After World War II, with many aircraft and ground personnel from the allied armed

forces, "Able Baker" was officially adopted for use in international aviation. During the
1946 Second Session of the ICAO Communications Division, the organization adopted
the so-called "Able Baker" alphabet[10] that was the 1943 US–UK spelling alphabet. But
many sounds were unique to English, so an alternative "Ana Brazil" alphabet was used
in Latin America. But the International Air Transport Association (IATA), recognizing the
need for a single universal alphabet, presented a draft alphabet to the ICAO during
1947 that had sounds common to English, French, Spanish and Portuguese.
From 1948 to 1949, Jean-Paul Vinay, a professor of linguistics at the Université de
Montréal worked closely with the ICAO to research and develop a new spelling
alphabet.[32][10] ICAO's directions to him were that "To be considered, a word must:

1. Be a live word in each of the three working

languages.
2. Be easily pronounced and recognized by airmen
of all languages.
3. Have good radio transmission and readability
characteristics.
4. Have a similar spelling in at least English,
French, and Spanish, and the initial letter must
be the letter the word identifies.
5. Be free from any association with objectionable
meanings."[31]
After further study and modification by each approving body, the revised alphabet was
adopted on 1 November 1951, to become effective on 1 April 1952 for civil aviation (but
it may not have been adopted by any military).[17]
Problems were soon found with this list. Some users believed that they were so severe
that they reverted to the old "Able Baker" alphabet. Confusion among words
like Delta and Extra, and between Nectar and Victor, or the unintelligibility of other
words during poor receiving conditions were the main problems. Later in 1952, ICAO
decided to revisit the alphabet and their research. To identify the deficiencies of the new
alphabet, testing was conducted among speakers from 31 nations, principally by the
governments of the United Kingdom and the United States. In the United States, the
research was conducted by the USAF-directed Operational Applications Laboratory
(AFCRC, ARDC), to monitor a project with the Research Foundation of The Ohio State
University. Among the more interesting of the research findings was that "higher noise
levels do not create confusion, but do intensify those confusions already inherent
between the words in question".[31]
By early 1956 the ICAO was nearly complete with this research, and published the new
official phonetic alphabet in order to account for discrepancies that might arise in
communications as a result of multiple alphabet naming systems coexisting in different
places and organizations. NATO was in the process of adopting the ICAO spelling
alphabet, and apparently felt enough urgency that it adopted the proposed new
alphabet with changes based on NATO's own research, to become effective on 1
January 1956,[33] but quickly issued a new directive on 1 March 1956 [34] adopting the now
official ICAO spelling alphabet, which had changed by one word (November) from
NATO's earlier request to ICAO to modify a few words based on U.S. Air Force
research.
After all of the above study, only the five words representing the letters C, M, N, U, and
X were replaced. The ICAO sent a recording of the new Radiotelephony Spelling
Alphabet to all member states in November 1955. [10] The final version given in the table
above was implemented by the ICAO on 1 March 1956,[17] and the ITU adopted it no
later than 1959 when they mandated its usage via their official publication, Radio
Regulations.[35] Because the ITU governs all international radio communications, it was
also adopted by most radio operators, whether military, civilian, or amateur. It was
finally adopted by the IMO in 1965. During 1947 the ITU adopted the compound number
words (Nadazero, Unaone, etc.), later adopted by the IMO during 1965.[citation needed]
In the official version of the alphabet, [2] the non-English spellings Alfa and Juliett are
used. Alfa is spelled with an f as it is in most European languages because the English
and French spelling alpha would not be pronounced properly by native speakers of
some other languages – who may not know that ph should be pronounced
as f.  Juliett is spelled with a tt for French speakers, because they may otherwise treat a
single final t as silent. Some published versions incorrectly list "alpha" and "juliet" –
presumably because of the use of spell checker software – but those spellings are
never correct and should be changed back to "alfa" and "juliett" wherever such mistakes
are found.[36]
Defined by various international conventions on radio, including:

