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can be written as: Comparing the background EMG and ECG, it is seen that
the ECG has limited duration time and often with relatively
d d
larger amplitude. As a result, distribution of such a signal is
X Xi i ui vTi (2) sharper (and often skewed toward left) than a quasi-
i1 i1 Gaussian distribution, making the kurtosis larger than that
of the EMG. Therefore, the distribution is super-Gaussian
Here, the objective is to separate the subspace of the for the ECG and clearly Gaussian or sub-Gaussian for the
two constituent components of noisy MEG and ECG. These EMG. This property can be enforced into the SSA
components are separated through a constrained procedure reconstruction algorithm as a constraint. A similar
of configuring X and the SVD operation. Since the desired constraint may be imposed by means of skewness. The first
signal might have different energy level, in this work, there signal component is reconstructed from the eigentriples of
won’t be any assumption about the relationship between the the covariance of the Hankel matrix by sliding a window
order of the eigenvalues and the physiologically dominant over the eigenvalues and select m out of M of them, where
m << M for the signal reconstruction. The desired reconstructed signal (ECG) is sum of the signals
reconstructed from the eigenvalues (and their corresponding number of eigentriples 240, the window length 2, while the
eigenvectors) within the window in order to have maximum threshold varied from segment to segment.
kurtosis. Other simple criteria such as peak to variance ratio
of the reconstructed signals or more complex ones may also
be adopted.
Another important parameter is the subspace size of
the desired component. For stronger signals the eigenvalues
are in the lower subspaces and for weaker signals their
values fall within higher-band subspaces (usually where the
noise components are). Generally, a signal component can
have eigenvalues in one or more distinct regions of the
eigenspace. Both cases are present in this study. Therefore,
to select an optimum m (may be denoted as b) the following
constrained problem can be solved iteratively using a
hierarchical search procedure:
b min(m)
m
(4)
Fig. 1. Separation of EMG and ECG signals using the traditional
s.t. having maxKurt[st ] & min si , s j ALE; top signal is the measuremet, middle signal is the separated
where Kurt denotes kurtosis operation and shows how ECG, and in the bottom row the EMG signal can be viewed.
peaky the signal distribution is, <,> refers to the
correlation between ECG and the rest of the signals, which Both ALE and the proposed CSSA are examined here. In
in this case this condition is inherently satisfied, and st the ALE, the reference signal is a delayed replication of the
primary signal. Hence, if the autocorrelation coefficients of
refers to the source of interest which in this case is the pure
ECG. The r value also slightly varies with the total set value the noise decay much faster than that of the signal,
for d. Due to the limited window length and the number of appropriate delay would ensure correlation of the primary
sliding lags the overall searching time is short (md). The and secondary signal components (i.e., delayed primary) but
EMG component is then easily extracted by subtracting the not that the noise components. Therefore, ALE would be a
estimated ECG from the original signal; well established adaptive filtering approach for restoration
j b of periodic signals. After processing the data using ALE and
EMG yt
(5) the proposed CSSA the segments were joined together to
st yˆ t k j reconstruct the complete ECG and EMG components. The
1
Assuming that the signal with (j+1)th to (j+b)th eigentriple data were available from 11 subjects each recorded two
has the maximum kurtosis (or peak to variance ratio). Here, times, not necessarily from the same position. However, for
yˆ t is the kth reconstructed component of the signal. It illustration, only one segment of one record from one of the
subjects (selected randomly with no preference) was taken.
is interesting to know that often the subspace of the ECG
Figure 1 shows the results of ALE application. Figure 2
falls within few last eigenvalues where the noise subspace is
illustrates the results of application of the proposed CSSA
(the EMG is stronger than the ECG here).
to the same signal segment. In both figures the original
segment has been given in the top row. The separated ECG
3. RESTORATION OF EMG FROM ECG is in the middle row and at the bottom the remaining EMG
(often noisy) is shown. What is very important here is that
A comprehensive experiment was performed on real EMG.
the separated ECG using the proposed CSSA method can be
corrupted by noise and ECG. The EMG signals were from
human forearm recorded using surface EMG. The sampling directly used for diagnosis of heart clinical status. In other
frequency was 2 KHz and the subject was relatively relaxed methods, such as ALE, the separated ECG is not of
during slow arm movements. The overall recorded data sufficient quality to be used as an indicator of heart
length was 70 seconds (140Kdata samples), divided into function. Therefore, the proposed method can indeed be
20K sample segments (10 sec each). In these experiments used for extraction of ECG from noisy EMG easily.
no preprocessing was performed. Therefore, the noisy EMG Primary objective in separation is that the estimated
remained un-altered and the ECG was completely separated.
components be independent or uncorrelated. Therefore, as a
For the CSSA all parameters were automatically set as the
quantitative or objective assessment when comparing these
two methods, the correlation coefficients of both presenting synthetic data results and secondly, the high
normalized eparated signal components, noise level can be easily seen in the mixed signals in
N 1 EMG(i) , N = 140000 samples, Figures 1 and 2. Preliminary stages of this technique have
ECG(i)
N i1 are calculated. As depicted in Table 1, the value of this
coefficient for the ALE output is ALE = 0.121, whereas for also been applied to decomposition of biomedical signals
the output of the proposed CSSA this coefficient is successfully [7][8][9].
negligible ( CSSA = 0.0016).
5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
6. REFERENCES