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Overview of the Technology Acceptance Model: Origins, Developments and

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Association for Information Systems
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9-27-2009

Overview of the Technology Acceptance Model:

Origins, Developments and Future Directions
Mohammad Chuttur
Indiana University, mchuttur@indiana.edu

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 Working Papers on Information Systems ISSN 1535-6078

Overview of the Technology Acceptance Model: Origins,

Developments and Future Directions
Mohammad Chuttur
Indiana University, USA

Abstract
User acceptance of technology has been an important field of study for over two decades
now. Although many models have been proposed to explain and predict the use of a system,
the Technology Acceptance Model has been the only one which has captured the most
attention of the Information Systems community. Thus, it is essential for anyone willing to
study user acceptance of technology to have an understanding of the Technology Acceptance
Model. This paper provides a historical overview of the Technology Acceptance Model
(TAM) by summarizing the evolution of TAM, its key applications, extensions, limitations,
and criticisms from a selective list of published articles on the model. Current observations
indicate that although TAM is a highly cited model, researchers share mixed opinions
regarding its theoretical assumptions, and practical effectiveness. It is concluded that research
in TAM lacks sufficient rigor and relevance that would make it a well established theory for
the IS community.

Keywords: Technology Acceptance, Information System Deployment, TAM, Information

System Theory.

Permanent URL: http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37

Copyright: Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works License

Reference: Chuttur M.Y. (2009). "Overview of the Technology Acceptance Model: Origins,
Developments and Future Directions ," Indiana University, USA . Sprouts: Working Papers
on Information Systems, 9(37). http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37

Sprouts - http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37
˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›……‡’–ƒ…‡‘†‡Žǣ”‹‰‹•ǡ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ† —–—”‡‹”‡…–‹‘• Š—––—”


OverviewoftheTechnologyAcceptanceModel:
Origins,DevelopmentsandFutureDirections
ƒ••‡”Š—––—”
†‹ƒƒ‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡŽ‘‘‹‰–‘†‹ƒƒǡ

Abstract
•‡” ƒ……‡’–ƒ…‡ ‘ˆ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰› Šƒ• „‡‡ ƒ ‹’‘”–ƒ– ˆ‹‡Ž† ‘ˆ •–—†› ˆ‘” ‘˜‡” –™‘
†‡…ƒ†‡•‘™ǤŽ–Š‘—‰Šƒ›‘†‡Ž•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡’”‘’‘•‡†–‘‡š’Žƒ‹ƒ†’”‡†‹…––Š‡—•‡
‘ˆ ƒ •›•–‡ǡ –Š‡ ‡…Š‘Ž‘‰› ……‡’–ƒ…‡ ‘†‡Ž Šƒ• „‡‡ –Š‡ ‘Ž› ‘‡ ™Š‹…Š Šƒ•
…ƒ’–—”‡†–Š‡‘•–ƒ––‡–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘›•–‡•…‘—‹–›ǤŠ—•ǡ‹–‹•‡••‡–‹ƒŽ
ˆ‘”ƒ›‘‡™‹ŽŽ‹‰–‘•–—†›—•‡”ƒ……‡’–ƒ…‡‘ˆ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›–‘Šƒ˜‡ƒ—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ
–Š‡ ‡…Š‘Ž‘‰› ……‡’–ƒ…‡ ‘†‡ŽǤ Š‹• ’ƒ’‡” ’”‘˜‹†‡• ƒ Š‹•–‘”‹…ƒŽ ‘˜‡”˜‹‡™ ‘ˆ –Š‡
‡…Š‘Ž‘‰› ……‡’–ƒ…‡ ‘†‡Ž ȋȌ „› •—ƒ”‹œ‹‰ –Š‡ ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ ‘ˆ ǡ ‹–• ‡›
ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ‡š–‡•‹‘•ǡ Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ƒ† …”‹–‹…‹•• ˆ”‘ ƒ •‡Ž‡…–‹˜‡ Ž‹•– ‘ˆ ’—„Ž‹•Š‡†
ƒ”–‹…Ž‡•‘–Š‡‘†‡ŽǤ—””‡–‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•‹†‹…ƒ–‡–Šƒ–ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š‹•ƒŠ‹‰ŠŽ›…‹–‡†
‘†‡Žǡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”• •Šƒ”‡ ‹š‡† ‘’‹‹‘• ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ ‹–• –Š‡‘”‡–‹…ƒŽ ƒ••—’–‹‘•ǡ ƒ†
’”ƒ…–‹…ƒŽ ‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡‡••Ǥ – ‹• …‘…Ž—†‡† –Šƒ– ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ‹  Žƒ…• •—ˆˆ‹…‹‡– ”‹‰‘” ƒ†
”‡Ž‡˜ƒ…‡–Šƒ–™‘—Ž†ƒ‡‹–ƒ™‡ŽŽ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†–Š‡‘”›ˆ‘”–Š‡…‘—‹–›Ǥ

Introduction
‹–Š ‰”‘™‹‰ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰› ‡‡†• ‹ –Š‡ ͳͻ͹Ͳǯ•ǡ ƒ† ‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰ ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡• ‘ˆ •›•–‡
ƒ†‘’–‹‘ ‹ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ǡ ’”‡†‹…–‹‰ •›•–‡ —•‡ „‡…ƒ‡ ƒ ƒ”‡ƒ ‘ˆ ‹–‡”‡•– ˆ‘” ƒ›
”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‘•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–—†‹‡• …ƒ””‹‡† ‘—– ˆƒ‹Ž‡† –‘ ’”‘†—…‡ ”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡
‡ƒ•—”‡•–Šƒ–…‘—Ž†‡š’Žƒ‹•›•–‡ƒ……‡’–ƒ…‡‘””‡Œ‡…–‹‘ȋƒ˜‹•ǡͳͻͺͻȌǤͳͻͺͷǡ ”‡†
ƒ˜‹• ’”‘’‘•‡† –Š‡ ‡…Š‘Ž‘‰› ……‡’–ƒ…‡ ‘†‡Ž ȋȌ ‹ Š‹• †‘…–‘”ƒŽ –Š‡•‹• ƒ– –Š‡
 Ž‘ƒ …Š‘‘Ž ‘ˆ ƒƒ‰‡‡– ȋƒ˜‹•ǡ ͳͻͺͷȌǤ ‡ ’”‘’‘•‡† –Šƒ– •›•–‡ —•‡ ‹• ƒ
”‡•’‘•‡ –Šƒ– …ƒ „‡ ‡š’Žƒ‹‡† ‘” ’”‡†‹…–‡† „› —•‡” ‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ǡ ™Š‹…Šǡ ‹ –—”ǡ ‹•
†‹”‡…–Ž› ‹ˆŽ—‡…‡† „› ƒ ‡š–‡”ƒŽ •–‹—Ž—• …‘•‹•–‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ…–—ƒŽ •›•–‡ǯ• ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•
ƒ†…ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ȋ ‹‰—”‡ͳȌǤ


ActualSystem
 SystemFeatures User’sMotivationto
Use
 andCapabilities UseSystem


Stimulusorganismresponse


‹‰—”‡ͳǣ‘…‡’–—ƒŽ‘†‡Žˆ‘”–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ……‡’–ƒ…‡ȋƒ˜‹•ǡͳͻͺͷǡ’ǤͳͲȌǤ

›”‡Ž›‹‰‘’”‹‘”™‘”„› ‹•Š„‡‹ƒ†Œœ‡ȋͳͻ͹ͷȌǡ™Š‘ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‡†–Š‡Š‡‘”›‘ˆ
‡ƒ•‘‡† …–‹‘ǡ ƒ† ‘–Š‡” ”‡Žƒ–‡† ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š •–—†‹‡•ǡ ƒ˜‹• ˆ—”–Š‡” ”‡ˆ‹‡† Š‹•
…‘…‡’–—ƒŽ‘†‡Ž–‘’”‘’‘•‡–Š‡‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›……‡’–ƒ…‡‘†‡Žƒ••Š‘™‹ ‹‰—”‡ʹǤ








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˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›……‡’–ƒ…‡‘†‡Žǣ”‹‰‹•ǡ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ† —–—”‡‹”‡…–‹‘• Š—––—”




UserMotivation

Perceived 
X1 Usefulness
 

Attitude Actual
X2  Toward System
 Using Use

X3 
Perceived 
EaseofUse





‹‰—”‡ʹǣ”‹‰‹ƒŽ’”‘’‘•‡†„› ”‡†ƒ˜‹•ȋƒ˜‹•ǡͳͻͺ͸ǡ’ǤʹͶȌǤ

 –Š‹• ’”‘’‘•ƒŽǡ ƒ˜‹• ȋͳͻͺͷȌ •—‰‰‡•–‡† –Šƒ– —•‡”•ǯ ‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ …ƒ „‡ ‡š’Žƒ‹‡† „›
–Š”‡‡ˆƒ…–‘”•ǣPerceivedEaseofUseǡPerceivedUsefulness,ƒ†AttitudeTowardUsing–Š‡
•›•–‡Ǥ ‡ Š›’‘–Š‡•‹œ‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ ƒ––‹–—†‡ ‘ˆ ƒ —•‡” –‘™ƒ”† ƒ •›•–‡ ™ƒ• ƒ ƒŒ‘”
†‡–‡”‹ƒ–‘ˆ™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡—•‡”™‹ŽŽƒ…–—ƒŽŽ›—•‡‘””‡Œ‡…––Š‡•›•–‡ǤŠ‡ƒ––‹–—†‡‘ˆ
–Š‡ —•‡”ǡ ‹ –—”ǡ ™ƒ• …‘•‹†‡”‡† –‘ „‡ ‹ˆŽ—‡…‡† „› –™‘ ƒŒ‘” „‡Ž‹‡ˆ•ǣ ’‡”…‡‹˜‡†
—•‡ˆ—Ž‡•• ƒ† ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡ǡ ™‹–Š ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡ Šƒ˜‹‰ ƒ †‹”‡…–
‹ˆŽ—‡…‡ ‘ ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡••Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ „‘–Š –Š‡•‡ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ• ™‡”‡ Š›’‘–Š‡•‹œ‡† –‘ „‡
†‹”‡…–Ž›‹ˆŽ—‡…‡†„›–Š‡•›•–‡†‡•‹‰…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…•ǡ”‡’”‡•‡–‡†„›ͳǡʹƒ†ǡ͵‹
‹‰—”‡ʹǤ

—”‹‰ Žƒ–‡” ‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘ •–ƒ‰‡•ǡ ƒ˜‹• ȋͳͻͺͷȌ ™‘—Ž† ”‡ˆ‹‡ Š‹• ‘†‡Ž –‘ ‹…Ž—†‡
‘–Š‡”˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•ƒ†‘†‹ˆ›–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•–Šƒ–Š‡‹‹–‹ƒŽŽ›ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‡†Ǥ‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ǡ‘–Š‡”
”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•™‘—Ž†ƒ’’Ž›ǡƒ†’”‘’‘•‡•‡˜‡”ƒŽƒ††‹–‹‘•–‘–Š‡‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›……‡’–ƒ…‡
‘†‡ŽȋȌǡ•—…Š–Šƒ–‘˜‡”–‹‡ǡ‡˜‘Ž˜‡†‹–‘ƒŽ‡ƒ†‹‰‘†‡Ž‹‡š’Žƒ‹‹‰ƒ†
’”‡†‹…–‹‰•›•–‡—•‡Ǥˆƒ…–ǡŠƒ•„‡…‘‡•‘’‘’—Žƒ”–Šƒ–‹–Šƒ•„‡‡…‹–‡†‹‘•–
‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š –Šƒ– †‡ƒŽ• ™‹–Š —•‡” ƒ……‡’–ƒ…‡ ‘ˆ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰› ȋ‡‡ǡ ‘œƒ”ǡ Ƭ ƒ”•‡ǡ
ʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ•‘‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”• …Žƒ‹ –Šƒ–ƒ›Šƒ˜‡ƒ––”ƒ…–‡†‘”‡‡ƒ•›ƒ†
“—‹…”‡•‡ƒ”…Šǡ•—…Š–Šƒ–Ž‡••ƒ––‡–‹‘Šƒ•„‡‡‰‹˜‡–‘–Š‡”‡ƒŽ’”‘„Ž‡‘ˆ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›
ƒ……‡’–ƒ…‡ ȋ‡‡ǡ ‘œƒ”ǡ Ƭ ƒ”•‡ǡ ʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ ‘†ƒ›ǡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ‘ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰› ƒ……‡’–ƒ…‡ ‹•
•–‹ŽŽ‘‰‘‹‰ǡƒ†–Š—•ƒ—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ••—’–‹‘•ǡ•–”‡‰–Š•ǡƒ†Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•
‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡…Š‘Ž‘‰› ……‡’–ƒ…‡ ‘†‡Ž ‹• ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ ˆ‘” ƒ›‘‡ ™‹ŽŽ‹‰ –‘ •–—†› —•‡”
ƒ……‡’–ƒ…‡‘ˆ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ

Š‹•’ƒ’‡”–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ‡šƒ‹‡•–Š‡Š‹•–‘”‹…ƒŽ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ‹–Š‡Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ˆ”‘
ͳͻͺͷ –‘ ʹͲͲ͹ǡ ˆ‘…—•‹‰ ‘ ‹–• Š‹•–‘”‹…ƒŽ ‘”‹‰‹ǡ ƒ† •‘‡ ‘ˆ ‹–• ƒŒ‘” ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•ǡ
˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‹‘•ǡ‡š–‡•‹‘•ǡƒ†…”‹–‹…‹••Ǥ ‹†‹‰•ˆ”‘ƒ•‡Ž‡…–‹˜‡Ž‹•–‘ˆƒ”–‹…Ž‡•’—„Ž‹•Š‡†
‘  ƒ”‡ –Š—•ǡ •—ƒ”‹œ‡† ƒ† ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡† ƒ• ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ –Š‡ ‡š– •‡…–‹‘ „”‹‡ˆŽ›
†‡•…”‹„‡• –Š‡ Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ ‡ƒ•‘‡† …–‹‘ ’”‘’‘•‡† „› ‹•Š„‡‹ ƒ† Œœ‡ ȋͳͻ͹ͷȌǡ
ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡† „› ƒ †‡•…”‹’–‹‘ ‘ˆ Š‘™ –Š‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡• ‘ˆ ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡•• ƒ† ’‡”…‡‹˜‡†
‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡ˆ‘”™‡”‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ƒ†˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‡†ǤŠ‡ǡ–Š‡‡–Š‘†—•‡†–‘†‡–‡”‹‡
–Š‡ …ƒ—•ƒŽ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’• „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– …‘•–”—…–• ‘ˆ  ™‹ŽŽ „‡ †‡•…”‹„‡†Ǥ
—„•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ  ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ’”‡•‡–‡† ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡† „› †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–

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˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›……‡’–ƒ…‡‘†‡Žǣ”‹‰‹•ǡ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ† —–—”‡‹”‡…–‹‘• Š—––—”


‡š–‡•‹‘•’”‘’‘•‡†–‘–Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽǤ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡’ƒ’‡”™‹ŽŽ…‘…Ž—†‡™‹–Šƒ‘–‡‘
–Š‡ˆ‘”‡•‡‡ƒ„Ž‡ˆ—–—”‡ˆ‘”ƒˆ–‡”Šƒ˜‹‰‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‡†‘‹–•Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†…”‹–‹…‹••Ǥ

TheTheoryofReasonedAction
‹‰—”‡ ͵ •Š‘™• ƒ ‘†‡Ž ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ ‡ƒ•‘‡† …–‹‘ǡ ™Š‹…Š ™ƒ• ’”‘’‘•‡† „›
‹•Š„‡‹ƒ†Œœ‡ȋͳͻ͹ͷȌǤ