 Universal Electrical Communications Union (UECU),

Washington, D.C., December 1920[37]
 International Radiotelegraph Convention,
Washington, 1927 (which created the CCIR)[38]
 General Radiocommunication and Additional
Regulations (Madrid, 1932)[39]
 Instructions for the International Telephone Service,
1932 (ITU-T E.141; withdrawn in 1993)
 General Radiocommunication Regulations and
Additional Radiocommunication Regulations (Cairo,
1938)[40]
 Radio Regulations and Additional Radio Regulations
(Atlantic City, 1947),[41] where "it was decided that the
International Civil Aviation Organization and other
international aeronautical organizations would
assume the responsibility for procedures and
regulations related to aeronautical communication.
However, ITU would continue to maintain general
procedures regarding distress signals."
  1959 Administrative Radio Conference (Geneva,
1959)[42]
 International Telecommunication Union, Radio
 Final Acts of WARC-79 (Geneva, 1979).[43] Here the
alphabet was formally named "Phonetic Alphabet
and Figure Code".
 International Code of Signals for Visual, Sound, and
Radio Communications, United States Edition, 1969
(Revised 2003)[44]
Tables[edit]
Timeline in development of the ICAO/ITU-R radiotelephony spelling alphabet

192
7 195
(Wa 9
194 19 19 (Ge
shin 1932 47 20
1938 7 47 nev
gton Gene IC 08
(Cair (Atl IC
, ral A 19 19 19 19 a)
–
o) anti A
D.C Radio O 47 49 51 56 ITU
pr 200
Inter c O
.) comm IA I I IC Ad 195
es 8 –
natio Cit (fr alp 1947 A min
19 Inte unica TA C C 9 en pre
nal y) om ha ICAO O istr
20 rnat tion pr A A IT t sent
Let UE iona Radio Inte 19 bet Latin
and op O O fin ativ U IC IC
ter C comm rna 43 (fr Ameri
l Addit osa co co al e res A AO
unica tion US om ca/Ca
U[37 Rad ional A ribbe l to de de co Rad pell
O res
tion al –
]
iotel Regul R an[31] IC w w de io ing[4
co pell[1
Confe Rad U wo Con 2]
egra ations R A or or de ing
rence io K) rd fere 9]
ph (CCI L [ci O [31
ds ds wo
code Con ] [31] [32]
s nce
Con R/IC tation [19]
rd
words fere [48] neede cod
vent AN)[45] [40]
s[19]
[46] nce[ [49] d]
) e
ion 47]
[50] [51]
(CC wor
IR) ds[42]
[38]

