UNIT 11 SIMULTANEOUS

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Structure
1 1.1 Introduction
Objectives
11.2 Formation of Simultaneous Differential Equations
11.2 Existence and Uniqueness
dx & dz
11.4 Methods of Solution of = =-
-

P Q- R
Method of Multipliers
A Variant of the Method of Multipliers
One Vanable Absent
11.5 Applications
Orthogonal Trajectories of a System of Curves on a Given Surface
Particle Mot~onIn Phase-Space
Electric Circu~ts
11.6 Summary
1 1.7 Solutions/Answers

11.1 INTRODUCTION

You may recall that in Unit 10 we mentioned that ordinary differential equations of order
two and.above can be expressed as a system of simultaneous differential equations. These
equations, in fact, provide a basis for developing the theory of simultaneous differential
equations. In this unit, we shall study simultaneous differential equations in detail.

It is known that any nth order differential equatibn of the form

can be expressed as a system of n first-order differential equations, viz.,

Eqns. (3) is a system of simultaneous differential equations of the first order. These
equations arise frequently in mathematical physics. For instance, equations of the type (3)
arise in the general the01y of radioactive transformations as discovered by Rutherford and
Soddy (1930). In analytical mechanics, the equations of motion of a dynamical system of n
degrees of freedom are

where H(q,, q2, , . . . . . qn, p,, p2, . .. pn) is the Hamiltonian function and q,, pi (i = 1,2,....,
n) are 2n unknown functions. Eqns. (4) are a system of 2n first order equations, the solution
of which provides a description of the properties of the dynamical system at any time t.

In geometry, the equations

represent space curves. Simultaneous Differential
Equations
In the succeeding units of this block, you will observe that quasi-linear and non-linear
differential equations, also give rise to simultaneous differential equations.

In this unit, we shall first take up the formation of simultaneous differential equations and
state the theorem on the existence and uniqueness of the solution of these equations. We
shall, then, describe the methods of finding solutions of these equations and, finally, take up
a few interesting applications of simultaneous differential equations.

Objectives
After studying this unit, you should be able to
describe the origin of simultaneous differential equations;
state that the solution set of these equations is a two-parameter family of space curves;
use the methods of solution of simultaneous differential equatibns;
find orthogonal trajectories of a system of curves on a given surface.

11.2 FORMATION OF SIMULTANEOUS

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Let us consider two families of surfaces

u(x,y,z) = Cl, v(x,y,z) = c2 ,

c, and c2 being the parameters.
You know that these surfaces intersect-ina two-paramiter family of space curves (ref. Unit
10). Also, along any curve of the family, du=O and-dv = 0.

Now,
du = 0 a u, dx + uydy + uzdz = 0 . . . . (7)

with (dx,dy,dz) being the projections of the tangent vector to the curve.

Solving Eqs. (7) and (8) for dx, dy and dz, we obtain

where, P,.Q,R are known functions of x,y,z.

Eqns. (9) are the simultaneous differential equations of the two-parameter family of space
curves in which two families of surfaces u'(x,y,z) = c l and v (x,y,z) = c2 intersect.

We now illustrate the formation of simultaneous differential equations with the help of an
example.

Example 1: Find the differential equations of the space curves in which the two families
of surfaces
u = ~ ~ + = c1
~ and
~ v += x+z
z =~c2 . . . . (10)
intersect.
First Order Partial Differcntiai Solution : Here the given families of surfaces are
Eqwtlons
u = x2+y2+z2 = C1, v = X+Z = C2

If (dx,dy,dz) are the projections of the tangent vector to the space curve in which the given
surfaces intersect. then along any curve of the family, we have

Solving Eqns. ( I 1) and (12), we get

3-=
dx =-dz
y z-x -y

which are the required differential equations of the space curves.

You may now try the following exercise.

E 1) Find the differential equations of the space curves in which the two families of
surfaces
u = c1 and v = c2 intersect.
(a) u = 3 x + 4 y + z = c l , v = x + z = C2

(b) u = x ~ + ~ ~ = c ~ , V = ~ X + ~ Z = C ~ .

In the formation of simultaneous differential eqllations, it must have become evident to you
that the solution set of simultaneous equations of the type (9) is a two-parameter family of
space curves obtained as an iniersection of two one-parameter families of surfaces. But then
you may ask a natural-question-given a system of simultaneous differential-equations of the
type (9). what are the conditions under which the solution set exists and is unique?

The answer to this question is provided by an existence- uniqueness theorem, which

imposes the initial conditions and some restrictions on the functions P(x,y,z), Q(x,y,z) and
R(x,y,z). We take up this theorem in the next section.

11.3 EXISTENCE AND UNIQUENESS

Theorem 1 :If the functions f, (x,y,z) and f2 (x,y,z) are continuous in the domain defined
by I x-xo I < k, I y-yo I < m, I z-z, I < n, for some constants k, m and n and if in the domain
they satisfy a Lipschitz condition of the type

where Al, A2 B1, B2 are positive constants, then in a suitable interval I x-xo I < h, there
exists a unique pair of functions y(x) and z(x) continuous, and having continuous ,derivatives
in the interval, which satisfy the differential equations

and which have the property that

Y(%) = Yo. z(%) = 20.

where the numbers xo.yo and Q are arbitrary. SimultaneousDifferential
Equations
Comparing Eqn. (13) with Eqn. (9). we find that

f l (x,y.z) =Q(x,y,z) 1 P(x,y,z), f2 (x,y,z) = R(x,y,z) 1 P(x,y,z).