‹‰—”‡͵ǣŠ‡Š‡‘”›‘ˆ‡ƒ•‘‡†…–‹‘‘†‡Žȋƒ˜‹•ǡƒ‰‘œœ‹ƒ†ƒ”•Šƒ™ǡͳͻͺͻȌ

–Š‡‹”–Š‡‘”‡–‹…ƒŽ‘†‡Žǡ ‹•Š„‡‹ƒ†Œœ‡•—‰‰‡•–‡†–Šƒ–ƒ’‡”•‘ǯ•ƒ…–—ƒŽ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”
…‘—Ž†„‡†‡–‡”‹‡†„›…‘•‹†‡”‹‰Š‹•‘”Š‡”’”‹‘”‹–‡–‹‘ƒŽ‘‰™‹–Š–Š‡„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•–Šƒ–
–Š‡ ’‡”•‘ ™‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‰‹˜‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ȋƒ˜‹•ǡ ͳͻͺͷȌǤ Š‡› ”‡ˆ‡””‡† –‘ –Š‡
‹–‡–‹‘ –Šƒ– ƒ ’‡”•‘ Šƒ• ’”‹‘” –‘ ƒ ƒ…–—ƒŽ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ƒ• –Š‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ ‹–‡–‹‘ ‘ˆ
–Šƒ–’‡”•‘ǡƒ††‡ˆ‹‡†‹–ƒ•ƒ‡ƒ•—”‡‘ˆ‘‡ǯ•‹–‡–‹‘–‘’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ
‹•Š„‡‹ ƒ† Œœ‡ ƒŽ•‘ ’”‘’‘•‡† –Šƒ– „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ ‹–‡–‹‘ …‘—Ž† „‡ †‡–‡”‹‡† „›
…‘•‹†‡”‹‰ „‘–Š –Š‡ ƒ––‹–—†‡ –Šƒ– ƒ ’‡”•‘ Šƒ• –‘™ƒ”†• –Š‡ ƒ…–—ƒŽ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ǡ ƒ† –Š‡
•—„Œ‡…–‹˜‡ ‘” ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ‹ “—‡•–‹‘Ǥ Š‡› †‡ˆ‹‡† –Š‡ ƒ––‹–—†‡
–‘™ƒ”†•ƒ‰‹˜‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒ•ƒ’‡”•‘ǯ•’‘•‹–‹˜‡‘”‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰•ƒ„‘—–’‡”ˆ‘”‹‰
–Š‡ƒ…–—ƒŽ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ǡ•—‰‰‡•–‹‰–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ––‹–—†‡‘ˆƒ’‡”•‘–‘™ƒ”†•ƒ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ȋȌ…ƒ
„‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡† „› …‘•‹†‡”‹‰ –Š‡ •— ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‘†—…– ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ •ƒŽ‹‡– „‡Ž‹‡ˆ• ȋbiȌ ƒ„‘—–
…‘•‡“—‡…‡• ‘ˆ ’‡”ˆ‘”‹‰ –Šƒ– „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ǡ ƒ† ƒ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ ȋeiȌ ‘ˆ –Š‘•‡
…‘•‡“—‡…‡•ǡƒ••Š‘™„›–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ˆ‘”—Žƒǣ

Š‡› ƒŽ•‘ †‡ˆ‹‡† –Š‡ •—„Œ‡…–‹˜‡ ‘” ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š ƒ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ƒ• –Š‡ ’‡”•‘ǯ•
’‡”…‡’–‹‘–Šƒ–‘•–’‡‘’Ž‡™Š‘ƒ”‡‹’‘”–ƒ––‘Š‹‘”Š‡”–Š‹Š‡‘”•Š‡•Š‘—Ž†‘”
•Š‘—Ž† ‘– ’‡”ˆ‘” –Š‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ ‹•Š„‡‹ ƒ† Œœ‡ǡ –Š‡ •—‰‰‡•–‡† –Šƒ– •—„Œ‡…–‹˜‡
‘” ȋȌ …‘—Ž† „‡ †‡–‡”‹‡† „› …‘•‹†‡”‹‰ –Š‡ •— ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‘†—…– ‘ˆ ƒ ’‡”•‘ǯ•
‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ• ȋnbiȌǡ –Šƒ– ‹• ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† ‡š’‡…–ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ ‘–Š‡” ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• ‘” ‰”‘—’•ǡ
ƒ†Š‹•‘”Š‡”‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘–‘…‘’Ž›ȋmciȌǤŠ‡ˆ‘”—Žƒ–Š‡›’”‘’‘•‡†ˆ‘”‡ƒ•—”‹‰–Š‡
•—„Œ‡…–‹˜‡‘”ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Šƒƒ…–—ƒŽ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”‹•ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•Ǥ

Š—•ǡ –Š‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ ‹–‡–‹‘ ȋȌ ‘ˆ ƒ ’‡”•‘ –‘ ’‡”ˆ‘” ƒ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” …‘—Ž† „‡
…ƒŽ…—Žƒ–‡†—•‹‰–Š‡ˆ‘”—Žƒ•Š‘™„‡Ž‘™ǡ™‹–Šƒ•ƒ‡ƒ•—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ––‹–—†‡–‘™ƒ”†
–Š‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒ†ƒ•ƒ‡ƒ•—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡•—„Œ‡…–‹˜‡‘”ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š–Š‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”
…‘•‹†‡”‡†Ǥ
αΪ

Š‡ Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ ‡ƒ•‘‡† …–‹‘ –Š—•ǡ ’”‘˜‹†‡† ƒ —•‡ˆ—Ž ‘†‡Ž –Šƒ– …‘—Ž† ‡š’Žƒ‹ ƒ†
’”‡†‹…––Š‡ƒ…–—ƒŽ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”‘ˆƒ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽǤ‡›‡ƒ”•Žƒ–‡”ǡƒ˜‹•ȋͳͻͺͷȌ–‘‘–Š‡•ƒ‡
3


Sprouts - http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37
˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›……‡’–ƒ…‡‘†‡Žǣ”‹‰‹•ǡ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ† —–—”‡‹”‡…–‹‘• Š—––—”


‘†‡Ž ƒ† ƒ†ƒ’–‡† ‹– –‘ –Š‡ …‘–‡š– ‘ˆ —•‡” ƒ……‡’–ƒ…‡ ‘ˆ ƒ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ •›•–‡ǡ ‹
‘”†‡” –‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’ –Š‡ ‡…Š‘Ž‘‰› ……‡’–ƒ…‡ ‘†‡ŽǤ ƒ˜‹• …‘•‹†‡”‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ ƒ…–—ƒŽ
—•‡‘ˆƒ•›•–‡‹•ƒ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒ†–Š—•ǡ–Š‡Š‡‘”›‘ˆ‡ƒ•‘…–‹‘™‘—Ž†„‡ƒ•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡
‘†‡Ž–‘‡š’Žƒ‹ƒ†’”‡†‹…––Šƒ–„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥƒ˜‹•Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒ†‡–™‘ƒ‹…Šƒ‰‡•–‘
–Š‡ Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ ‡ƒ•‘‡† …–‹‘ ȋȌ ‘†‡ŽǤ ‹”•–Ž›ǡ Š‡ †‹† ‘– –ƒ‡ •—„Œ‡…–‹˜‡ ‘”
‹–‘ ƒ……‘—– ‹ ’”‡†‹…–‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ…–—ƒŽ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ‘ˆ ƒ ’‡”•‘Ǥ ‡ •—‰‰‡•–‡† –Šƒ– ‹•Š„‡‹
ƒ† Œœ‡ ȋͳͻ͹ͷȌ –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ƒ…‘™Ž‡†‰‡† –Šƒ– •—„Œ‡…–‹˜‡ ‘” ™ƒ• –Š‡ Ž‡ƒ•–
—†‡”•–‘‘† ƒ•’‡…– ‘ˆ ǡ ƒ† –Šƒ– ‹– Šƒ† —…‡”–ƒ‹ –Š‡‘”‡–‹…ƒŽ •–ƒ–—•Ǥ Š—•ǡ ƒ˜‹•
ȋͳͻͺͷȌ ‘Ž› …‘•‹†‡”‡† –Š‡ ƒ––‹–—†‡ ‘ˆ ƒ ’‡”•‘ –‘™ƒ”†• ƒ ‰‹˜‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ‹ Š‹• 
‘†‡ŽǤ ‡…‘†Ž›ǡ ‹•–‡ƒ† ‘ˆ …‘•‹†‡”‹‰ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ •ƒŽ‹‡– „‡Ž‹‡ˆ• –‘ †‡–‡”‹‡
–Š‡ ƒ––‹–—†‡ –‘™ƒ”†• ƒ ‰‹˜‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ǡ ƒ˜‹• ȋͳͻͺͷȌ ”‡Ž‹‡† ‘ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ‘–Š‡” ”‡Žƒ–‡†
•–—†‹‡•–‘‹†‡–‹ˆ›‘Ž›–™‘†‹•–‹…–„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•ǡ’‡”…‡‹˜‡†—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••ƒ†’‡”…‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ
—•‡ǡ –Šƒ– ™‡”‡ •—ˆˆ‹…‹‡– ‡‘—‰Š –‘ ’”‡†‹…– –Š‡ ƒ––‹–—†‡ ‘ˆ  ƒ —•‡” –‘™ƒ”† –Š‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ ƒ
•›•–‡Ǥ

Relatedstudiesonperceivedusefulnessandperceivedeaseofuse
”‹‘” –‘ –Š‡ ™‘” ‘ˆ ƒ˜‹• ȋͳͻͺͷȌǡ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ •–—†‹‡• Šƒ† Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡† –Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ…‡ ‘ˆ
’‡”…‡‹˜‡† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡ ƒ† ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡•• ‹ ’”‡†‹…–‹‰ ƒ ’‡”•‘ǯ• „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ 
‡š–‡•‹˜‡”‡˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡•‡•–—†‹‡•…ƒ„‡ˆ‘—†‹ƒ˜‹•ȋͳͻͺͷȌǤ ‘”‘™ǡ‘Ž›•‘‡‘ˆ
–Š‡ƒ”‡†‡•…”‹„‡†Ǥ

…Š—Ž–œƒ†Ž‡˜‹ȋͳͻ͹ͷȌǡˆ‘”‹•–ƒ…‡ǡ…ƒ””‹‡†‘—–ƒ‡š’Ž‘”ƒ–‘”›•–—†›ǡƒ†ˆ‘—†–Šƒ–
’‡”…‡‹˜‡†—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••’”‘˜‹†‡†ƒ”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡’”‡†‹…–‹‘ˆ‘”•‡ŽˆǦ’”‡†‹…–‡†—•‡‘ˆƒ†‡…‹•‹‘
‘†‡ŽǤ ‘„‡› ȋͳͻ͹ͻȌ Žƒ–‡” ”‡’Ž‹…ƒ–‡† –Š‡ ™‘” ‘ˆ …Š—Ž–œ ƒ† Ž‡˜‹ ȋͳͻ͹ͷȌǡ ƒ†
…‘ˆ‹”‡† –Š‡ Š‹‰Š …‘””‡Žƒ–‹‘ –Šƒ– ‡š‹•–‡† „‡–™‡‡ ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡•• ƒ† •›•–‡
—•ƒ‰‡Ǥ–Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡ•—’’‘”–ˆ‘”–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ…‡‘ˆ’‡”…‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡…‘—Ž†„‡ˆ‘—†
‹–Š‡‡–ƒǦƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ‘”ƒ–œ›ƒ†Ž‡‹ǯ•ȋͳͻͺʹȌ‘‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‘’–‹‘Ǥ‘”ƒ–œ›
ƒ†Ž‡‹•–—†‹‡†–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’„‡–™‡‡–Š‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…•‘ˆƒ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹–•
ƒ†‘’–‹‘ǡƒ†ˆ‘—†–Šƒ––Š‡…‘’Ž‡š‹–› ‘ˆƒ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘™ƒ• ‘‡‘ˆ –Š‡–Š”‡‡ˆƒ…–‘”•
–Šƒ–Šƒ†–Š‡‘•–…‘•‹•–‡–•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•ƒ‘‰ƒ™‹†‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘
–›’‡•Ǥ

ƒ†—”ƒȋͳͻͺʹȌˆ—”–Š‡”ǡ•Š‘™‡†–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ…‡‘ˆ…‘•‹†‡”‹‰„‘–Š’‡”…‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ
—•‡ ƒ† ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡•• ‹ ’”‡†‹…–‹‰ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ ‡ •—‰‰‡•–‡† –Šƒ– ‹ ƒ› ‰‹˜‡
‹•–ƒ…‡ǡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ™‘—Ž† „‡ „‡•– ’”‡†‹…–‡† „› „‘–Šǡ •‡ŽˆǦ‡ˆˆ‹…ƒ…› ƒ†ǡ ‘—–…‘‡
Œ—†‰‡–•Ǥ ‡ŽˆǦ‡ˆˆ‹…ƒ…›ǡ ™Š‹…Š ™ƒ• •‹‹Žƒ” –‘ ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡ǡ ™ƒ• †‡ˆ‹‡† ƒ•
Œ—†‰‡–• ‘ˆ Š‘™ ™‡ŽŽ ‘‡ …ƒ ‡š‡…—–‡ …‘—”•‡• ‘ˆ ƒ…–‹‘ ”‡“—‹”‡† –‘ †‡ƒŽ ™‹–Š
’”‘•’‡…–‹˜‡ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ™Š‡”‡ƒ• ‘—–…‘‡ Œ—†‰‡–ǡ ™Š‹…Š ™ƒ• •‹‹Žƒ” –‘ ’‡”…‡‹˜‡†
—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••ǡ™ƒ•†‡ˆ‹‡†ƒ•–Š‡‡š–‡––‘™Š‹…Šƒ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”‘…‡•—……‡••ˆ—ŽŽ›‡š‡…—–‡†‹•
„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–‘„‡Ž‹‡†–‘˜ƒŽ—‡†‘—–…‘‡•Ǥ

‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ǡ™ƒ•‘ǯ•”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠȋͳͻͺʹȌ’”‘˜‹†‡†‡˜‹†‡…‡–Šƒ–’‡”…‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡ƒ†
’‡”…‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡•• ™‡”‡ „‘–Š ‹’‘”–ƒ– „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ †‡–‡”‹ƒ–•Ǥ ™ƒ•‘
Š›’‘–Š‡•‹œ‡† –Šƒ– ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ —•‡”• ™‹ŽŽ •‡Ž‡…– ƒ† —•‡ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ”‡’‘”–• „ƒ•‡† ‘ ƒ
–”ƒ†‡‘ˆˆ „‡–™‡‡ ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ “—ƒŽ‹–› ƒ† ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡† …‘•– ‘ˆ ƒ……‡••Ǥ 
™ƒ•‘ǯ• ™‘”ǡ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ “—ƒŽ‹–› ™ƒ• •‹‹Žƒ” –‘ ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡••ǡ ™Š‡”‡ƒ•
ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡†…‘•–‘ˆƒ……‡••™ƒ•ˆ‘—†–‘„‡•‹‹Žƒ”–‘’‡”…‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡Ǥ
–Š‡‡†ǡƒ˜‹•ȋͳͻͺͷȌ…‘…Ž—†‡†–Šƒ–’‡‘’Ž‡–‡†–‘—•‡‘”‘––‘—•‡ƒ•›•–‡–‘–Š‡
‡š–‡– –Šƒ– –Š‡› „‡Ž‹‡˜‡ ‹– ™‹ŽŽ Š‡Ž’ –Š‡ ’‡”ˆ‘” –Š‡‹” Œ‘„ „‡––‡” ȋ’‡”…‡‹˜‡†
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Sprouts - http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37
˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›……‡’–ƒ…‡‘†‡Žǣ”‹‰‹•ǡ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ† —–—”‡‹”‡…–‹‘• Š—––—”


—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••Ȍǡƒ†ƒŽ•‘–Šƒ––Š‡„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•‘ˆ–Š‡‡ˆˆ‘”–•”‡“—‹”‡†–‘—•‡ƒ•›•–‡…ƒ†‹”‡…–Ž›
ƒˆˆ‡…– •›•–‡ —•ƒ‰‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ȋ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡ȌǤ ‘”‡ ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ›ǡ ƒ˜‹• ȋͳͻͺͷȌ
†‡ˆ‹‡†’‡”…‡‹˜‡†—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••ƒ†’‡”…‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ

‡”…‡‹˜‡†—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••ǣThedegreetowhichanindividualbelievesthat
usingaparticularsystemwouldenhancehisorherjobperformanceǤ

‡”…‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡ǣThedegreetowhichanindividualbelievesthat
usingaparticularsystemwouldbefreeofphysicalandmentaleffort.