Ar A
Ams Am A AL  AL 
ge Amste Amste D AL Al Al Al Al
A terd ster BL ANA Alfa FA FA
nti rdam rdam A FA fa fa fa fa
am dam E H H
ne M
B B BR BR
Br Balt Balt B B Br Br
Balti Balti A A BRAZ BE Bra AH  AH 
B uss imor imo et ra av av
more more KE KE IL TA vo VO VO
els e re a vo o o
R R H H
C Ca Can Casab Casab Cas C C COC C C C Ch Cha CH Ch CH
na ada lanca lanca abla H H O H oc oc arl rlie AR  arl AR 
da nca A A A a a ie LE ie LE
 E E
R R or S or S
RL
LI LI HA HA
IE
E E R L R L
EE EE
Da D DE DE
Den Dan D DE D D
ma Dane Dane A DAD De Delt LL  De LL 
D mar ema O LT elt elt
scu mark mark VI O lta a TA lta TA
k rk G A a a
s D H H
ED
ED
Ec Edd W E E EC EC
Ediso Ediso Edis EA W Ec Ech Ec
E ua ysto A ELSA ch ch K O K O
n n on SY AR ho o ho
dor ne R o o H H
D
D
FR F F FO FO
Fran F F Fo Fo
Fra Florid Florid Flor ED FIEST ox ox Foxt KS  KS 
F cisc O O xtr xtr
nce a a ida DI A tr tr rot TR TR
o X X ot ot
E ot ot OT OT
GR
GE GE
Gr Gall A G G
Gibr Gallip Gallip O O GAT Go GO Go GO
G eec ipol M ol ol Golf
altar oli oli R R O lf LF lf LF
e i M f d
GE GE
A
H
H A HO
Ha H H H HO 
Han Havan Havan Hav A HOM V Ho Hot H T Ho
H no O ot ot TE
over a a ana RR BRE A tel el EL tel
ver W el el LL
Y N L
A
IN  IN 
IT IT In In In
Ital Itali ID INDI Indi DE In DE
I Italy Italia Italia E AL di di di
y a A A a E dia E
M Y a a a
AH AH
J JE JE
JU
Jeru Jeru JO ul Ju Ju W  Jul W L
Jap Jérusa Jérusa JI JULI PI Juli
J sale sale H ie lie lie LE iet EE 
an lem lem G O TE ett
m m N tt tt tt E E t ET
R
a TT T
Kh Kil
Kim Kilog Kilog KI KI KI KE KE
art ogr Ki Ki Ki Ki
K berl ramm ramm N N KILO L Kilo Y L Y L
ou am lo lo lo lo
ey e e G G O OH OH
m me
Live Liv LE LI Li Li Li LE LE
Li Liver Liverp LO Lim Li
L rpoo erpo WI LUIS TE m m m E M E M
ma pool ool VE a ma
l ol S R a a a AH AH
M Ma Mad Mada Mada Ma MI M MAM M M M Mi Mik MI Mi MI
dri agas gascar gascar dag K A A AE etr etr ke e KE ke KE
d car asca E R ST o o
 r Y RO
N No NO  No
Ne N NO 
Na Neu N A N N ve Nov VE ve
New New- w NOR OR VE
N nc fcha A N ec ec m emb M  m
York York Yor MA M M B
y tel N C tar tar be er BE be
k A ER
Y r R r
Ost O OP O O Os OS OS
Ont Osl OT OPER Osc Os
O en Oslo Oslo B ER sc sc ca S C S C
ario o TO A ar car
d OE A ar ar r AH AH
PE PE Po P PA PA
Par Port Pari PE Pa Pap Pa
P Paris Paris TE TE PERU lk ap H P H P
is ugal s RU pa a pa
R R a a AH AH
