
prohibition, quo-warranto and certiorari for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights or for other purpose.
(2) Power of Superintendence: Every High Court has superintendence over all Courts and Tribunals
throughout the territories in relation to which it exercises jurisdiction.
(3) Power to transer case: If the High Court is satisfied that a case pending in a court subordinate to it involves
a substantial question of law as to the interpretation of the Constitution, the determination of which is
necessary for the disposal of the case, it shall withdraw the case and may-
a) either dispose of the case itself; or
b) determine the said question of law and return the case to the court from which the case has been so
withdrawn together with a copy of its judgement on such question, and the said court shall on receipt
thereof proceed to dispose of the case in conformity with such judgement.
(4) Consultation in the appointment and posting etc. of District Judges: The High Court is consulted by the
Governor in the appointment, posting and promotion of District Judges. It is also consulted in the
appointment of other members of the State Judicial Service.
(5) Control over subordinate courts: The control over district court and courts subordinate thereto including
the posting and promotion of and the grant of leave to persons belonging to the judicial service of a State
and holding any post inferior to the post of district judge is vested in the High Court.
(6) Other original and appellate powers: High Court has original and appellate jurisdiction in civil and
criminal matters as conferred by the Codes of Civil and Criminal Procedure and the Letters of Patent.
Important Terms/Facts on HCs in India
 1st Female Judge of High Court was Anna Chandy, and the 1st Female Chief Justice of High court is Leila
Seth (Himachal Pradesh HC)
 Permanent Bench―A permanent bench comprises of one or more High Court judges who sit yearlong at a
particular location that is different from the permanent seat of the High Court.
 Circuit Bench―A Circuit Bench is for territories which are far flung but do not have too many matters to
justify a full-fledged permanent bench. As a result, once or twice a year, some judges travel to these areas and
dispose of all the High Court appeals of that jurisdiction.
 Division Bench―In a Division Bench, a case is heard and judged by at least 2 judges.
 Full Bench―A Full bench refers to a court of law consisting of a greater-than-normal number of judges.
 Tribunal―A tribunal is a term for anybody acting judicially, whether or not it is called a tribunal in its title.
 The Calcutta High Court is the oldest High Court in the country, established on 2 July 1862.
 The Madras High Court in Chennai, Bombay High Court in Mumbai, Calcutta High Court in Kolkata
and Allahabad High Court in Allahabad are the oldest four High Courts in India.
 Three new High Courts were constituted in the northeast — Meghalaya, Manipur and Tripura in 2013.
 On March 31, 2017, women created history by heading all the four major and oldest High Courts of
India. Bombay HC is headed by Chief Justice ManjulaChellur, Calcutta HC by Chief
Justice NishitaNirmalMhatre, Madras HC by Chief Justice Indira Banerjee and Delhi HC by Chief Justice G
Rohini.
 India’s first e-court was opened at High Court of Judicature at Hyderabad in 2016.
 In 2019, the Andhra Pradesh High Court with seat at Amaravati became the latest High Court of India.