ƒ˜‹•–Š‡ǡ’”‘…‡‡†‡†–‘–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡‘ˆ‡ƒ•—”‹‰„‘–Š–Š‡’‡”…‡‹˜‡†—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••ƒ†
’‡”…‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡‘ˆƒ•›•–‡

Developing measurement scales for perceived usefulness and perceived ease of
use
‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’ ‡ƒ•—”‡‡– •…ƒŽ‡• ˆ‘” ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡ ƒ† ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡••ǡ
ƒ˜‹• ”‡ˆ‡””‡† –‘ ’•›…Š‘‡–”‹… •…ƒŽ‡• —•‡† ‹ ’•›…Š‘Ž‘‰› ȋƒ˜‹•ǡ ͳͻͺͻȌǤ Š‡•‡ •…ƒŽ‡•
–›’‹…ƒŽŽ› ’”‘’– ƒ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ –‘ ”‡•’‘† –‘˜ƒ”‹‘—• “—‡•–‹‘• –Šƒ– ’‡”–ƒ‹ –‘ƒ ‰‹˜‡
…‘–‡š–Ǥ‡•’‘•‡•‘„–ƒ‹‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡•‡’”‘’–•…ƒ–Š‡„‡ƒƒŽ›œ‡†ǡƒ†—•‡†ƒ•ƒ
‹†‹…ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ ’‡”•‘ǯ• ‹–‡”ƒŽ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ ˆ‘” –Š‡ …‘–‡š– …‘•‹†‡”‡†Ǥ  –Š‡ …ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ ǡ
ƒ˜‹•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†Š‹•’•›…Š‘‡–”‹…•…ƒŽ‡•ˆ‘”„‘–Š’‡”…‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡ƒ†’‡”…‡‹˜‡†
—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••‹–Š”‡‡•–ƒ‰‡•ǣƒ’”‡–‡•–‹‰’Šƒ•‡ǡƒ‡’‹”‹…ƒŽˆ‹‡Ž†•–—†›ǡƒ†ƒŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”›
‡š’‡”‹‡–ǡƒ†‡ƒ…Š–‹‡Š‡‘†‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ†”‡ˆ‹‡†–Š‡•…ƒŽ‡•Ǥ

 –Š‡ ’”‡–‡•–‹‰ ’Šƒ•‡ǡ ƒ˜‹• ȋͳͻͺͻȌ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡† ͳͷ ‡š’‡”‹‡…‡† …‘’—–‡” —•‡”• –‘
‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡ ͳͶ ‹–‡• –Šƒ– Š‡ –Š‘—‰Š– ™‘—Ž† „‡ •—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ ˆ‘” ‡ƒ•—”‹‰ ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ
—•‡ǡ ƒ† ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡•• ‘ˆ ƒ •›•–‡Ǥ • •Š‘™ ‹ ƒ„Ž‡• ͳ ƒ† ʹǡ ‡ƒ…Š „‡Ž‹‡ˆǡ
’‡”…‡‹˜‡† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡ ƒ† ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡••ǡ Šƒ† ͳͶ •–ƒ–‡‡–• –Šƒ– ™‡”‡ –ƒ‹Ž‘”‡†
–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡—•‡‘ˆƒ‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡Ǥ

ƒ„Ž‡ͳ
Initialscaleitemsforperceivedusefulness(Davis,1989,p.324)
–‡‘Ǥ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡‹–‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ•—”‹‰ ˆ‘”’‡”…‡‹˜‡†—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••
ͳ ›Œ‘„™‘—Ž†„‡†‹ˆˆ‹…—Ž––‘’‡”ˆ‘”™‹–Š‘—–‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹ŽǤ
ʹ •‹‰‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž‰‹˜‡•‡‰”‡ƒ–‡”…‘–”‘Ž‘˜‡”›™‘”Ǥ
͵ •‹‰‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž‹’”‘˜‡•›Œ‘„’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡Ǥ
Ͷ Š‡‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡ ƒ††”‡••‡•›Œ‘„Ǧ”‡Žƒ–‡†‡‡†•Ǥ
ͷ •‹‰‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž•ƒ˜‡•‡–‹‡Ǥ
͸ Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž‡ƒ„Ž‡•‡–‘ƒ……‘’Ž‹•Š–ƒ••‘”‡“—‹…Ž›Ǥ
͹ Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž•—’’‘”–•…”‹–‹…ƒŽƒ•’‡…–•‘ˆ›Œ‘„Ǥ
ͺ •‹‰‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹ŽƒŽŽ‘™•‡–‘ƒ……‘’Ž‹•Š‘”‡™‘”–Šƒ™‘—Ž†
‘–Š‡”™‹•‡„‡’‘••‹„Ž‡Ǥ
ͻ •‹‰‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž”‡†—…‡•–Š‡–‹‡•’‡†‘—’”‘†—…–‹˜‡ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ
ͳͲ •‹‰‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž‡Šƒ…‡•›‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡‡••‘–Š‡Œ‘„Ǥ
ͳͳ •‹‰‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž‹’”‘˜‡•–Š‡“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”†‘Ǥ
ͳʹ •‹‰‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž‹…”‡ƒ•‡•›’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›Ǥ
ͳ͵ •‹‰‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Žƒ‡•‹–‡ƒ•‹‡”–‘†‘›Œ‘„Ǥ
ͳͶ ˜‡”ƒŽŽǡˆ‹†–Š‡‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡—•‡ˆ—Ž‹›Œ‘„Ǥ

5


Sprouts - http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37
˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›……‡’–ƒ…‡‘†‡Žǣ”‹‰‹•ǡ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ† —–—”‡‹”‡…–‹‘• Š—––—”



ƒ„Ž‡ʹ
Initialscaleitemsforperceivedeaseofuse(Davis,1989,p.324)
–‡‘Ǥ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡‹–‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ•—”‹‰ ’‡”…‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡
ͳ ‘ˆ–‡„‡…‘‡…‘ˆ—•‡†™Š‡—•‡–Š‡‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡Ǥ
ʹ ƒ‡‡””‘”•ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›™Š‡—•‹‰‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹ŽǤ
͵ –‡”ƒ…–‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡‹•‘ˆ–‡ˆ”—•–”ƒ–‹‰Ǥ
Ͷ ‡‡†–‘…‘•—Ž––Š‡—•‡”ƒ—ƒŽ‘ˆ–‡™Š‡—•‹‰‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹ŽǤ
ͷ –‡”ƒ…–‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡”‡“—‹”‡•ƒŽ‘–‘ˆ›‡–ƒŽ‡ˆˆ‘”–Ǥ
͸ ˆ‹†‹–‡ƒ•›–‘”‡…‘˜‡”ˆ”‘‡””‘”•‡…‘—–‡”‡†™Š‹Ž‡—•‹‰‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹ŽǤ
͹ Š‡‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡‹•”‹‰‹†ƒ†‹ˆŽ‡š‹„Ž‡–‘‹–‡”ƒ…–™‹–ŠǤ
ͺ ˆ‹†‹–‡ƒ•›–‘‰‡––Š‡‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡–‘†‘™Šƒ–™ƒ–‹––‘†‘Ǥ
ͻ Š‡‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡‘ˆ–‡„‡Šƒ˜‡•‹—‡š’‡…–‡†™ƒ›•Ǥ
ͳͲ ˆ‹†‹–…—„‡”•‘‡–‘—•‡–Š‡‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡Ǥ
ͳͳ ›‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡‹•‡ƒ•›ˆ‘”‡–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†Ǥ
ͳʹ –‹•‡ƒ•›ˆ‘”‡–‘”‡‡„‡”Š‘™–‘’‡”ˆ‘”–ƒ••—•‹‰–Š‡‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž
•›•–‡Ǥ
ͳ͵ Š‡‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡’”‘˜‹†‡•Š‡Ž’ˆ—Ž‰—‹†ƒ…‡‹’‡”ˆ‘”‹‰–ƒ••Ǥ
ͳͶ ˜‡”ƒŽŽǡˆ‹†–Š‡‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡‡ƒ•›–‘—•‡Ǥ



Š‡’”‡–‡•–’Šƒ•‡ƒ••‡••‡†–Š‡•‡ƒ–‹……‘–‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡•ǡƒ†…ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œ‡†–Š‡‹
…Ž—•–‡”• ‘ˆ •‹‹Žƒ”‹–‹‡• •—…Š –Šƒ–ǡ ‹–‡• –Šƒ– ™‡”‡ ˆ”‡‡ ˆ”‘ ƒ„‹‰—‹–›ǡ ƒ† ƒ……—”ƒ–‡
‡‘—‰Š –‘ ‡ƒ•—”‡ ‡‹–Š‡” ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡ ‘” ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡•• ™‡”‡ ‡ƒ•‹Ž›
‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†Ǥ  ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ •‘‡ ‹–‡• –Šƒ– †‹† ‘– …Ž—•–‡” ™‹–Š ‘–Š‡” ‹–‡• ™‡”‡
‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‡†ǡ ƒ†•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡š‹•–‹‰”‡ƒ‹‹‰‘‡• ™‡”‡”‡’Š”ƒ•‡† –‘’”‘†—…‡ƒ–‡
‹–‡•…ƒŽ‡ƒ••Š‘™‹ƒ„Ž‡•͵ƒ†ͶǤ



ƒ„Ž‡͵
Revised10itemscaleforperceivedusefulness(Davis,1989,Table3,p.326)
–‡‘Ǥ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡‹–‡ˆ‘”’•›…Š‘‡–”‹…‡ƒ•—”‡•ˆ‘”’‡”…‡‹˜‡†—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••
ͳ •‹‰‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž‹’”‘˜‡•–Š‡“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”†‘Ǥ
ʹ •‹‰‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž‰‹˜‡•‡‰”‡ƒ–‡”…‘–”‘Ž‘˜‡”›™‘”Ǥ
͵ Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž‡ƒ„Ž‡•‡–‘ƒ……‘’Ž‹•Š–ƒ••‘”‡“—‹…Ž›Ǥ
Ͷ Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž•—’’‘”–•…”‹–‹…ƒŽƒ•’‡…–•‘ˆ›Œ‘„Ǥ
ͷ •‹‰‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž‹…”‡ƒ•‡•›’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›Ǥ
͸ •‹‰‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž‹’”‘˜‡•›Œ‘„’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡Ǥ
͹ •‹‰‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹ŽƒŽŽ‘™•‡–‘ƒ……‘’Ž‹•Š‘”‡™‘”–Šƒ™‘—Ž†
‘–Š‡”™‹•‡„‡’‘••‹„Ž‡Ǥ
ͺ •‹‰‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž‡Šƒ…‡•›‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡‡••‘–Š‡Œ‘„Ǥ
ͻ •‹‰‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Žƒ‡•‹–‡ƒ•‹‡”–‘†‘›Œ‘„Ǥ
ͳͲ ˜‡”ƒŽŽǡˆ‹†–Š‡‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡—•‡ˆ—Ž‹›Œ‘„Ǥ




6


Sprouts - http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37
˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›……‡’–ƒ…‡‘†‡Žǣ”‹‰‹•ǡ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ† —–—”‡‹”‡…–‹‘• Š—––—”


ƒ„Ž‡Ͷ
Revised10itemscaleforperceivedeaseofuse(Davis,1989,Table4,p.326)
–‡‘Ǥ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡‹–‡ˆ‘”’•›…Š‘‡–”‹…‡ƒ•—”‡•ˆ‘”’‡”…‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡
ͳ ˆ‹†‹–…—„‡”•‘‡–‘—•‡–Š‡‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡Ǥ
ʹ ‡ƒ”‹‰–‘‘’‡”ƒ–‡–Š‡‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡‹•‡ƒ•›ˆ‘”‡Ǥ
͵ –‡”ƒ…–‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡‹•‘ˆ–‡ˆ”—•–”ƒ–‹‰Ǥ
Ͷ ˆ‹†‹–‡ƒ•›–‘‰‡––Š‡‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡–‘†‘™Šƒ–™ƒ–‹––‘†‘Ǥ
ͷ Š‡‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡‹•”‹‰‹†ƒ†‹ˆŽ‡š‹„Ž‡–‘‹–‡”ƒ…–™‹–ŠǤ
͸ –‹•‡ƒ•›ˆ‘”‡–‘”‡‡„‡”Š‘™–‘’‡”ˆ‘”–ƒ••—•‹‰–Š‡‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž
•›•–‡Ǥ
͹ –‡”ƒ…–‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡”‡“—‹”‡•ƒŽ‘–‘ˆ›‡–ƒŽ‡ˆˆ‘”–Ǥ
ͺ ›‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡‹•…Ž‡ƒ”ƒ†—†‡”•–ƒ†ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ
ͻ ˆ‹†‹––ƒ‡•ƒŽ‘–‘ˆ‡ˆˆ‘”––‘„‡…‘‡•‹ŽŽˆ—Žƒ–—•‹‰‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹ŽǤ
ͳͲ ˜‡”ƒŽŽǡˆ‹†–Š‡‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž•›•–‡‡ƒ•›–‘—•‡Ǥ


‘–‡•––Š‡”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†˜ƒŽ‹†‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡‡™ͳͲ‹–‡•…ƒŽ‡•ǡƒ˜‹•ȋͳͻͺͻȌ…‘†—…–‡†ƒ
ˆ‹‡Ž† •–—†› ™‹–Š ͳͳʹ ‡’Ž‘›‡‡• ™‘”‹‰ ˆ‘”  ‹ ‘”‘–‘ǡ ƒƒ†ƒǤ ƒ˜‹• ”‡“—‡•–‡†
–Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• –‘ —•‡ –Š‡ •…ƒŽ‡• •Š‘™ ‹ ƒ„Ž‡• ͵ ƒ† Ͷ –‘ ”ƒ–‡ –Š‡ —•‡ˆ—Ž‡•• ƒ†
‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡ ‘ˆ –™‘ •›•–‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‡’Ž‘›‡‡• ™‡”‡ ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› —•‹‰ ‹•‹†‡ –Š‡
‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•…‘—Ž†ƒ••‹‰ƒ”ƒ–‹‰‘ˆͳ–‘͹‘ƒŽ‹‡”–•…ƒŽ‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ…Š‘ˆ–Š‡
’•›…Š‘‡–”‹… ‡ƒ•—”‡• •Š‘™ ‹ ƒ„Ž‡• ͵ ƒ† Ͷǡ ™‹–Š ƒ ”ƒ–‹‰ ‘ˆ ͳ ‡ƒ‹‰ –Šƒ– –Š‡
’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•–”‘‰Ž›ƒ‰”‡‡†™‹–Š–Š‡’•›…Š‘‡–”‹…‡ƒ•—”‡•–ƒ–‡‡–ǡƒ†ƒ”ƒ–‹‰‘ˆ͹
‡ƒ‹‰ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ– •–”‘‰ †‹•ƒ‰”‡‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡‡–Ǥ ƒ–‹‰ •…ƒŽ‡• ‹
„‡–™‡‡ –Š‡•‡ –™‘ ‡š–”‡‡•ǡ ͳ ƒ† ͹ǡ ”‡’”‡•‡–‡† ˜ƒ”›‹‰ †‡‰”‡‡• ‘ˆ ƒ‰”‡‡‡–Ǥ
‡•’‘•‡•™‡”‡–Š‡•—„Œ‡…–‡†–‘ˆ—”–Š‡”ƒƒŽ›•‹•ǡ—•‹‰’”‹…‹’ƒŽ…‘’‘‡–ƒƒŽ›•‹•ǡ
—Ž–‹–”ƒ‹–Ǧ‡–Š‘†ƒƒŽ›•‹•ǡƒ†ˆƒ…–‘”ƒƒŽ›•‹•–‘†‡–‡”‹‡–Š‡”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†˜ƒŽ‹†‹–›
‘ˆ–Š‡ͳͲ•…ƒŽ‡‹–‡•–‡•–‡†ǤŽŽ–Š‡–‡•–••Š‘™‡†ƒŠ‹‰Š”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†˜ƒŽ‹†‹–›ˆ‘”–Š‡ͳͲ
‹–‡•…ƒŽ‡•Ǥ