Q Q Q Q KE KE
Qu Q Q Qu
Que Québ Québ Que QUE UE ue ue ue Que H B H B
Q eb UE UE eb
bec ec ec bec BEC BE be be be bec EC EC
ec EN EN ec
C c c c K K
R R R R RO RO
RO Ro Ro
Ro Riv Ro O O o o Ro W  W 
R Roma Roma ROSA GE me me
me oli ma GE BE m m meo ME ME
R o o
R RT eo eo OH OH
SE
SU SEE 
Sar SU SA Si Si Sie E A Si
Sant Santia Santia Sant G Sier AIR 
S din SA SARA NT er er rr IR  err
iago go go iago A ra RA
ia N A ra ra a RA a
R H
H
TH TH
T T Ta TA Ta TA
To Toki Tripol Tripol Trip TA O TOM O Tan
T an an ng NG  ng NG 
kio o i i oli RE M AS M go
go go o GO o GO
AS AS
YO
YO
U N
U N
EE
EE
FO
Ur U U FO
Uru URU UR U U Un RM  Un
ug Upsal Upsal Ups N NI Unif RM
U gua GUA SU ni ni ifo or ifo
ua a a ala CL O orm or O
y Y LA on on rm OO  rm
y E N O N
NE
EE
E
FO
FO
RM
RM
VI VI
VI
Vi Val C C Vi Vi Vi VIK  Vi VIK 
Vict Valen Valen VICT CT Vict
V cto enci T T ct ct cto TA cto TA
oria cia cia OR O or
ria a O O or or r H r H
R
R R
W Wa Was Washi Washi Was WI WI WHIS W W W W Whi WI W WI
shi hing ngton ngton hing LL LL KEY HI hi hi his skey SS  his SS 
ngt ton ton IA IA SK sk sk ke KE ke KE
 on M M EY ey ey y Y y Y
X X- X- EC EC
Xa Xan Xan e X- X-
Xanth Xanth R R EQUI R X- KS  KS 
X intr tipp thip ? Xt ra ra
ippe ippe A A S A ray RA RA
ie e pe ra y y
Y Y Y Y Y
Y
Yo Y Y YA YA
Yok Yok Y O YOL Y Ya Ya
ko Yoko Yoko an an Yan NG  NG 
Y oha oha O U AND OR nk nk
ha hama hama ke ke kee KE KE
ma ma KE N A K ee ee
ma y e Y Y
G
Za Zul ZE ZE Ze Z ZO ZO
Züric Zuri Zu Zul Zu
Z nzi ula Zurich BR BR ZETA ? br ul O L O L
h ch lu u lu
bar nd A A a u OO OO
(alt.
pro
Jeru pos
Jérusa Ze Juli als: zer ZE-
0 sale
lem[Note ro ett[Not ZE- o RO
1] m[Not e 1]
e 1]
RO,
ZE
RO)
(alt.
pro
Am pos
Amste W als: on WU
1 ster Alfa
rdam [N
un [Note 1]
WU e N
ote 1] dam
[Note 1]
N,
WU
N)
(alt.
pro
Balt pos
Balti To Bra als: tw TO
2 imo
more[N o vo[Not TO o O
ote 1] re[Not e 1]
e 1]
O,
BIS
)
(alt.
pro
Cas pos
Casab Th Cha
abla als: thr TR
3 lanca [N uh- rlie[N
nca[ TR ee EE
ote 1]
ree ote 1]
Note 1]
EE,
TE
R)
4 Dane Dan Fo Delt (alt. fo FO
mark[N ema - a[Note pro ur W-
ote 1] 1]
rk[Not we pos er
e 1]
r als:
 FO
W-
ER,
QU
AR
TO)
(alt.
pro
pos
Edis Fi- Ech als:
Ediso fiv FIF
5 on[No yiv o[Note FIF
n[Note 1] e E
te 1] 1]
E,
PE
NT
A)
(alt.
pro
pos
Florid Flor Foxt als:
6 ida[N Six rot[No SIX six SIX
a[Note 1] ote 1] te 1]

