What Is DC Offset?

1-Page Summary
DC Offset: When a fault is applied, it
shifts the system’s sine wave
asymmetrically… it creates an “offset.”
This offset is necessary to maintain the
basic laws of electricity (Rules 1 and 2
below) at the initial moment when the
current makes a sudden change (e.g.
during a fault).

Rule 1: “In an inductive circuit, the current lags the voltage by 90°.”1
Rule 2: “If a fault occurs when the voltage is zero, the current must be at a positive
or negative maximum value.”1
Test Set: Instantaneous (it cheats) Actual Current: Takes time to shift

Other Points To Note:

• The size and duration of DC Offset depends on: (1) the ratio of reactance to
resistance (X/R) during a fault, (2) the voltage magnitude during the fault, (3)
the ability of the generator to react
• Faults rarely occur at exactly zero degrees, but actually occur at a specific
angle, often referred to as the Fault Incidence Angle (FIA) or the Fault
Inception Mode/Angle
• The time it takes the DC Offset to stabilize is referred to as either the Time
Constant L/R or the System Time Constant

1 – From Protective Relaying for Power Generation Systems by Donald Reimart

Valence Electrical Training Services

5005 S Kipling Pkwy Suite A7 PMB 395, Littleton CO 80127-1375
store@relaytraining.com relaytraining.com 303-250-8257