ƒ˜‹•ȋͳͻͺͻȌƒŽ•‘ƒ•‡†–Š‡’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•ˆ”‘–‘”‡’‘”––Š‡‹”ƒ––‹–—†‡–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡
–™‘•›•–‡•–Š‡›™‡”‡”ƒ–‹‰ǡ—•‹‰ƒ•…ƒŽ‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†„›Œœ‡ƒ† ‹•Š„‡‹ȋͳͻͺͲȌˆ‘”
‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹œ‹‰ ƒ––‹–—†‡ –‘™ƒ”† „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ Š‡ •…ƒŽ‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡† ˆ‹˜‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– –›’‡• ‘ˆ
ƒ––‹–—†‡–Šƒ–ƒ’‡”•‘ƒ›Šƒ˜‡–‘™ƒ”†ƒ•›•–‡‘ƒ•‡˜‡’‘‹–•…ƒŽ‡™‹–Š‹†Ǧ’‘‹–
Žƒ„‡Ž‡†Dz‡—–”ƒŽdzƒ••Š‘™„‡Ž‘™Ǥ


ŽŽ–Š‹‰•…‘•‹†‡”‡†ǡ›—•‹‰‡Ž‡…–”‘‹…ƒ‹Ž‹›Œ‘„‹•ǣ
      ‡—–”ƒŽ

‘‘†  ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ ƒ†
‹•‡  ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ ‘‘Ž‹•Š
ƒ˜‘”ƒ„Ž‡ ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ ˆƒ˜‘”ƒ„Ž‡
‡‡ˆ‹…‹ƒŽ ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ ƒ”ˆ—ŽǢƒ†
‘•‹–‹˜‡ ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ̴̴̴ǣ ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡Ǥ

‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•Šƒ†–‘”‡’‘”––Š‡‹”ƒ…–—ƒŽ—•ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡–™‘•›•–‡•‘ƒ•‹š
’‘•‹–‹‘…ƒ–‡‰‘”‹…ƒŽ•…ƒŽ‡™‹–Š–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰Žƒ„‡Ž•ǣ


7


Sprouts - http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37
˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›……‡’–ƒ…‡‘†‡Žǣ”‹‰‹•ǡ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ† —–—”‡‹”‡…–‹‘• Š—––—”


Don’tuseatall,Uselessthanonceeachweek,Useaboutonceeachweek,Useseveraltimes
aweek,UseaboutonceeachdayandUseseveraltimeseachday.

‡•—Ž–• ‘„–ƒ‹‡† •Š‘™‡† –Šƒ–ǡ •‡ŽˆǦ”‡’‘”–‡† —•ƒ‰‡ ™ƒ• •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–Ž› …‘””‡Žƒ–‡† ™‹–Š
„‘–Š’‡”…‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡ƒ†’‡”…‡‹˜‡†—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••ˆ‘”–Š‡–™‘•›•–‡•‹—•‡ƒ–ǡ
–Š—•…‘ˆ‹”‹‰ƒ˜‹•ȋͳͻͺͷȌ‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ‘†‡Žȋ ‹‰—”‡ʹȌǤ

‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ƒ˜‹• ȋͳͻͺͻȌ ™‡– ˆ—”–Š‡” ƒ† ”‡ˆ‹‡† „‘–Š ͳͲ ‹–‡ •…ƒŽ‡• –‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’ –™‘
•Š‘”–‡”•‹š‹–‡•…ƒŽ‡•ǡ„‡…ƒ—•‡Š‡–Š‘—‰Š––Šƒ–‡‡’‹‰–Š‡•…ƒŽ‡••Š‘”–™‘—Ž†„‡‘”‡
’”ƒ…–‹…ƒŽ ‹ ”‡ƒŽ ™‘”Ž† •‹–—ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ‡ —•‡† –Š‡ ’‡ƒ”ƒǦ”‘™ ’”‘’Š‡…› ˆ‘”—Žƒ –‘
”‡†—…‡ –Š‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ ‹–‡• –‘ •‹š •‘ ƒ• –‘ ‘„–ƒ‹ ƒ Ǥͻ͹ ”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‡ƒ•—”‡ǡ ƒ† –Š—•
†‡˜‡Ž‘’–Š‡•‹š‹–‡•…ƒŽ‡••Š‘™‹ƒ„Ž‡•ͷƒ†͸Ǥ
ƒ„Ž‡ͷ

Revised6itemsscaleforperceivedusefulnesswordedtowardsCHARTMASTER
–‡‘Ǥ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡‹–‡ˆ‘”’•›…Š‘‡–”‹…‡ƒ•—”‡•ˆ‘”’‡”…‡‹˜‡†—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••
ͳ •‹‰Ǧ‹›Œ‘„™‘—Ž†‡ƒ„Ž‡‡–‘ƒ……‘’Ž‹•Š–ƒ••‘”‡
“—‹…Ž›Ǥ
ʹ •‹‰Ǧ™‘—Ž†‹’”‘˜‡›Œ‘„’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡Ǥ
͵ •‹‰Ǧ‹›Œ‘„™‘—Ž†‹…”‡ƒ•‡›’”‘†—…–‹˜‹–›Ǥ
Ͷ •‹‰Ǧ™‘—Ž†‡Šƒ…‡›‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡‡••‘–Š‡Œ‘„Ǥ
ͷ •‹‰Ǧ™‘—Ž†ƒ‡‹–‡ƒ•‹‡”–‘†‘›Œ‘„Ǥ
͸ ™‘—Ž†ˆ‹†̴—•‡ˆ—Ž‹›Œ‘„Ǥ


ƒ„Ž‡͸
Revised6itemsscaleforperceivedeaseofusewordedtowardsCHARTMASTER
–‡‘Ǥ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡‹–‡ˆ‘”’•›…Š‘‡–”‹…‡ƒ•—”‡•ˆ‘”’‡”…‡‹˜‡†—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••
ͳ ‡ƒ”‹‰–‘‘’‡”ƒ–‡Ǧ™‘—Ž†„‡‡ƒ•›ˆ‘”‡Ǥ
ʹ ™‘—Ž†ˆ‹†‹–‡ƒ•›–‘‰‡–Ǧ–‘†‘™Šƒ–™ƒ––‘†‘Ǥ
͵ ›‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘™‹–ŠǦ™‘—Ž†„‡…Ž‡ƒ”ƒ†—†‡”•–ƒ†ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ
Ͷ ™‘—Ž†ˆ‹†ǦˆŽ‡š‹„Ž‡–‘‹–‡”ƒ…–™‹–ŠǤ
ͷ –™‘—Ž†„‡‡ƒ•›ˆ‘”‡–‘„‡…‘‡•‹ŽŽˆ—Žƒ–—•‹‰ǦǤ
͸ ™‘—Ž†ˆ‹†Ǧ‡ƒ•›–‘—•‡Ǥ

ƒ˜‹• ȋͳͻͺͻȌ —•‡† –Š‡•‡ •‹š ‹–‡ •…ƒŽ‡• –‘ …‘†—…– ƒ Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”› •–—†› ™‹–Š ͶͲ
’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• –‘ ˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‡ –Š‡  ‘†‡Ž •Š‘™ ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡” ‹ ‹‰—”‡ ʹǤ Š‡ •›•–‡•
‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡†™‡”‡–™‘Ǧ„ƒ•‡†‰”ƒ’Š‹…••›•–‡•ǡŠƒ”–Ǧƒ•–‡”ƒ†‡Ǧ†”ƒ™ǡ™Š‹…Š
–Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• Šƒ† ‡˜‡” —•‡†Ǥ  –Š‹• …ƒ•‡ǡ ƒ˜‹• ™ƒ• ‹–‡”‡•–‡† ‹ ˆ‹†‹‰ ™Š‡–Š‡”
–Š‡”‡ ™ƒ• ƒ› …‘””‡Žƒ–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ •‹š ‹–‡ •…ƒŽ‡ ‹–‡• Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ǡ ƒ† –Š‡
’”‡†‹…–‡† —•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –™‘ •›•–‡•Ǥ ‘ǡ Š‡ ‰ƒ˜‡ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• ƒ ‘‡ Š‘—” Šƒ†•Ǧ‘
‡š’‡”‹‡…‡ ™‹–Š ‡ƒ…Š •›•–‡ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ•‡† –Š‡ –‘ ”ƒ–‡ –Š‡‹” ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡••
ƒ†’‡”…‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡ˆ‘”„‘–Š•›•–‡•Ǥ

‡”‡–‘‘ǡŠ‡—•‡†–Š‡‡ƒ•—”‡‡–•…ƒŽ‡•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†„› ‹•Š„‡‹ƒ†Œœ‡ȋͳͻ͹ͷȌ–‘
‡ƒ•—”‡ –Š‡ ƒ––‹–—†‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• –‘™ƒ”†• –Š‡ –™‘ •›•–‡•Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ –Š‡
’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•”‡’‘”–‡†–Š‡‹”•‡ŽˆǦ’”‡†‹…–‡†ˆ—–—”‡—•‡‘ˆ„‘–Š•›•–‡•„›ƒ•™‡”‹‰–Š‡
ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰“—‡•–‹‘ƒ––Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡‡š’‡”‹‡–Ǥ

8


Sprouts - http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37
˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›……‡’–ƒ…‡‘†‡Žǣ”‹‰‹•ǡ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ† —–—”‡‹”‡…–‹‘• Š—––—”


••—‹‰Ǧ™‘—Ž†„‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡‘›Œ‘„ǡ’”‡†‹…––Šƒ–

™‹ŽŽ—•‡‹–‘ƒ”‡‰—Žƒ”„ƒ•‹•‹–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡Ǥ

ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•Šƒ†–‘”‡•’‘†–‘–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡“—‡•–‹‘„›”ƒ–‹‰–Š‡‹”’”‡†‹…–‡†—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡
•›•–‡ ‘ –™‘ •‡˜‡Ǧ’‘‹– •…ƒŽ‡•ǡ ‘‡ ™‹–Š Ž‹‡Ž›Ǧ—Ž‹‡Ž› ‡†Ǧ’‘‹– ƒ†Œ‡…–‹˜‡•ǡ –Š‡
‘–Š‡”ǡ™‹–Š‹’”‘„ƒ„Ž‡Ǧ’”‘„ƒ„Ž‡‡†’‘‹–ƒ†Œ‡…–‹˜‡•Ǥ

› ƒƒŽ›œ‹‰ –Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–• ‘„–ƒ‹‡† ‹ Š‹• ‡š’‡”‹‡–ǡ ƒ˜‹• ȋͳͻͺͷȌ ˆ‘—† ƒ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡
…‘””‡Žƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡–Š‡•…ƒŽ‡•ƒ†•‡ŽˆǦ’”‡†‹…–‡†ˆ—–—”‡—•ƒ‰‡Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡƒ˜‹•—•‡†
”‡‰”‡••‹‘ƒƒŽ›•‹•–‘†‡–‡”‹‡–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•–Šƒ–‡š‹•–‡†‹Š‹•‘†‡ŽǤŽ‘‰
™‹–Š –Š‡ …‘ˆ‹”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ Š‹• ‹‹–‹ƒŽ Š›’‘–Š‡•‹•ǡ ƒ˜‹• ™‘—Ž† ƒŽ•‘ †‹•…‘˜‡” ‘–Š‡”
”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•–Šƒ–Š‡Šƒ†‡š’‡…–‡†–‘„‡‹•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–ƒ••Š‘™‹ ‹‰—”‡ͶǤ

ƒ˜‹• ȋͳͻͻ͵Ȍ –Š—•ǡ •—‰‰‡•–‡† –Šƒ– ‹ …‘–”ƒ•– –‘ ™Šƒ– Š‡ ‹‹–‹ƒŽŽ› ’”‡†‹…–‡†ǡ ’‡”…‡‹˜‡†
—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••…‘—Ž†ƒŽ•‘Šƒ˜‡ƒ†‹”‡…–‹ˆŽ—‡…‡‘ƒ…–—ƒŽ•›•–‡—•‡Ǥ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡ǡŠ‡
ˆ‘—† –Šƒ– •›•–‡ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…• …‘—Ž† †‹”‡…–Ž› ‹ˆŽ—‡…‡ –Š‡ ƒ––‹–—†‡ ‘ˆ ƒ ’‡”•‘
–‘™ƒ”†—•‹‰–Š‡•›•–‡ǡ™‹–Š‘—––Š‡‡‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡’‡”•‘–‘ˆ‘”ƒƒ…–—ƒŽ„‡Ž‹‡ˆƒ„‘—–
–Š‡•›•–‡ƒ••Š‘™‹ ‹‰—”‡ͶǤ

Perceived
Usefulness 
 

Attitude Actual
System

Toward System

Using Use


Perceived 
EaseofUse
 

 Linkhypothesizedinsignificantbutfound
 significant

‹‰—”‡Ͷǣ‡™”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘‹ȋƒ˜‹•ǡͳͻͻ͵ǡ’ǤͶͺͳȌǤ

‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ‘–Š‡” •–—†‹‡• ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡† ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡ ‹ †‡’–Š –Š‡
”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•„‡–™‡‡–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•‹–Š‡‘†‡ŽǤ

TAMevolving
ƒ–‡” †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ  ™‘—Ž† ‹…Ž—†‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ ‹–‡–‹‘ ƒ• ƒ ‡™ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡ –Šƒ–
™‘—Ž† „‡ †‹”‡…–Ž› ‹ˆŽ—‡…‡† „› –Š‡ ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡•• ‘ˆ ƒ •›•–‡ ȋƒ˜‹•ǡ ƒ‰‘œœ‹
ƒ† ƒ”•Šƒ™ǡ ͳͻͺͻȌǤ ƒ˜‹• ‡– ƒŽǤ ȋͳͻͺͻȌ •—‰‰‡•–‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡”‡ ™‘—Ž† „‡ …ƒ•‡• ™Š‡ǡ
‰‹˜‡ ƒ •›•–‡ ™Š‹…Š ™ƒ• ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Žǡ ƒ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ‹‰Š– ˆ‘” ƒ •–”‘‰
„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ‹–‡–‹‘–‘—•‡–Š‡•›•–‡™‹–Š‘—–ˆ‘”‹‰ƒ›ƒ––‹–—†‡ǡ–Š—•‰‹˜‹‰”‹•‡–‘
ƒ‘†‹ˆ‹‡†˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‘†‡Žƒ•‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡†‹ ‹‰—”‡ͷǤ