LIST OF HCs in India

Court Name Established Jurisdiction Seat Bench
In Year Under Act
Allahabad 1866 Indian High Courts Act 1861 Uttar Pradesh Allahabad Lucknow
High Court
Andhra 2019 Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Andhra Pradesh Amaravati
Pradesh High Act, 2014
Court
Chennai High 1862 Indian High Courts Act 1861 Pondicherry, Chennai Madurai
Court Tamil Nadu
Chhattisgarh 2000 Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Chhattisgarh Bilaspur
High Court Act, 2000
Delhi High 1966 Delhi High Court Act, 1966 NCT of Delhi New Delhi
Court
Guwahati High 1948 Government of India Act, 1935 Arunachal Guwahati Aizwal,
Court Pradesh, Assam, Itanagar,
Mizoram, Kohima
Nagaland
Gujarat High 1960 Bombay Reorganisation Act, 1960 Gujarat Ahmedabad
Court
Himachal 1971 State of Himachal Pradesh Act, Himachal Shimla
Pradesh High 1970 Pradesh
Court
Jammu and 1928 Letters Patent issued by Jammu and Srinagar
Kashmir High then Maharaja of Kashmir Kashmir /Jammu
Court
Jharkhand 2000 Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000 Jharkhand Ranchi
High Court
Karnataka 1884 Mysore High Court Act, 1884 Karnataka Bangalore Dharwad,
High Court Gulbarga
Kerala High 1956 States Reorganisation Act, 1956 Kerala, Cochin
Court Lakshadweep
Kolkata High 1862 Indian High Courts Act 1861 Andaman and Kolkata Port Blair
Court Nicobar
Islands, West
Bengal
Madhya 1936 Government of India Act, 1935 Madhya Pradesh Jabalpur Gwalior,
Pradesh High Indore
Court
Manipur High 2013 NE-Areas (Reorganisation) and Manipur Imphal
Court Other Related Laws (Amendment)
Act, 2012
Meghalaya 2013 NE-Areas (Reorganisation) and Meghalaya Shillong
High Court Other Related Laws (Amendment)
Act, 2012
Mumbai High 1862 Indian High Courts Act 1861 Goa, Dadra and Mumbai Aurangabad,
Court Nagar Haveli, Nagpur,
Daman and Panaji
Diu, Maharashtra
Odisha High 1948 Orissa High Court Ordinance, Odisha Cuttack
Court 1948
Punjab and 1947 Punjab High Court Ordinance, Chandigarh, Chandigarh
Haryana High 1947 Haryana,
Court Punjab
Rajasthan 1949 Rajasthan High Court Ordinance, Rajasthan Jodhpur Jaipur
High Court 1949
Sikkim High 1975 The 36th Amendment to the Indian Sikkim Gangtok
Court Constitution
Telangana 1920 The Andhra Pradesh Telangana Hyderabad
High Court Reorganization Act, 2014
Tripura High 2013 NE-Areas (Reorganisation) and Tripura Agartala
Court Other Related Laws (Amendment)
Act, 2012
Uttarakhand 2000 UP Reorganisation Act, 2000 Uttarakhand Nainital
High Court

IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF INDIAN JUDICIAL SYSTEM

Language Used in Proceedings in Supreme Court & High Courts
 Article 348(1) of the Constitution of India provides that all proceedings in the Supreme Court and in every High
Court shall be in English language until Parliament by law provides otherwise.
 No law has since been made in this regard by the Parliament. Article 348(2) of the Constitution provides that
the Governor of the State may, with the previous consent of the President, authorize the use of Hindi language
 or any other language used for nay official purpose of the State, in proceedings of the High Court having its
principal seat in that state, provided that decrees, judgments or orders passed by such High Courts shall be in
English.
 So far the Governors of four States namely; Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan have
authorized the use of Hindi in addition to English language in the proceedings of the High Courts in their States.
The E-Courts Project
 The e-Courts Integrated Mission Mode Project is one of the National e-Governance projects being implemented
in District and Subordinate Courts of the Country since 2007. The project is aimed at providing the necessary
hardware and software application to enable courts to deliver e-services, and the judiciary to be able to monitor
and manage the functioning of courts.
 The objective of the e-Courts project is to provide designated services to litigants, lawyers and the judiciary by
universal computerization of district and subordinate courts in the country and enhancement of ICT enablement
of the justice system.
 The e-Courts portal (http://www.ecourts.gov.in) has become operational.
 Video Conferencing is being implemented in five hundred courts and corresponding jails.
 ICT infrastructure of the Supreme Court and High Court has been upgraded.
 National Judicial Data Grid (NJDG) has been opened for access to general public. Connecting all courts in
the country to the NJDG through WAN and additional redundant connectivity, equipped for eventual
integration with the proposed interoperable criminal justice system (ICJS).
 Citizen centric facilities such as Centralized Filing Centers and touch screen based Kiosks in each Court
Complex.
FAST TRACK COURTS (FTCs)
 For speedy disposal of cases setting up of subordinate courts including Fast Track Courts (FTCs) is the
responsibility of the State Governments.
 In the Conference of Chief Ministers and Chief Justices held in New Delhi on 7th April, 2013, it was resolved
that the State Governments shall, in consultation with the Chief Justices of the respective High Courts, take
necessary steps to establish suitable number of FTCs.
FAMILY COURTS
 As per the Family Courts Act, 1984, Family Courts are established by the State Governments in consultation
with the respective High Court as per their need.
 Establishment of Family Courts―As per the Section 3(1) of the Act, for the purpose of exercising the
jurisdiction and powers conferred on a Family Court by this Act, the State Government, after consultation with
the High Court, and by notification―
a). shall, as soon as may be after commencement of this Act, establish for every area in the State comprising a
city or town whose population exceeds one million; a Family Court;
b). may establish Family Courts for such other areas in the State as it may deem necessary.
 As on 30.9.2015, 432 Family Courts have been established in the country. Government sent a proposal to the
Finance Commission for funding setting up of Family Courts so as to provide for at least one Family Court in
each district in the country.