,
SA
XO)
(alt.
pro
pos
Gall als:
Se se SE
Gallip ipol Golf SE
7 ve ve V-
oli[Note 1] i[Note [Note 1]
V-
n n en
1]
EN,
SE
TT
E)
(alt.
pro
pos
Havan Hav[ At Hot als: eig
8 ana el[Note AIT
a[Note 1] Note 1] e 1] AIT ht
,
OC
TO)
(alt.
pro
pos
Itali Indi als:
Italia[N Ni ni NIN
9 a[Note a[Note NI
ote 1]
ner ne -er
1] 1]
N-
ER,
NO
NA)
 (pro
pos
als:
DA
. DA
Y-
(de de Y-
SE
cim ci SEE
E-
al ma -
MA
poi l MA
L,
nt) L
DE
CI
MA
L)
hu
Hu HU
nd
ndr N-
re
ed dred
d
(pro
pos
als: th TO
Th
TO ou U-
ous
US- sa SA
and
AN nd ND
D,
–)
Kilo
Kilogr gra
, Kilo
amme[ mm [Note 1]
Note 1]
e[Note
1]

/
(fra Liv
ctio Liverp Lim
erpo
n ool [Note
a[Note
1] ol[Not 1]

bar e 1]

(br Ma
eak Mada dag Mik
sig gascar asca e[Note
[Note 1] 1]

nal) r[Note
1]

. Ne
(pu Nov
New- w
nct emb
York[N Yor
uati ote 1] er[Note
k[Note 1]

on) 1]

For the 1938 and 1947 phonetics, each transmission of figures is preceded and
followed by the words "as a number" spoken twice.
The ITU adopted the International Maritime Organization's phonetic spelling alphabet in
1959,[52] and in 1969 specified that it be "for application in the maritime mobile service
only".[53]
Pronunciation was not defined prior to 1959. For the 1959 – present phonetics, the
underlined syllable of each letter word should be emphasized, and each syllable of the
code words for the figures (1969 – present) should be equally emphasized.
International aviation[edit]
The Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet is used by the International Civil Aviation
Organization for international aircraft communications. [2][19]

1946 ICAO
1947
Second 1947 ICAO
1932 General Session of ICAO 1956 –
alphab
Radiocommuni the (same 1947 ICAO 1949 1951 presen
et
Lett cation and Communica as 1943 Latin ICAO ICAO t
(adopte
er Additional tions US- America/Carib code code ICAO
d
Regulations Division UK) bean[31] words words code
exactly [31] [32]
(CCIR/ICAN) (same words[1
[45][50] from 9]
as Joint [48]

ARRL[5
Army/Navy) [49][50] 1]
[31]

A Amsterdam Able ABLE ADAM ANA Alfa Alfa Alfa

BAKE BAKE
B Baltimore Baker BRAZIL Beta Bravo Bravo
R R
CHAR CHAR
C Casablanca Charlie COCO Coca Coca Charlie
LIE LIE
D Danemark Dog DOG DAVID DADO Delta Delta Delta
EDWA
E Edison Easy EASY ELSA Echo Echo Echo
RD
FREDD Foxtr Foxtr
F Florida Fox FOX FIESTA Foxtrot
IE ot ot
GEOR GEOR
G Gallipoli George GATO Golf Gold Golf
GE GE
HARR
H Havana How HOW HOMBRE Hotel Hotel Hotel
Y
I Italia Item ITEM IDA INDIA India India India
Juliett
J Jérusalem Jig JIG JOHN JULIO Juliett Juliett
a
K Kilogramme King KING KING KILO Kilo Kilo Kilo
L Liverpool Love LOVE LEWIS LUIS Lima Lima Lima
M Madagascar Mike MIKE MARY MAMA Metro Metro Mike
N New York Nan (later NAN NANC NORMA Necta Necta Novem
 Nickel) Y r r ber
O Oslo Oboe OBOE OTTO OPERA Oscar Oscar Oscar
P Paris Peter PETER PETER PERU Polka Papa Papa
QUEE QUEE Quebe Quebe
Q Québec Queen QUEBEC Quebec
N N c c
ROGE ROBE Rome Rome
R Roma Roger ROSA Romeo
R RT o o
SUGA
S Santiago Sail/Sugar SUSAN SARA Sierra Sierra Sierra
R
THOM
T Tripoli Tare TARE TOMAS Tango Tango Tango
AS
UNCL Unifor
U Upsala Uncle UNION URUGUAY Union Union
E m
VICTO VICTO
V Valencia Victor VICTOR Victor Victor Victor
R R
WILLI WILLI Whisk Whisk
W Washington William WHISKEY Whisky
AM AM ey ey
X-
X Xanthippe X-ray XRAY X-RAY EQUIS eXtra X-ray
RAY
YOUN Yanke Yanke
Y Yokohama Yoke YOKE YOLANDA Yankee
G y e
Z Zürich Zebra ZEBRA ZEBRA ZETA Zebra Zulu Zulu
0 Zero Zero
1 One Wun
2 Two Too Two
Thuh-
3 Three Three
ree
4 Four Fo-wer Four
5 Five Fi-yiv Five
6 Six Six Six
7 Seven Seven Seven
8 Eight Ate Eight
9 Nine Niner Niner
Decima
.
l
Hundre
100
d
100 Thousa
0 nd

International maritime mobile service[edit]

The ITU-R Radiotelephony Alphabet is used by the International Maritime
Organization for international marine communications.