9


Sprouts - http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37
˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›……‡’–ƒ…‡‘†‡Žǣ”‹‰‹•ǡ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ† —–—”‡‹”‡…–‹‘• Š—––—”



 Perceived
Usefulness
 (U)
 Attitude Behavioral Actual
 External
Variables
Toward Intentionto System
 Using(A) Use(BI) Use


 Perceived
 EaseofUse
(E)


‹‰—”‡ͷǣ ‹”•–‘†‹ˆ‹‡†˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆȋƒ˜‹•ǡƒ‰‘œœ‹ƒ†ƒ”•Šƒ™ǡͳͻͺͻǡ’ǤͻͺͷȌ

ƒ˜‹•ǡ ƒ‰‘œœ‹ ƒ† ƒ”•Šƒ™ ȋͳͻͺͻȌ —•‡† –Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ ‘†‡Ž –‘ …‘†—…– ƒ Ž‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ
•–—†› ™‹–Š ͳͲ͹ —•‡”• –‘ ‡ƒ•—”‡ –Š‡‹” ‹–‡–‹‘ –‘ —•‡ ƒ •›•–‡ ƒˆ–‡” ƒ ‘‡ Š‘—”
‹–”‘†—…–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ •›•–‡ǡ ƒ† ƒ‰ƒ‹ ͳͶ ™‡‡• Žƒ–‡”Ǥ  „‘–Š …ƒ•‡•ǡ –Š‡‹” ”‡•—Ž–•
‹†‹…ƒ–‡† ƒ •–”‘‰ …‘””‡Žƒ–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ ”‡’‘”–‡† ‹–‡–‹‘ ƒ† •‡ŽˆǦ”‡’‘”–‡† •›•–‡
—•ƒ‰‡ ™‹–Š ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡•• ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‰”‡ƒ–‡•– ‹ˆŽ—‡…‡ ‘ ’‡‘’Ž‡ǯ•
‹–‡–‹‘Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡ ™ƒ• ˆ‘—† –‘ Šƒ˜‡ ƒ •ƒŽŽ „—– •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–
‡ˆˆ‡…–‘„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ‹–‡–‹‘™Š‹…ŠŽƒ–‡”•—„•‹†‡†‘˜‡”–‹‡Ǥ—––Š‡ƒ‹ˆ‹†‹‰™ƒ•
–Šƒ– „‘–Š ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡•• ƒ† ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡ ™‡”‡ ˆ‘—† –‘ Šƒ˜‡ ƒ †‹”‡…–
‹ˆŽ—‡…‡ ‘ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ ‹–‡–‹‘ǡ –Š—• ‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‹‰ –Š‡ ‡‡† ˆ‘” –Š‡ ƒ––‹–—†‡ …‘•–”—…–
ˆ”‘–Š‡‘†‡Ž•Š‘™‹ ‹‰—”‡ͷǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž–ƒ–‘†‡Ž‹••Š‘™‹ ‹‰—”‡͸Ǥ


‹‰—”‡͸ǣ ‹ƒŽ˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆȋ‡ƒ–‡•ŠƬƒ˜‹•ǡͳͻͻ͸ǡ’ǤͶͷ͵Ȍ

Š—•ǡ „› ‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ––‹–—†‡ …‘•–”—…– ƒ† ‹–”‘†—…‹‰ –Š‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ ‹–‡–‹‘
…‘•–”—…–ǡ–Š‡”‡•—Ž–•‘„–ƒ‹‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡†‹”‡…–‹ˆŽ—‡…‡‘ˆ’‡”…‡‹˜‡†—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••‘ƒ…–—ƒŽ
•›•–‡—•‡ǡƒ•™ƒ••Š‘™‹ ‹‰—”‡Ͷǡ…‘—Ž†„‡‡š’Žƒ‹‡†Ǥ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡ǡ”‡‘˜‹‰
–Š‡ ƒ––‹–—†‡ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡ ‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‡† ƒ› —‡š’Žƒ‹‡† †‹”‡…– ‹ˆŽ—‡…‡ ‘„•‡”˜‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡
•›•–‡ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…• –‘ –Š‡ ƒ––‹–—†‡ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ  ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ …Šƒ‰‡ „”‘—‰Š– –‘ –Š‡
‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ  ‘†‡Žǡ ™ƒ• –Š‡ …‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘–Š‡” ˆƒ…–‘”•ǡ ”‡ˆ‡””‡† –‘ ƒ• ‡š–‡”ƒŽ
˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡• –Šƒ– ‹‰Š– ‹ˆŽ—‡…‡ –Š‡ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ• ‘ˆ ƒ ’‡”•‘ –‘™ƒ”†• ƒ •›•–‡Ǥ  š–‡”ƒŽ
˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡• –›’‹…ƒŽŽ› ‹…Ž—†‡† •›•–‡ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…•ǡ —•‡” –”ƒ‹‹‰ǡ —•‡” ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‹‘ ‹
†‡•‹‰ǡƒ†–Š‡ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘’”‘…‡••ȋ‡ƒ–‡•ŠƬƒ˜‹•ǡͳͻͻ͸ȌǤ

‹–Š–Š‹•ˆ‹ƒŽ˜‡”•‹‘‹’Žƒ…‡ǡˆ—”–Š‡””‡•‡ƒ”…ŠŽ‡†–‘ͳȌ”‡’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‰ƒ†–‡•–‹‰‹–•
’”‘’‘•‹–‹‘•ƒ†’‘••‹„Ž‡Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•ǢʹȌ…‘’ƒ”‹‰™‹–Š‘–Š‡”‘†‡Ž••—…Šƒ•–Š‡
Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ ‡ƒ•‘‡† …–‹‘ ȋȌ ƒ† –Š‡ Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ Žƒ‡† ‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ȋȌǢ ͵Ȍ
ƒ†ƒ’–‹‰ˆ‘”˜ƒ”‹‘—••‡––‹‰••—…Šƒ•ƒ†ƒ–‘”›•…‡ƒ”‹‘•ǡ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•ǡ

10


Sprouts - http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37
˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›……‡’–ƒ…‡‘†‡Žǣ”‹‰‹•ǡ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ† —–—”‡‹”‡…–‹‘• Š—––—”


ƒ†…—Ž–—”‡•Ǣƒ†ͶȌ‡š–‡†‹‰–Š‡‘†‡Ž–‘‹…Ž—†‡‘–Š‡”˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡••—…Šƒ••—„Œ‡…–‹˜‡
‘”ȋȌǡ‡š–”‹•‹…‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘•ǡ’Žƒ›ˆ—Ž‡••ǡƒ†•‘‘Ǥ

ReplicatingTAMandtestingitspossiblelimitations
‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡•– ”‡’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ  ™ƒ• …ƒ””‹‡† ‘—– „› †ƒ•ǡ ‡Ž•‘ ƒ† ‘††
ȋͳͻͻʹȌǤŠ‡›…ƒ””‹‡†„‘–Šˆ‹‡Ž†ƒ†Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”›•–—†‹‡•‹‘”†‡”–‘–‡•–ǯ•˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•ǡ
’‡”…‡‹˜‡† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡ ƒ† ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡••ǡ ˆ‘” –Š‡‹” ˜ƒŽ‹†‹–› ƒ† ”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‹
‡š’Žƒ‹‹‰ –Š‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ ˆ‹˜‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•ǣ ‡ƒ‹Žǡ ˜‘‹…‡ ƒ‹Žǡ ™‘”† ’‡”ˆ‡…–ǡ ‘–—•
ͳʹ͵ǡƒ†ƒ”˜ƒ”†‰”ƒ’Š‹…•Ǥƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•™‡”‡•–—†‡–•ǡƒ†•‡ŽˆǦ”‡’‘”–‡†—•‡†ƒ–ƒ
‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹˜‡ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•™‡”‡—•‡†ƒ•ƒ‡ƒ•—”‡ˆ‘”ƒ…–—ƒŽ—•‡ǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž–•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”•–—†›
‹†‹…ƒ–‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡  ‘†‡Ž ƒ‹–ƒ‹‡† ‹–• …‘•‹•–‡…› ‹ ’”‡†‹…–‹‰ ƒ† ‡š’Žƒ‹‹‰
•›•–‡ƒ†‘’–‹‘Ǥ

‡†”‹…•‘ǡƒ••‡›ƒ†”‘ƒȋͳͻͻ͵Ȍˆ—”–Š‡”–‡•–‡†–Š‡”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡•…ƒŽ‡‹–‡•
—•‡†–‘‡ƒ•—”‡’‡”…‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡ƒ†’‡”…‡‹˜‡†—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••‹ǤŠ‡›…ƒ””‹‡†
‘—–ƒˆ‹‡Ž†•–—†›™‹–Šͳʹ͵—†‡”‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡•–—†‡–•™Š‘™‡”‡‹–”‘†—…‡†–‘ƒ†ƒ–ƒ„ƒ•‡ǡ
ƒ† ƒ •’”‡ƒ†•Š‡‡– ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ† —•‡† •‡ŽˆǦ”‡’‘”–‡† —•‡ †ƒ–ƒ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –™‘ •›•–‡• –‘
’‡”ˆ‘” ƒ –‡•–Ǧ”‡–‡•– ƒƒŽ›•‹•Ǥ  ‡†”‹…•‘ǡ ƒ••‡›ǡ ƒ† ”‘ƒ ˆ‘—† –Šƒ– ˆ‘” „‘–Š
’‡”…‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡•• ƒ† ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡ǡ –Š‡ •…ƒŽ‡ ‹–‡• ‡šŠ‹„‹–‡† •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–
–‡•–Ǧ”‡–‡•– ”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ”‡•—Ž–Ǥ —„”ƒƒ‹ƒ ȋͳͻͻͶȌ ƒŽ•‘ ”‡’Ž‹…ƒ–‡†  ™‹–Š ˜‘‹…‡ ƒ‹Ž
ƒ†…—•–‘‡”†‹ƒŽ—’•›•–‡•‹ƒˆ‹‡Ž†•–—†›™‹–Šͳ͹ͻ‘™Ž‡†‰‡™‘”‡”•ǡƒ†ˆ‘—†
‡˜‹†‡…‡ˆ‘”’”‡˜‹‘—•”‡•—Ž–•”‡’‘”–‡†‹•–—†‹‡•Ǥ

ƒ˜‹•ƒ†‡ƒ–‡•Šȋͳͻͻ͸Ȍ‘–Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡ…‘ˆ‹”‡†–Š‡”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†˜ƒŽ‹†‹–›‘ˆ
–Š‡ ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡•• ƒ† ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡• ‹  „› ˜‡”‹ˆ›‹‰
™Š‡–Š‡”‰”‘—’‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡•…ƒŽ‡‹–‡•‹–”‘†—…‡†‡””‘”•‹’”‡†‹…–‹‰—•ƒ‰‡ǤŠ‡›…ƒ””‹‡†
‘—– ƒ Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”› ‡š’‡”‹‡– ™‹–Š ͳͻͷ •–—†‡–• „› ‡š’‘•‹‰ –Š‡ –‘ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–
’‡”—–ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†…‘„‹ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡•…ƒŽ‡‹–‡•ǤŠƒ–‹•ǡ‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆƒ•‹‰’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•
–‘ ”ƒ–‡ ƒ ‰‹˜‡ •›•–‡ —•‹‰ –™‘ •…ƒŽ‡•ǡ ™Š‹…Š Šƒ† •–ƒ–‡‡–• ‰”‘—’‡† „› ‡‹–Š‡”
’‡”…‡‹˜‡† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡ ‘” ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡••ǡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• ™‡”‡ ‰‹˜‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–
˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ –™‘ •…ƒŽ‡•ǡ ™‹–Š •–ƒ–‡‡–• ˆ‘” „‘–Š ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡ ƒ†
’‡”…‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡•• ‹š‡† –‘‰‡–Š‡”Ǥ ˆ–‡” –Š‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡–ǡ ƒ˜‹• ‡– ƒŽǤ ȋͳͻͻ͸Ȍ ˆ‘—†
–Šƒ––Š‡”‡™ƒ•‘•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†˜ƒŽ‹†‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡•…ƒŽ‡•
™Š‡ –Š‡ ‰”‘—’‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” •–ƒ–‡‡–• ™ƒ• …Šƒ‰‡†Ǥ ‡…‡ǡ ƒ˜‹• ƒ† ‡ƒ–‡•Š
…‘…Ž—†‡† –Šƒ– ’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž› ‘„–ƒ‹‡† ”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ƒ† ˜ƒŽ‹†‹–› ‡ƒ•—”‡• ™‡”‡ ‘– †—‡ –‘
‹–‡• ‰”‘—’‹‰Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ”‡•’‘•‡• ˆ”‘ ˜‡”„ƒŽ ’”‘–‘…‘Ž• …ƒ””‹‡† ‘—– †—”‹‰ –Š‡
‡š’‡”‹‡– ”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡† –Šƒ– ”‡•’‘†‡–• ™‡”‡ ‘”‡ …‘ˆ—•‡† ™Š‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡‡– •…ƒŽ‡
‹–‡• ˆ‘” ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡•• ƒ† ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡ ™‡”‡ ‹š‡† –‘‰‡–Š‡”Ǥ Š—•ǡ
ƒ˜‹•ƒ†‡ƒ–‡•Š”‡…‘‡†‡†–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹‹–‹ƒŽ‡ƒ•—”‡‡–•…ƒŽ‡•ˆ‘”ǡ
ƒ•™ƒ•’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›•Š‘™‹ƒ„Ž‡•ͷƒ†͸Ǥ

Comparing TAM with the Theory of Reasoned Action and the Theory of Planned
Behavior
ƒ˜‹•ǡ ƒ‰‘œœ‹ ƒ† ƒ”•Šƒ™ ȋͳͻͺͻȌ …‘’ƒ”‡† –Š‡ ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡ ‘ˆ  ™‹–Š –Š‡
Š‡‘”›‘ˆ‡ƒ•‘‡†…–‹‘ ȋȌˆ‘”’”‡†‹…–‹‰ –Š‡ ‹–‡–‹‘‘ˆ ͳͲ͹•–—†‡–•‹
—•‹‰ƒ™‘”†’”‘…‡••‹‰•›•–‡ƒˆ–‡”ƒ‘‡ǦŠ‘—”‡š’‘•—”‡™‹–Š–Š‡•›•–‡ǡƒ†ƒ‰ƒ‹
ͳͶ ™‡‡• Žƒ–‡”Ǥ Š‡› ˆ‘—† –Šƒ– –Š‡ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ• ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡• ‹ „‘–Š  ƒ†  ’”‘˜‹†‡†
•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–”‡•—Ž–•–‘’”‡†‹…––Š‡‹–‡–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•–‘—•‡–Š‡™‘”†’”‘…‡••‘”Ǥ

11


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˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›……‡’–ƒ…‡‘†‡Žǣ”‹‰‹•ǡ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ† —–—”‡‹”‡…–‹‘• Š—––—”


–Š‡ Š‡‘”›‘ˆ‡ƒ•‘‡†…–‹‘‘†‡ŽŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒ˜‹•ǡƒ‰‘œœ‹ƒ†ƒ”•Šƒ™ ˆ‘—†