NATIONAL LEGAL SERVICES AUTHORITY (NALSA)

 In 1987, the Legal Services Authorities Act was enacted by the Parliament which came into force on 9th
November, 1995 to establish a nationwide uniform network for providing fee and competent legal services to
the weaker sections of the society on the basis of equal opportunity.
 The National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) has been constituted at National level to monitor and evaluate
implementation of legal aid programs and to lay down policies and principles for making legal services
available under the Act.
 In every State, a State Legal Services Authority and in every High Court, a High Court Legal Services
Committee have been constituted to provide legal aid in relation to the High Courts.
 District Legal Services Authorities and Taluka Legal Services committees have been constituted in the Districts
and in most of the Talukas to give effect to the policies and direction of the NALSA and to provide free legal
services to the people.
 NALSA provides a free legal services that include:
 a) Payment of court fee, process fees and all other charges payable or incurred in connection with any legal
proceedings;
b) Providing service of lawyers in legal proceedings;
c) Obtaining and supply of certified copies of orders and other documents in legal proceedings.
d) Preparation of appeal, paper book including printing and translation of documents in legal proceedings.

GoI- UNDP ACCESS TO JUSTICE PROJECT

 Access to justice is the ability of people to seek and obtain a remedy through formal or informal institutions of
justice for grievances. Access to justice involves legal protection, legal awareness, legal aid and counsel,
adjudication and enforcement.
 There is no access to justice where citizens (especially marginalized groups) fear the system, see it as
unfamiliar, and do not access it; where the justice system is financially inaccessible; where individuals have no
lawyers; where they do not have information or knowledge of rights; or where there is a weak justice system.
 GoI – UNDP Access to Justice Project―In 2009, a Project on Access to Justice for Marginalized People was
launched by the Department of Justice in collaboration with United Nations Development Program. The Project
aims to empower the poor and disadvantaged sections of society to seek and demand justice services. The
Project also seeks to improve the institutional capacities of key justice service providers to enable them to
effectively serve the poor and disadvantaged.
 Access to Justice (NE&JK) Project―The Department of Justice, Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of
India has been implementing a project since 2012 on enhancing Access to Justice in all the eight States of
Northeast including Sikkim and Jammu and Kashmir. These are the two separate geographical areas which are
the focus of the Project. The project aims to make Justice accessible to the marginalized sections of the society.
The project aims to train lawyers, law students and customary judicial officers to raise awareness among people
about their legal rights. It is hoped that the project will be a milestone in establishing a model of access to
justice in remote areas of North East Region and Jammu & Kashmir.

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