1965 – 2000 –
1932–1965 present present 2007 – present
Lette 1967 WARC 1967 WARC
IMO code (WRC-03) IMO SMCP ITU-R
r code words[56] respelling[56]
words[54] IMO code code respelling[12]
words[55] words[55]

A Amsterdam Alfa Alfa Alfa AL FAH AL FAH

B Baltimore Bravo Bravo Bravo BRAH VOH BRAH VOH

CHAR LEE CHAR LEE
C Casablanca Charlie Charlie Charlie
or SHAR LEE or SHAR LEE

D Danemark Delta Delta Delta DELL TAH DELL TAH

E Edison Echo Echo Echo ECK OH ECK OH

F Florida Foxtrot Foxtrot Foxtrot FOKS TROT FOKS TROT

G Gallipoli Golf Golf Golf GOLF GOLF

H Havana Hotel Hotel Hotel HOH TELL HOH TELL

I Italia India India India IN DEE AH IN DEE AH

J Jérusalem Juliett Juliett Juliet JEW LEE ETT JEW LEE ETT

K Kilogramme Kilo Kilo Kilo KEY LOH KEY LOH

L Liverpool Lima Lima Lima LEE MAH LEE MAH

M Madagascar Mike Mike Mike MIKE MIKE

N New-York November November November NO VEM BER NO VEM BER

O Oslo Oscar Oscar Oscar OSS CAH OSS CAH

P Paris Papa Papa Papa PAH PAH PAH PAH

Q Québec Quebec Quebec Quebec KEH BECK KEH BECK

R Roma Romeo Romeo Romeo ROW ME OH ROW ME OH

S Santiago Sierra Sierra Sierra SEE AIR RAH SEE AIR RAH

T Tripoli Tango Tango Tango TANG GO TANG GO

YOU NEE YOU NEE
FORM or FORM or
U Upsala Uniform Uniform Uniform
OO NEE OO NEE
FORM FORM

V Valencia Victor Victor Victor VIK TAH VIK TAH

W Washington Whisky Whisky Whisky WISS KEY WISS KEY

X Xanthippe X-ray X-ray X-ray ECKS RAY ECKS RAY

Y Yokohama Yankee Yankee Yankee YANG KEY YANG KEY

Z Zurich Zulu Zulu Zulu ZOO LOO ZOO LOO

 NAH-DAH- NAH-DAH-
0 Zero ZEERO NADAZERO ZEERO
ZAY-ROH ZAY-ROH

OO-NAH- OO-NAH-
1 One WUN UNAONE WUN
WUN WUN

BEES-SOH- BEES-SOH-
2 Two TOO BISSOTWO TOO
TOO TOO

TAY-RAH- TAY-RAH-
3 Three TREE TERRATHREE TREE
TREE TREE

KAR-TAY- KAR-TAY-
4 Four FOWER KARTEFOUR FOWER
FOWER FOWER

PAN-TAH- PAN-TAH-
5 Five FIFE PANTAFIVE FIFE
FIVE FIVE

6 Six SIX SOXISIX SIX SOK-SEE-SIX SOK-SEE-SIX

SAY-TAY- SAY-TAY-
7 Seven SEVEN SETTESEVEN SEVEN
SEVEN SEVEN

8 Eight AIT OKTOEIGHT AIT OK-TOH-AIT OK-TOH-AIT

NO-VAY- NO-VAY-
9 Nine NINER NOVENINE NINER
NINER NINER

DAY-SEE- DAY-SEE-
. DECIMAL
MAL MAL

. Full stop STOP STOP STOP

, Comma

Break signal

⁄ Fraction bar

1000 TOUSAND TOUSAND

Variants[edit]
Aviation[edit]