–Šƒ– –Š‡”‡ ™ƒ• ˜‡”› Ž‹––Ž‡ …‘””‡Žƒ–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ •—„Œ‡…–‹˜‡ ‘” ȋȌ ƒ† –Š‡
„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ ‹–‡–‹‘ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•Ǥ Š‡› ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‡† –™‘ ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ”‡ƒ•‘• ˆ‘” –Š‹•
‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ ƒȌ –Š‡ ™‡ƒ‡•• ‘ˆ –Š‡  ‡ƒ•—”‡‡– •…ƒŽ‡ ˆ”‘ ƒ ’•›…Š‘‡–”‹…
•–ƒ†’‘‹–ǡ ƒ† „Ȍ –Š‡ ˆƒ…– –Šƒ– ™‘”† ’”‘…‡••‘”• ƒ”‡ —•—ƒŽŽ› ˜‡”› ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ƒ†
’‡”•‘ƒŽǢ–Š—•ǡ–Š‡‹”—•‡™‹ŽŽ„‡Ž‡••‹ˆŽ—‡…‡†„›’‡”…‡’–‹‘•ˆ”‘‘–Š‡”‰”‘—’•Ǥ
‹ƒŽŽ› ƒ˜‹•ǡ ƒ‰‘œœ‹ ƒ† ƒ”•Šƒ™ …‘…Ž—†‡† –Šƒ– …‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ –Š‡ Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ
‡ƒ•‘‡† …–‹‘ǡ  ’”‘˜‹†‡† ƒ —…Š •‹’Ž‡” ƒ† Ž‡•• ‡š’‡•‹˜‡ ‡–Š‘† –‘
‹’Ž‡‡–„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•™‡”‡…‘–‡š–Ǧ‹†‡’‡†‡–™Š‡”‡ƒ•ǡ‹–Š‡…ƒ•‡
‘ˆ–Š‡Š‡‘”›‘ˆ‡ƒ•‘‡†…–‹‘ǡ‹–™ƒ•‡…‡••ƒ”›–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’ƒ•‡”‹‡•‘ˆ•ƒŽ‹‡–„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•
•’‡…‹ˆ‹…–‘™‘”†’”‘…‡••‘”•„‡ˆ‘”‡ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‰–Š‡•…ƒŽ‡•ˆ‘”‡ƒ•—”‹‰–Š‡„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•Ǥ

ƒ–Š‹‡•‘ ȋͳͻͻͳȌ ‘ –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” Šƒ†ǡ …‘’ƒ”‡†  ™‹–Š –Š‡ Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ Žƒ‡†
‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ȋȌ ’”‘’‘•‡† „› Œœ‡ ȋͳͻͺͷȌǤ Š‡ Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ Žƒ‡† ‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ‘†‡Ž ‹•
˜‡”›•‹‹Žƒ”–‘–Š‡Š‡‘”›‘ˆ‡ƒ•‘‡†…–‹‘‘†‡Žǡ‡š…‡’––Šƒ–‹––ƒ‡•‹–‘ƒ……‘—–
–Š‡ ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ …‘•–”—…–ǣ ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ …‘–”‘Ž ȋȌǡ ™Š‹…Š ”‡ˆ‡”• –‘ –Š‡
’‡”…‡’–‹‘ ‘ˆ …‘–”‘Ž ‘˜‡”’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡ ‘ˆ ƒ‰‹˜‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ  ‹• ƒŽ•‘ ‹ˆŽ—‡…‡† „›
–Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡…–• ‘ˆ –™‘ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ•ǣ …‘–”‘Ž „‡Ž‹‡ˆ• ƒ† ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‘–”‘Ž „‡Ž‹‡ˆ•
‹…Ž—†‡’‡”…‡‹˜‡†ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ•‹ŽŽ•ǡ”‡•‘—”…‡•ǡƒ†‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ•’‡”…‡‹˜‡†
ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‹‘ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ ‹• –Š‡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽǯ• ƒ••‡••‡– ‘ˆ ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ ”‡•‘—”…‡• –‘ –Š‡
ƒ…Š‹‡˜‡‡– ‘ˆ ƒ ‰‹˜‡ •‡– ‘ˆ ‘—–…‘‡•Ǥ ‹‰—”‡ ͹ †‡’‹…–• –Š‡ ‘†‡Ž ˆ‘” –Š‡ Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ
Žƒ‡†‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ

BehavioralBeliefs
and Attitude
OutcomeEvaluations

NormativeBeliefs Subjective
and Intention Behavior
Norms
MotivationtoComply

ControlBeliefs Perceived
and Behavioral
PerceivedFacilitation Control



‹‰—”‡͹ǣŠ‡‘”›‘ˆ’Žƒ‡†„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ȋȌȋƒ–Š‹‡•‘ǡͳͻͻͳǡ’Ǥͳ͹ͷȌ

ƒ–Š‹‡•‘ ȋͳͻͻͳȌ …ƒ””‹‡† ‘—– ƒ ‡š’‡”‹‡– ƒ’’Ž›‹‰ „‘–Š  ƒ† –Š‡ Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ
Žƒ‡†‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ˆ‘”’”‡†‹…–‹‰–Š‡‹–‡–‹‘‘ˆʹ͸ʹ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•‹—•‹‰ƒ•’”‡ƒ†•Š‡‡–
ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‹…‡‘’”‡†‡ˆ‹‡†‡ƒ•—”‡‡–•…ƒŽ‡•‡š‹•–‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡Š‡‘”›‘ˆŽƒ‡†
‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ǡƒ‹‹–‹ƒŽ‹–‡”˜‹‡™•‡••‹‘™ƒ•”‡“—‹”‡†–‘‹†‡–‹ˆ›–Š‘•‡•ƒŽ‹‡–„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•–Šƒ–
™‘—Ž† „‡ •’‡…‹ˆ‹… –‘ –Š‡ •›•–‡ —†‡” ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘Ǥ • †‹•…—••‡† ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”ǡ –Š‹• ™ƒ• ƒ
‹Š‡”‡–…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…‘ˆ–Š‡Š‡‘”›‘ˆ‡ƒ•‘‡†…–‹‘‘†‡ŽǤ–‡”‡•–‹‰Ž›ǡ”‡•—Ž–•‘ˆ
–Š‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡– •Š‘™‡† –Šƒ– „‘–Š  ƒ† –Š‡ Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ Žƒ‡† ‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ™‡”‡
•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡–‘’”‡†‹…–•›•–‡—•ƒ‰‡Ǥ
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˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›……‡’–ƒ…‡‘†‡Žǣ”‹‰‹•ǡ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ† —–—”‡‹”‡…–‹‘• Š—––—”


‘™‡˜‡”ǡ …‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ –Š‡  ‘†‡Žǡ –Š‡ Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ Žƒ‡† ‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ȋȌ ‘†‡Ž
’”‘˜‹†‡† ‘”‡ †‡–ƒ‹Ž• –Šƒ– ‡š’Žƒ‹‡† –Š‡ ‹–‡–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• –‘ —•‡ –Š‡
•’”‡ƒ†•Š‡‡–ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‹•‹•„‡…ƒ—•‡„‡‹‰ƒ‘”‡…‘’Ž‡š‘†‡ŽŠƒ†•‡˜‡”ƒŽ
‹†‡’‡†‡– ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡• –Šƒ– …‘—Ž† …ƒ’–—”‡ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ƒ•’‡…–• ‘ˆ ƒ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽǯ• „‡Ž‹‡ˆǤ ‘”
‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ƒ• •Š‘™ ‹ ‹‰—”‡ ͹ǡ –Š‡ ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ …‘–”‘Ž …‘•–”—…– …‘—Ž† Š‡Ž’
‹†‡–‹ˆ›•’‡…‹ˆ‹… „ƒ””‹‡”•–‘•›•–‡—•‡ •—…Šƒ•Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•‹ —•‡” •‹ŽŽ•Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ
–Š‡‘†‡ŽƒŽ•‘…‘—Ž†‹†‡–‹ˆ›‰”‘—’•™Š‘•‡‘’‹‹‘•‹‰Š–„‡‹’‘”–ƒ––‘ˆ—–—”‡—•‡”•
–Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ •—„Œ‡…–‹˜‡ ‘”• …‘•–”—…–Ǥ ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ •‹…‡ –Š‡ Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ Žƒ‡†
‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ‘†‡Ž …‘•‹†‡”‡† ‘Ž› „‡Ž‹‡ˆ• –Šƒ– ™‡”‡ •’‡…‹ˆ‹… –‘ –Š‡ ‰‹˜‡ •›•–‡ǡ ‘”‡
ƒ……—”ƒ–‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘…‘—Ž†„‡‘„–ƒ‹‡†Ǥ‹•–‡ƒ†ǡ™ƒ•ƒ•‹’Ž‡”‘†‡Ž–Šƒ–…‘—Ž†„‡
‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ› ƒ’’Ž‹‡† –‘ ƒ› •›•–‡ǡ ƒ† –Š—• ’”‘˜‹†‡† ‘Ž› „”‘ƒ† ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ„‘—–
’‡”…‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡ƒ†’‡”…‡‹˜‡†—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••Ǥ
‡–ǡ †—‡ –‘ ‹–• •‹’Ž‹…‹–› ƒ† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ ‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘ǡ  ”‡ƒ‹‡† ‘”‡ ƒ––”ƒ…–‹˜‡
–Šƒ‡‹–Š‡”–Š‡Š‡‘”›‘ˆ‡ƒ•‘‡†…–‹‘‘”–Š‡Š‡‘”›‘ˆŽƒ‡†‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ —”–Š‡”
‡ˆˆ‘”–•Žƒ–‡”…‘…‡–”ƒ–‡†‘‡‹–Š‡”ƒ’’Ž›‹‰‹†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•‡––‹‰•‘”‡š–‡†‹‰
–‘‹…Ž—†‡‘”‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•Ǥ

AdaptingandextendingTAM
‹–Š‘”‡–Šƒ͹ͲͲ…‹–ƒ–‹‘•–‘Š‹•‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ’”‘’‘•ƒŽˆ‘”ǡƒ˜‹•ǯ”‡•‡ƒ”…Šȋƒ˜‹•ǡ
ͳͻͺͻȌŠƒ•„‡‡ƒ†ƒ’–‡†ƒ†‡š–‡†‡†‹ƒ›™ƒ›•Ǥ‘†ƒ–‡ǡ–Š‡”‡Šƒ˜‡„‡‡•‡˜‡”ƒŽ
ƒ––‡’–•–‘…‘•‘Ž‹†ƒ–‡–Š‡”‡•—Ž–•‘„–ƒ‹‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡•‡•–—†‹‡•ǤŠ‡‘•–”‡…‡–‘‡‹•
„› ‘—•ƒˆœƒ‹ǡ ‘šƒŽŽǡ ƒ† ƒŽŽ‹•–‡” ȋʹͲͲ͹Ȍ ™Š‘ †‹† ƒ ‡–ƒǦƒƒŽ›•‹• ‘ˆ ͳͶͷ ƒ”–‹…Ž‡•
’—„Ž‹•Š‡†‘Ǥƒ”Ž‹‡”‡–ƒǦƒƒŽ›•‹••–—†‹‡•…ƒ„‡ˆ‘—†‹Šƒ”’ȋʹͲͲ͸Ȍǡ‹‰ƒ†
‡ ȋʹͲͲ͸Ȍǡƒ ƒ† ‹— ȋʹͲͲͶȌǡ ‡‡ǡ ‘œƒ” ƒ† ƒ”•‡ ȋʹͲͲ͵Ȍ ƒ†ǡ ‡‰”‹•ǡ ‰Šƒ ƒ†
‘ŽŽ‡”‡––‡ ȋʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ ƒ„Ž‡ ͹ Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–• •‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ‹ ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•ǡ
…‘—–”‹‡•ǡƒ†•‡––‹‰•ˆ‘”™Š‹…Š™ƒ•—•‡†Ǥ

ƒ„Ž‡͹
Applications, participants, country and setting used for applying TAM (Yousafzai et al.,
2007), Sharp, 2006, King et al., 2006, Ma et al., 2004, Lee et al., 2003, and, Legris et al.,
2003)
ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘‹ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘ šƒ’Ž‡•
’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘• ƒ‹Žǡ ˜‘‹…‡ƒ‹Žǡ ˆƒšǡ †‹ƒŽǦ—’ •›•–‡ǡ ‡Ǧ…‘‡”…‡
ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‰”‘—’™ƒ”‡ǡ ™‘”† ’”‘…‡••‘”ǡ •’”‡ƒ†•Š‡‡–ǡ
’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ •‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ǡ †ƒ–ƒ„ƒ•‡ ’”‘‰”ƒǡ …ƒ•‡ –‘‘Ž•ǡ
Š‘•’‹–ƒŽ ǡ ‡…‹•‹‘ •—’’‘”– •›•–‡ǡ š’‡”– •—’’‘”–
•›•–‡ǡƒ†–‡Ž‡‡†‹…‹‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ
‘—–”› ǡ ǡ ƒ‹™ƒǡ ‘‰ ‘‰ǡ ™‹–œ‡”Žƒ†ǡ ƒ’ƒǡ
—•–”ƒŽ‹ƒǡ —”‡›ǡ ƒƒ†ƒǡ —™‡‹–ǡ ‹‰‡”‹ƒǡ ”ƒ…‡ǡ
‹‰ƒ’‘”‡ǡŠ‹ƒǡƒ† ‹Žƒ†Ǥ
›’‡‘ˆ–—†› ƒ„•–—†›ǡ ‹‡Ž†•–—†›ƒ†‡„•—”˜‡›•
ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• –—†‡–• ȋ—†‡”‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡ ƒ† ‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡•Ȍǡ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡
™‘”‡”•ǡ ’Š›•‹…‹ƒ•ǡ „ƒ ƒƒ‰‡”•ǡ ’”‘‰”ƒ‡”
ƒƒŽ›•–•ǡ˜‡†‘”•’‡…‹ƒŽ‹•–•ǡ…‘’—–‡”’”‘‰”ƒ‡”•ǡ
‹–‡”‡–—•‡”•ǡ„”‘‡”•ǡƒ†•ƒŽ‡•ƒ••‹•–ƒ–•Ǥ

‘•– ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ •–—†‹‡• ˆ‘—† •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ– •–ƒ–‹•–‹…ƒŽ ”‡•—Ž– ˆ‘” –Š‡ Š‹‰Š ‹ˆŽ—‡…‡ ‘ˆ
’‡”…‡‹˜‡†—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••‘„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ‹–‡–‹‘–‘—•‡ƒ•’‡…‹ˆ‹…•›•–‡ǤŠ‡›ƒŽ•‘ˆ‘—†
‹š‡† ”‡•—Ž–• ˆ‘” –Š‡ †‹”‡…– ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ „‡–™‡‡ ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡ ƒ† —•ƒ‰‡
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Sprouts - http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37
˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›……‡’–ƒ…‡‘†‡Žǣ”‹‰‹•ǡ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ† —–—”‡‹”‡…–‹‘• Š—––—”


„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ  ‰‡‡”ƒŽǡ ƒŽŽ –Š‡•‡ •–—†‹‡• ’”‘˜‹†‡† •–”‘‰ ‡˜‹†‡…‡ –‘ •—’’‘”–  ƒ• ƒ
‘†‡Ž ˆ‘” ’”‡†‹…–‹‰ •›•–‡ —•ƒ‰‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ ˆ‘”–—ƒ–‡Ž›ǡ  …‘—Ž† ‘– ‰‘ „‡›‘†
–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹–‡•–Šƒ–‡ƒ•—”‡†’‡”…‡‹˜‡†—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••ƒ†’‡”…‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡Ǥ–™ƒ•
–Š—•ǡ †‹ˆˆ‹…—Ž– –‘ ‹†‡–‹ˆ› –Š‡ ”‡ƒ•‘• „‡Š‹† –Š‡ ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡ ‘” ’‡”…‡‹˜‡†
—•‡ˆ—Ž‡•• ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡• —•‡† ‹ –Š‡ ‘†‡ŽǤ  —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ ‘•– ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ‹  ˆ‘…—•‡†
‘Ž› ‘ ˜‘Ž—–ƒ”› ‡˜‹”‘‡–• ™‹–Š Ž‹––Ž‡ …‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” ƒ†ƒ–‘”› •‡––‹‰•Ǥ ‘
ƒ††”‡••–Š‡•‡‹••—‡•™ƒ•–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡‡š–‡†‡†Ǥ

‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ–‡š–‡•‹‘•„”‘—‰Š––‘‹•„›‡ƒ–‡•Šƒ†ƒ˜‹•ȋʹͲͲͲȌ™Š‘
’”‘’‘•‡†–Š‡ʹ‘†‡Ž•Š‘™‹ ‹‰—”‡͹Ǥ‡ƒ–‡•Šƒ†ƒ˜‹•‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†–Šƒ–
Šƒ† •‘‡ Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘• ‹ ‡š’Žƒ‹‹‰ –Š‡ ”‡ƒ•‘• ˆ‘” ™Š‹…Š ƒ ’‡”•‘ ™‘—Ž† ’‡”…‡‹˜‡ ƒ
‰‹˜‡•›•–‡—•‡ˆ—Žǡƒ†•‘–Š‡›’”‘’‘•‡†–Šƒ–ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•ͳ…‘—Ž†„‡ƒ††‡†ƒ•
ƒ–‡…‡†‡–• –‘ –Š‡ ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡•• ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡ ‹ Ǥ Š‡› …ƒŽŽ‡† –Š‹• ‡™ ‘†‡Žǡ
–Š‡  ʹ ‘†‡ŽǤ ‡ƒ–‡•Š ƒ† ƒ˜‹• ™‡”‡ ƒŽ•‘ ‹–‡”‡•–‡† ‹ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‰ –Š‡
’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡‘ˆʹ‹ƒƒ†ƒ–‘”›•‡––‹‰Ǥ‡…‡ǡ–Š‡›…‘†—…–‡†ƒˆ‹‡Ž†•–—†›™‹–Š
ͳͷ͸ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ™‘”‡”•ǡ ™Š‘ —•‡† ˆ‘—” †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– •›•–‡•ǡ –™‘ ‘ˆ ™Š‹…Š ™‡”‡ ˆ‘”
˜‘Ž—–ƒ”› —•‡ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” –™‘ ™‡”‡ ƒ†ƒ–‘”›Ǥ Š‡ •–—†› ƒŽ•‘ …‘ŽŽ‡…–‡† —•‡”
’‡”…‡’–‹‘• ƒ† •‡ŽˆǦ”‡’‘”–‡† —•‡ ƒ– –Š”‡‡ ’‘‹–• ‹ –‹‡ǣ ’”‡Ǧ‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‘‡
‘–Š’‘•–Ǧ‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†–Š”‡‡‘–Š•’‘•–Ǧ‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ



‹‰—”‡͹ǣʹȋ‡ƒ–‡•Šƒ†ƒ˜‹•ǡʹͲͲͲȌ

•‹‰ –Š‡  ʹ ‘†‡Ž ‡ƒ–‡•Š ƒ† ƒ˜‹• ™‡”‡ ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ’”‘˜‹†‡ ‘”‡ †‡–ƒ‹Ž‡†
‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”–Š‡”‡ƒ•‘•’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•ˆ‘—†ƒ‰‹˜‡•›•–‡—•‡ˆ—ŽǤŠ‡‹””‡•—Ž–•ƒŽ•‘
‹†‹…ƒ–‡† –Šƒ–  ʹ ’‡”ˆ‘”‡† ™‡ŽŽ ‹ „‘–Š ˜‘Ž—–ƒ”› ƒ† ƒ†ƒ–‘”› ‡˜‹”‘‡–•
™‹–Š –Š‡ ‡š…‡’–‹‘ –Šƒ– •—„Œ‡…–‹˜‡ ‘” Šƒ† ‘ ‡ˆˆ‡…– ‹ ˜‘Ž—–ƒ”› •‡––‹‰• „—– †‹† ‹
ƒ†ƒ–‘”›•‡––‹‰•Ǥ

 •‡…‘† ‹’‘”–ƒ– ‡š–‡•‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡  ‘†‡Ž ‹• „› ‡ƒ–‡•Š ȋʹͲͲͲȌǡ ™Š‘ ™ƒ•
‹–‡”‡•–‡† ‹ ‹†‡–‹ˆ›‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ–‡…‡†‡–• –‘ –Š‡ ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡ ‹ –Š‡


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Descriptionsfor–Š‡‡™˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•ƒ”‡‰‹˜‡‹’’‡†‹š

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˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›……‡’–ƒ…‡‘†‡Žǣ”‹‰‹•ǡ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ† —–—”‡‹”‡…–‹‘• Š—––—”


‘†‡ŽǤ••Š‘™‹ ‹‰—”‡ͺǡ‡ƒ–‡•Š‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†–™‘ƒ‹‰”‘—’•‘ˆƒ–‡…‡†‡–•
ˆ‘” ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† ‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡ǣ ƒ…Š‘”• ƒ† ƒ†Œ—•–‡–•Ǥ …Š‘”• ™‡”‡ …‘•‹†‡”‡† ƒ•
‰‡‡”ƒŽ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ• ƒ„‘—– …‘’—–‡”• ƒ† …‘’—–‡” —•ƒ‰‡ ™Š‡”‡ƒ• ƒ†Œ—•–‡–• ™‡”‡
…‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ•„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡•Šƒ’‡†„ƒ•‡†‘†‹”‡…–‡š’‡”‹‡…‡™‹–Š–Š‡–ƒ”‰‡–•›•–‡Ǥ
 „‘–Š ‰”‘—’•ǡ ‡ƒ–‡•Š ȋʹͲͲͲȌ ’”‘’‘•‡† •‡˜‡”ƒŽ †‡–‡”‹ƒ–•ʹ –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ ‘•–Ž›
†‡”‹˜‡†ˆ”‘’”‡˜‹‘—•”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‘‹†‡–‹ˆ›‹‰–Š‡ƒ–‡…‡†ƒ–•–‘’‡”…‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡
ȋƒ˜‹•ǡ ƒ‰‘œœ‹ ƒ† ƒ”•Šƒ™ǡ ͳͻͻʹǡ ‡ƒ–‡•Š ƒ† ƒ˜‹•ǡ ͳͻͻ͸ȌǤ ‡ƒ–‡•Š ȋʹͲͲͲȌ
–‡•–‡† Š‹• ’”‘’‘•ƒŽ ‹ –Š”‡‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘• ™‹–Š ʹͶ͸ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•ǡ ƒ† –Š”‡‡
‡ƒ•—”‡‡–• –ƒ‡ ‘˜‡” ƒ –Š”‡‡Ǧ‘–Š ’‡”‹‘†Ǥ ‡•—Ž–• ‘„–ƒ‹‡† ‹†‹…ƒ–‡† •–”‘‰
•—’’‘”–ˆ‘”–Š‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•‹‡š’Žƒ‹‹‰’‡”…‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡ˆ‘”ƒ‰‹˜‡•›•–‡Ǥ


‹‰—”‡ͺǣš–‡†‹‰–‘‹…Ž—†‡†‡–‡”‹ƒ–•ˆ‘”’‡”…‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡ȋ‡ƒ–‡•Šǡ
ʹͲͲͲȌ

‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒŽ‘‰™‹–Š–Š‡ˆƒ…––Šƒ–•‡˜‡”ƒŽ•–—†‹‡•Šƒ˜‡…‘ˆ‹”‡†–Š‡”‘„—•–‡••‘ˆ–Š‡
‘†‡Žǡ•‡˜‡”ƒŽ‘–Š‡””‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ•‘Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡†‹’‘”–ƒ–Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡
‘†‡ŽǤ ›’‹…ƒŽŽ›ǡ …”‹–‹…‹•• ˆ‘” –Š‡  ‘†‡Ž ˆƒŽŽ ‹ –Š”‡‡ …ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡• ͳȌ –Š‡
‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰› —•‡† ˆ‘” –‡•–‹‰ –Š‡  ‘†‡Žǡ ʹȌ –Š‡ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡• ƒ† ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’• –Šƒ–
‡š‹•–™‹–Š‹–Š‡‘†‡Žǡƒ†͵Ȍ–Š‡…‘”‡–Š‡‘”‡–‹…ƒŽˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘—†‡”Ž›‹‰–Š‡
‘†‡ŽǤ


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Descriptionsf‘”–Š‡‡™˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•ƒ”‡‰‹˜‡‹’’‡†‹š

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˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›……‡’–ƒ…‡‘†‡Žǣ”‹‰‹•ǡ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ† —–—”‡‹”‡…–‹‘• Š—––—”



LimitationsinthemethodologyusedfortestingtheTAMmodel
‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‹…”‹–‹…‹••ˆ‘”•–—†‹‡•‘–Š‡‘†‡Ž‹•–Šƒ–•‡ŽˆǦ”‡’‘”–‡†—•‡†ƒ–ƒ
ƒ”‡ —•‡† –‘ ‡ƒ•—”‡ •›•–‡ —•‡ ‹•–‡ƒ† ‘ˆ ”‡ƒŽ ƒ…–—ƒŽ —•‡ †ƒ–ƒǤ • •‘‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•
’‘‹–‡† ‘—–ǡ •‡ŽˆǦ”‡’‘”–‡† —•‡ †ƒ–ƒ ‹• ƒ •—„Œ‡…–‹˜‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡ǡ ƒ† ‹• –Š—• —”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡ ‹
‡ƒ•—”‹‰ƒ…–—ƒŽ—•‡‘ˆƒ•›•–‡ȋ‡‰”‹•ǡ‰Šƒƒ†‘ŽŽ‡”‡––‡ǡʹͲͲ͵ǡ‘—•ƒˆœƒ‹ǡ ‘šƒŽŽǡ
ƒ† ƒŽŽ‹•–‡” ʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ƒ› •–—†‹‡• ‘  ‡’Ž‘› •‡ŽˆǦ”‡’‘”–‡† —•‡ †ƒ–ƒǤ
‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ •–—†‹‡• ‘  ƒ‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ •–—†‡–• ƒ• ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• ‹ …‘–”‘ŽŽ‡†
‡˜‹”‘‡–ǡƒ†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ”‡•—Ž–•‘„–ƒ‹‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡•‡•–—†‹‡•…ƒ‘–„‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œ‡†
–‘–Š‡”‡ƒŽ™‘”Ž†ȋ‡‡ǡ‘œƒ”ǡƬƒ”•‡ǡʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ•ƒ›”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•ƒ”‰—‡ǡ•–—†‡–•ƒ›
Šƒ˜‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘• •—…Š ƒ• ‘„–ƒ‹‹‰ ‰”ƒ†‡•ǡ ”‡™ƒ”†•ǡ ƒ† •‘ ‘ ȋ‡‰”‹• ‡– ƒŽǤ
ʹͲͲ͵ǡ‘—•ƒˆœƒ‹‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͲ͹ǡƒ†‡‡‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ‹…‘–”ƒ•––‘–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡—„‡”
‘ˆ•–—†‹‡•…ƒ””‹‡†‘ƒ’’Ž›‹‰–‘‡š’Žƒ‹ƒ†’”‡†‹…––Š‡˜‘Ž—–ƒ”›—•‡‘ˆ•›•–‡•ǡ
˜‡”› ˆ‡™ •–—†‹‡• …‘•‹†‡”‡† •›•–‡• –Šƒ– ™‡”‡ ˆ‘” ƒ†ƒ–‘”› —•‡ ȋ‘—•ƒˆœƒ‹ ‡– ƒŽǤ
ʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹”‡ƒŽŽ‹ˆ‡•‡––‹‰•ǡ‘•–‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•—•—ƒŽŽ›”‡“—‹”‡—•‡”•–‘—•‡–Š‡
•›•–‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡™‹–ŠŽ‹––Ž‡…Š‘‹…‡ˆ‘”ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡•ȋ‡‡ƒ–ƒŽǤʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ

LimitationsinthevariablesandrelationshipspresentwithintheTAMmodel
ƒ‰ƒ†‘‘ȋʹͲͲ͵Ȍ•—‰‰‡•–‡†–Šƒ–ƒ––‹–—†‡ƒ›Šƒ˜‡‹’‘”–ƒ–‡ˆˆ‡…–•‘•›•–‡—•‡ǡ
ƒ† –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ‡‡† –‘ „‡ ”‡…‘•‹†‡”‡† ‹ –Š‡  ‘†‡ŽǤ Š‡› ”‡’Ž‹…ƒ–‡† –Š‡ 
‘†‡Ž „—– ‹•–‡ƒ† ‘ˆ ‡Ž‹‹ƒ–‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ––‹–—†‡ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ• ƒ˜‹•ǡ ƒ‰‘œœ‹ ƒ† ƒ”•Šƒ™
ȋͳͻͺͻȌ •—‰‰‡•–‡†ǡ –™‘ ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ––‹–—†‡ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•ǡ ƒˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡ ƒ† …‘‰‹–‹˜‡ǡ ™‡”‡
…‘•‹†‡”‡†Ǥƒ‰ƒ†‘‘…ƒ””‹‡†‘—–ƒ•—”˜‡›ƒ•‹‰”‡•’‘†‡–•–‘”ƒ–‡–Š‡‹”—•ƒ‰‡‘ˆ
ƒ•’”‡ƒ†•Š‡‡–ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ††ƒ–ƒƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ–Š‡•—”˜‡›“—‡•–‹‘ƒ‹”‡•‹†‹…ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–
ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š –Š‡ ƒˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡ ƒ––‹–—†‡ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡ †‹† ‘– •Š‘™ •–ƒ–‹•–‹…ƒŽ •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ…‡ –‘ ’”‡†‹…–
•›•–‡—•‡ǡ–Š‡”‡•—Ž–•‘„–ƒ‹‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡…–„›…‘‰‹–‹˜‡ƒ––‹–—†‡™ƒ•˜‡”›•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–Ǥ
‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ǡ”‘™ǡƒ••‡›ǡ‘–‘›ƒǦ‡‹••ǡƒ†—”ƒȋʹͲͲʹȌ…ƒ””‹‡†‘—–ƒˆ‹‡Ž†•–—†›
–‘”‡’Ž‹…ƒ–‡‹–Š‡„ƒ‹‰‹†—•–”›Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆ…‘•‹†‡”‹‰˜‘Ž—–ƒ”›—•‡
‘ˆ ƒ •›•–‡ǡ ”‘™ǡ ƒ••‡›ǡ ‘–‘›ƒǦ‡‹•• ƒ†ǡ —”ƒ ƒ’’Ž‹‡†  ‹ ƒ …‘–‡š–
™Š‡”‡—•‡‘ˆ•›•–‡™ƒ•ƒ†ƒ–‘”›ǤŠ‡›ˆ‘—†–Šƒ–’‡”…‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡ƒ›Šƒ˜‡ƒ
‘”‡‹’‘”–ƒ–‹’ƒ…–‘•›•–‡ƒ……‡’–ƒ…‡–Šƒ’‡”…‡‹˜‡†—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••ǡ‹ƒ†ƒ–‘”›
•‡––‹‰•ǤŠ‡‹””‡•—Ž–…‘–”ƒ•–•™‹–Š‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”–Š‡‘†‡Žƒ’’Ž‹‡†‹
˜‘Ž—–ƒ”›•‡––‹‰ǡ‹™Š‹…Š’‡”…‡‹˜‡†—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••™ƒ••‡‡–‘Šƒ˜‡‘”‡‹ˆŽ—‡…‡–Šƒ
’‡”…‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡‘•›•–‡ƒ……‡’–ƒ…‡ȋƒ˜‹•ǡͳͻͺͷȌǤ
—”–‘Ǧ ‘‡•ƒ†—„‘ƒȋʹͲͲ͸ȌƒŽ•‘”‡’Ž‹…ƒ–‡†„›ƒ†‹‹•–‡”‹‰ƒ•—”˜‡›–‘ͳʹͷ
‡’Ž‘›‡‡•‘ˆƒ
‘˜‡”‡–ƒ‰‡…›Ǥˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ„‘—––Š‡’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•ǯ„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•ƒ†ǡ
—•ƒ‰‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ™‹–Š ”‡•’‡…– –‘ –™‘ ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘• ™‡”‡ ‰ƒ–Š‡”‡† ƒ† ƒƒŽ›œ‡†Ǥ ‡•—Ž–•
‘„–ƒ‹‡†•Š‘™‡†–Šƒ–’‡”…‡‹˜‡†—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••ƒ†’‡”…‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡ƒ›‘–‡†‹ƒ–‡
ƒŽŽ ‹ˆŽ—‡…‡• ˆ”‘ ‡š–‡”ƒŽ ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ˆƒ…–‘”• ‘ •›•–‡ —•ƒ‰‡Ǥ •–‡ƒ†ǡ •‘‡
‡š–‡”ƒŽˆƒ…–‘”••—…Šƒ••›•–‡‡š’‡”‹‡…‡ǡŽ‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†ƒ‰‡ƒ›Šƒ˜‡ƒ†‹”‡…–
‹ˆŽ—‡…‡‘•›•–‡—•ƒ‰‡Ǥ