 "Delta" is replaced by "Data", "Dixie", or "David" at

airports that have a majority of Delta Air
Lines flights, such as at Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta
International Airport,[57] in order to avoid confusion
because "Delta" is also Delta's callsign. [58][59]
 "Lima" is replaced by the old RAF word "London"
in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore becau
se "lima" means "five" in Indonesian, Malay and a
number of other languages in those countries. Thus,
confusion could occur if a string of mixed numerals
and letters were being given.[59]
 In Muslim countries, where alcohol is banned, the
original ITU "Washington" or "White" replaces
"Whiskey" for "W".[59]
 In Pakistan, "Indigo" or "Italy" replaces "India"
because of ongoing conflicts with India.[59]

See also[edit]
 International Code of Signals
 Spelling alphabet
 Allied military phonetic spelling alphabets
 APCO radiotelephony spelling alphabet
 Language-specific spelling alphabets
o Finnish Armed Forces radio alphabet
o German spelling alphabet
o Greek spelling alphabet
 o Japanese radiotelephony alphabet
o Korean spelling alphabet
o Russian spelling alphabet
o Swedish Armed Forces radio alphabet
 Radiotelephony procedure
o Procedure word
o Brevity code
 Ten-code
 Q code
 List of military time zones
 PGP word list

Notes[edit]
1. ^ Jump up
to:a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap
                                                                                   E
ach sequence of figures is both preceded and followed by "as
a number" (or, for punctuation only) "as a mark", spoken
twice.

References[edit]
1. ^ [1]
2. ^ Jump up to:      "Alphabet - Radiotelephony". International Civil
a b c

Aviation Organization. n.d. Archived from the original on 20

June 2018. Retrieved  2 July 2018.
3. ^ "SGM-675-55: Phonetic Alphabet for NATO
Use"  (PDF). Archived  (PDF)  from the original on 12 April
2018.
4. ^ "Definition: phonetic alphabet".  Federal Standard 1037C:
Glossary of Telecommunication Terms. National
Communications System. 23 August 1996. Archivedfrom the
original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 11
November 2020.
5. ^ "T1.523-2001 - Telecom Glossary 2000". Washington, DC:
American National Standards Institute. 2001. Archived from
the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved  11
November 2020.
6. ^ Jump up to:a b "ATIS Telecom Glossary (ATIS-0100523.2019)".
Washington, DC: Alliance for Telecommunications Industry
Solutions. 2019. Archived from the original on 11 November
2020. Retrieved  11 November  2020.
7. ^ "Joint Publication 1-02: Department of Defense Dictionary
of Military and Associated Terms"  (PDF). p. 414, PDF page
421.  Archived  (PDF) from the original on 3 October 2012.
8. ^ ITU 1967, pp. 177–179.
9. ^ "Where does the term "Bravo Zulu" originate?". 6 March
2005. Archived from the original  on 6 March 2005.
Retrieved 22 August  2010.
10. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e "The Postal History of ICAO: Annex 10 -
Aeronautical Telecommunications". ICAO. Archived from the
original on 12 February 2019. Retrieved 23 January  2019.
11. ^ Jump up to:a b c International Civil Aviation
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a b

second FAA table syllabifies these correctly as ECKS-RAY

and YANG-KEY.
26. ^ Jump up to:a b c The ICAO specifically mentions that all syllables
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27. ^ Jump up to:a b With the code words for the digits and decimal,
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External links[edit]
Look up ICAO spelling
alphabet in Wiktionary,
the free dictionary.

 "The Postal History of ICAO: Annex 10 -

Aeronautical Telecommunications". ICAO. Archived
from the original on 12 February 2019. Retrieved 6
November 2017.
 "NATO Declassified - The NATO Phonetic
Alphabet". North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
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