LimitationsinthetheoreticalfoundationfortheTAMmodel
ƒ‰‘œœ‹ ȋʹͲͲ͹Ȍ Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡† –Š‡ ’‘‘” –Š‡‘”‡–‹…ƒŽ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ –Šƒ– ™ƒ• ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‡†
ƒ‘‰ –Š‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– …‘•–”—…–• ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‡† ‹ Ǥ ‡ “—‡•–‹‘‡† –Š‡ –Š‡‘”‡–‹…ƒŽ
•–”‡‰–Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹–‡–‹‘Ǧƒ…–—ƒŽ —•‡ Ž‹ǡ ƒ† ‘„•‡”˜‡† –Šƒ– „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” …‘—Ž† ‘– „‡
…‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ•ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‰‘ƒŽǤ•–‡ƒ†ǡŠ‡ƒ”‰—‡†–Šƒ–„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”•Š‘—Ž†„‡–”‡ƒ–‡†ƒ•ƒ
‡ƒ• –‘ ƒ ‘”‡ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ‰‘ƒŽǤ ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ Š‡ ‡š’Žƒ‹‡† –Šƒ– ‹–‡–‹‘ ƒ› ‘– „‡
”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡ ‡‘—‰Š ‘ˆ ƒ…–—ƒŽ —•‡ǡ „‡…ƒ—•‡ –Š‡ –‹‡ ’‡”‹‘† „‡–™‡‡ ‹–‡–‹‘ ƒ†
16


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˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›……‡’–ƒ…‡‘†‡Žǣ”‹‰‹•ǡ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ† —–—”‡‹”‡…–‹‘• Š—––—”


ƒ†‘’–‹‘ …‘—Ž† „‡ ˆ—ŽŽ ‘ˆ —…‡”–ƒ‹–‹‡• ƒ† ‘–Š‡” ˆƒ…–‘”•ǡ –Šƒ– ‹‰Š– ‹ˆŽ—‡…‡ ƒ
‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽǯ• †‡…‹•‹‘ –‘ ƒ†‘’– ƒ –‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ ƒ‰‘œœ‹ ƒŽ•‘ “—‡•–‹‘‡† –Š‡ ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ
†‡–‡”‹‹‰ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” „› ƒ††‹‰ —’ ‡ƒ•—”‡• ˆ‘” ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† —•‡ˆ—Ž‡•• ƒ† ’‡”…‡‹˜‡†
‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ —•‡Ǥ ‡ …‘•‹†‡”‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡”‡ ‹‰Š– „‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒŽ …‘–”‹„—–‹‘• ‘ˆ •ƒŽ‹‡–
„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•ƒ†ƒŽ•‘–Šƒ–Š—ƒ‡‘”›‹‰Š–‘–™‘”‹–Š‡•ƒ‡™ƒ›–Šƒ–•ƒŽ‹‡–„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•
™‡”‡’”‘…‡••‡†‹Ǥ
‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ ƒ‰‘œœ‹ ”‡ƒ”‡† –Šƒ–  ™ƒ• ƒ †‡–‡”‹‹•–‹… ‘†‡Žǡ ƒ† –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ ƒ
‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽǯ•ƒ…–™ƒ•ƒ••—‡†–‘„‡–‘–ƒŽŽ›†‡–‡”‹‡†„›Š‹•‘”Š‡”‹–‡–‹‘–‘ƒ…–Ǥ—–
ƒ•ƒ‰‘œœ‹ƒ”‰—‡†ǡƒ’‡”•‘ǯ•‹–‡–‹‘…‘—Ž†„‡•—„Œ‡…–‡†–‘‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ƒ†”‡ˆŽ‡…–‹‘ǡ
™Š‹…Š ‹‰Š– †‹”‡…– –Š‡ ’‡”•‘ –‘ ”‡ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‡ Š‹• ‘” Š‡” ‹–‡–‹‘ǡ ƒ† ‡˜‡ –‘ –ƒ‡ ƒ
†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–…‘—”•‡‘ˆƒ…–‹‘ǤŠ—•ǡŠ‡…‘…Ž—†‡†–Šƒ––Š‡‘†‡Ž…‘—Ž†‘–„‡•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡
ˆ‘”‡š’Žƒ‹‹‰ƒ†’”‡†‹…–‹‰•›•–‡—•‡Ǥ

Conclusions
Š‡ ‡…Š‘Ž‘‰› ……‡’–ƒ…‡ ‘†‡Ž ‹• ‹†‡‡† ƒ ˜‡”› ’‘’—Žƒ” ‘†‡Ž ˆ‘” ‡š’Žƒ‹‹‰ ƒ†
’”‡†‹…–‹‰ •›•–‡ —•‡Ǥ ‘ †ƒ–‡ǡ –Š‡”‡ Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ƒ ‹’”‡••‹˜‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ •–—†‹‡• ‘
ǡ„—–™Š‹Ž‡•‡˜‡”ƒŽ…‘ˆ‹”ƒ–‘”›”‡•—Ž–•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‘„–ƒ‹‡†ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡•‡’–‹…‹••
•Šƒ”‡† ƒ‘‰ •‘‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”• ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† –Š‡‘”‡–‹…ƒŽ ƒ……—”ƒ…› ‘ˆ
–Š‡ ‘†‡ŽǤ ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ ‹– ‹• –‡’–‹‰ –‘ …‘…Ž—†‡ –Šƒ– ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ‘  ƒ› Šƒ˜‡
”‡ƒ…Š‡† ƒ •ƒ–—”ƒ–‹‘ Ž‡˜‡Žǡ •—…Š –Šƒ– ˆ—–—”‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ™‹ŽŽ ˆ‘…—• ‹ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ ‡™
‘†‡Ž• –Šƒ– ™‘—Ž† ‡š’Ž‘‹– –Š‡ •–”‡‰–Š• ‘ˆ –Š‡  ‘†‡Ž ™Š‹Ž‡ †‹•…ƒ”†‹‰ ‹–•
™‡ƒ‡••‡•Ǥ

Acknowledgements
™‹•Š–‘•‹…‡”‡Ž›–Šƒ”Ž‹…‡‘„„‹ˆ‘”Š‡”˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡…‘‡–•‹–Š‡™”‹–‡—’‘ˆ
–Š‹•”‡˜‹‡™’ƒ’‡”Ǥ


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—ǡǦǤƬ
—•–ƒˆ•‘ǡǤǤȋͳͻͻͶȌǤ‡’‹”‹…ƒŽ•–—†›‘ˆ’‡”…‡‹˜‡†—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••ƒ†
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…Š—Ž–œǡǤǡǤƬŽ‡˜‹ǡǤǤȋͳͻ͹ͷȌǤ’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒŽ‹†‹–›ǣ
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‹Ž˜ƒǡǤȋʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ‘•–Ǧ’‘•‹–‹˜‹•–‡˜‹‡™‘ˆ‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›……‡’–ƒ…‡‘†‡ŽǤJournalofthe
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Šƒ”’ǡ ǤǤȋʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ‡š–‡•‹‘ǡƒ†ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘ǣƒ”‡˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›
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—„”ƒƒ‹ƒǡ
ǤǤȋͳͻͻͶȌǤ”‡’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’‡”…‡‹˜‡†—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••ƒ†’‡”…‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ
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18ȋͳȌǡͳ͵ͳǦͳͶͷǤ

‘”ƒ–œ›ǡǤ
Ǥƒ†Ž‡‹ǡǤ ǤȋͳͻͺʹȌǤ‘˜ƒ–‹‘Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…•ƒ†‘˜ƒ–‹‘
†‘’–‹‘Ǧ’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘ǣ‡–ƒǦƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ ‹†‹‰•ǤIEEETransactionson
EngineeringManagement29ȋͳȌǡʹͺǦͶͷǤ

‡ƒ–‡•ŠǡǤȋͳͻͻͻȌǤ”‡ƒ–‹‘‘ˆˆƒ˜‘—”ƒ„Ž‡—•‡”’‡”…‡’–‹‘•ǣ‡š’Ž‘”‹‰–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ
‹–”‹•‹…‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ǤMISQuarterly,23ȋʹȌǡʹ͵ͻǦ͸ͲǤ

‡ƒ–‡•ŠǡǤȋʹͲͲͲȌǤ‡–‡”‹ƒ–•‘ˆ’‡”…‡‹˜‡†‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ—•‡ǣ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‰…‘–”‘Žǡ
‹–”‹•‹…‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†‡‘–‹‘‹–‘–Š‡–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ……‡’–ƒ…‡‘†‡ŽǤInformation
SystemsResearch,11ȋͶȌǡ͵ͶʹǦ͸ͷǤ

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†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†–‡•–ǤDecisionSciences,27ȋ͵ȌǡͶͷͳǦͶͺͳǤ

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‘†‡Žǣˆ‘—”Ž‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽˆ‹‡Ž†•–—†‹‡•ǤManagementScience,46ȋʹȌǡ’’Ǥͳͺ͸ǦʹͲͶǤ

‡ƒ–‡•ŠǡǤǡ‘””‹•ǡǤǡƒ˜‹•ǡ
ǤǡƬƒ˜‹•ǡ ǤȋʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ•‡”ƒ……‡’–ƒ…‡‘ˆ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘
–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ǣ–‘™ƒ”†•ƒ—‹ˆ‹‡†˜‹‡™ǤMISQuarterly,27ȋ͵ȌǡͶ͹ͻǦͷͲͳǤ
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˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›……‡’–ƒ…‡‘†‡Žǣ”‹‰‹•ǡ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ† —–—”‡‹”‡…–‹‘• Š—––—”



ƒ‰ǡǤǤǡƬ‘‘ǡǤȋʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ–̵•ŽŽ„‘—–––‹–—†‡ǣ‡˜‹•‹–‹‰–Š‡‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›
……‡’–ƒ…‡‘†‡ŽǤDecisionSupportSystems.38ȋͳȌǡͳͻȂ͵ͳ

‘—•ƒˆœƒ‹ǡǤǤǡ ‘šƒŽŽǡ
ǤǤǡƒ†ƒŽŽ‹•–‡”ǡ Ǥ
ǤȋʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ……‡’–ƒ…‡ǣƒ‡–ƒǦ
ƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ–Š‡ǣƒ”–ͳǡJournalofModellinginManagementǡʹȋ3ȌǡʹͷͳǦʹͺͲǤ











































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˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›……‡’–ƒ…‡‘†‡Žǣ”‹‰‹•ǡ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ† —–—”‡‹”‡…–‹‘• Š—––—”


AppendixA:AntecedantstoPUandPEOUasproposedinextendingTAM
Variable Definition
Voluntariness Š‡†‡‰”‡‡–‘™Š‹…Š—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘‹•
’‡”…‡‹˜‡†ƒ•„‡‹‰˜‘Ž—–ƒ”›ǡ‘”‘ˆˆ”‡‡™‹ŽŽǤ

Experience ”‹‘”‡š’‡”‹‡…‡‘ˆƒ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ™‹–Šƒ•’‡…‹ˆ‹…
–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›
Subjectivenorm ‡”•‘ǯ•’‡”…‡’–‹‘–Šƒ–‘•–’‡‘’Ž‡™Š‘ƒ”‡
‹’‘”–ƒ––‘Š‹–Š‹Š‡•Š‘—Ž†‘”•Š‘—Ž†‘–
’‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”‹“—‡•–‹‘
Image Š‡†‡‰”‡‡–‘™Š‹…Š—•‡‘ˆƒ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘‹•’‡”…‡‹˜‡†
–‘‡Šƒ…‡‘‡ǯ•‹ƒ‰‡‘”•–ƒ–—•‹‘‡ǯ••‘…‹ƒŽ
•›•–‡
Jobrelevance Š‡…ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•‘ˆƒ•›•–‡–‘‡Šƒ…‡ƒ†
‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽǯ•Œ‘„’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡
Outputquality Š‡’‡”…‡’–‹‘Š‘™™‡ŽŽ–Š‡•›•–‡’‡”ˆ‘”•–ƒ••
–Šƒ–ƒ–…Š™‹–ŠŒ‘„‰‘ƒŽ•
Resultdemonstrability Š‡†‡‰”‡‡–‘™Š‹…Š–Š‡”‡•—Ž–•‘ˆƒ†‘’–‹‰Ȁ—•‹‰–Š‡
Computerselfefficacy
Perceptionsofexternal
‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ”‡‘„•‡”˜ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†…‘—‹…ƒ„Ž‡–‘
‘–Š‡”•
Š‡„‡Ž‹‡ˆ–Šƒ–‘‡Šƒ•–Š‡…ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ
’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”
Š‡…‘–”‘Ž„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•”‡Žƒ–‹‰–‘”‡•‘—”…‡ˆƒ…–‘”••—…Š
control ƒ•–‹‡ƒ†‘‡›ƒ†…‘’ƒ–‹„‹Ž‹–›‹••—‡•–Šƒ–
ƒ›…‘•–”ƒ‹—•ƒ‰‡
Computeranxiety ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽǯ• ƒ’’”‡Š‡•‹‘ǡ‘”‡˜‡ˆ‡ƒ”ǡ™Š‡
•Š‡ȀŠ‡‹•ˆƒ…‡†™‹–Š–Š‡’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ—•‹‰
…‘’—–‡”•
Computerplayfulness Š‡†‡‰”‡‡‘ˆ…‘‰‹–‹˜‡•’‘–ƒ‡‹–›‹
‹…”‘…‘’—–‡”‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘•
Perceivedenjoyment Š‡‡š–‡––‘™Š‹…Š–Š‡ƒ…–‹˜‹–›‘ˆ—•‹‰ƒ•’‡…‹ˆ‹…
•›•–‡‹•’‡”…‡‹˜‡†–‘„‡‡Œ‘›ƒ„Ž‡‹‹–•‘™”‹‰Š–ǡ
ƒ•‹†‡ˆ”‘ƒ›’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ…‡…‘•‡“—‡…‡•”‡•—Ž–‹‰
ˆ”‘•›•–‡—•ƒ‰‡
Objectiveusability …‘•–”—…––Šƒ–ƒŽŽ‘™•ˆ‘”ƒ…‘’ƒ”‹•‘‘ˆ•›•–‡•
‘–Š‡ƒ…–—ƒŽŽ‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ‡ˆˆ‡…–”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰‡ˆˆ‘”–•–‘
…‘’Ž‡–‡•’‡…‹ˆ‹…–ƒ••


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 Working Papers on Information Systems | ISSN 1535-6078
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Michel Avital, University of Amsterdam
Kevin Crowston, Syracuse University
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Sue Conger, University of Dallas
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Blake Ives, University of Houston
Sirkka Jarvenpaa, University of Texas at Austin
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Rik Maes, University of Amsterdam
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Bo-Christer Bjork, Hanken School of Economics
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