We shall not be proving this theorem here, as it is beyond the scope of the present course,
but merely assume its validity.
Geometrically, the function y(x) and z(x) through the equations y = y(x), z = z(x) in
Theorem 1, define cylinders in xyz-space which pass through the points (xw yo. 0) and (xo,
0, Q) respectively (see Fig. 1). These cylinders intersect in the space curve C which is the
solution of the Eqns. (13) and (14) or Eqn. (9). The curve C passes through the point (xo, yo,
zo) Since the numbers xo. yo, zo are arbitrary, by varying yo and Q, we find that the solution
set of Eqns. (13) and (14) or Eqn. (9) is a two-parameter family of space curves.

Fig. 1

For any given equation of the form (9). Theorem 1 guarantees the existence and uniqueness
of its solution. But then how to find this solution? I? the next section, we discuss the
methods of finding the solutions of the equations of form (9).

dx dz
11.4 METHODS OF SOLUTION OF p =
=R

In Sec. 11.2, you have seen that the curves of intersection of family of surfaces, given by Eqn.
(6).namely,
u (x,y.z) = C, and v (x,y,z) = c2
are defined by the system of simultaneous differential Eqs. (9), i.e.,

where
Flrrt Order RMal DiPTerenUal
Egwm
Thus, if we can derive from Eqns. (9), two relations of the form (6) involving two arbitrary
constants cl and carthen, by varying these constants, we obtain a two-parameter family of
curves satisfying Eqns. (9).
In this section, we shall describe the methods of finding the surfaces of the type (6) starting
with Eqns. (9) for which the functions P, Q, R are known.
11.4.1 Method of ~ultipliers
You may recall that in Section 10.3, of Unit 10, we mentioned that any tangential direction
through a point (x,y,z) to the surface u(x,y,z) = cl satisfies the relation
If u(x,y,z) = c is a suitable one-parameter system of surfaces for the system of Eqns. (9), viz.,
then the tangential direction to the integral curve through the point (x.y.2) is also a tangential
direction to this surface and hence, from Eqns. (9) and (15), we get
Similarly, for surface v(x,y,z) = c2. we have
To find wand v we try to determine functions (PI, Q1,R.1) and (P2. 4 2 . R2)with the
properties
such that
From componendo-dividend0 in algebra, we know that
Thus, in view of Eqs. (16) and (17). we get from Eqns. (18),
Now, if Eqs. (19) and (20) are enact, then
-
du = P1dx+ Qldy + Rldz = 0
On imegIatirrgtheseequations, we get the surfaces
and
The curves of intersection of these surfaces are the integral curves of the system of SimultaneousDifferential
Eqns. (9). Equations

We shall illustrate this method by the following examples.

Example 2: Solve the equations

A-
- A=&
mz-ny nx-lz ly-mx
Solution : Here P = mz-ny, Q = nx-lz, R = ly-mx

If we take P I = 1, Q1 = m, R I = n

and P2=x,Q2=y,R2=z

then
PPI + QQI + RRI = 1 (mz-ny) + mhx-lz) + n (ly-mx)

and
PP, + QQ2 + RR2 = x(mz-ny) + y(nx-lz) + z(1y-mx)

For the given system, we have

A x - d-y = - d c = - ldx+mdy+ndz - xdx+ydy+&

mx-ny nx-lz ly-mx 0 0
Also,

1dx + m dy + n dz = d(lx+my+nz) = du (say)

and,

x d x + y d y + z d z * = -+41-+E
~
2 ?'I
=dv (say)

Therefore the integral curves are given by the intersection of family of surfaces

lx+my+nz = c ,
and x2+y2+z2= c2.

Let us consider another example.

Example 3: Find the integral curves of the equations

Solution : Here, we have

P = y(x+y) + a z, Q = x(x+y) - a z, R = z(x+y)
If we take

PI=x,QI=-y,R1=-
and

P2=1,Q2=1,R2=- 5 9
z

then

PPl + QQ1 + RR1 = x[y(x+y) + a zl -.y[x(x+y) - a z] - a [ z(x+y)].

Flnt Order Partial D1CTcrentl.I and
Equations Y

Also, for the given system of equations, we have

dx - dy
- - d~ -xdx - ydy - adz - \ " I 421)
y(x+y) +az x (x+y) 4 x 2 - z (x+y) - 0 0
Thus,

and

Therefore, the integral curves are given by the intersection of family of curves

and

In Examples (I) and (2)above, we have illustrated the general arguments given in the above
theory. You must have noticed that detewining solution by this method reqtlires a good deal of
intuition in determining the forms of the functions (PI,Q,, R,)and (P2, Q2,R2).In actual
pntctice, it is much simpler to write any given equation in a form which suggests its solution. For
example, in Example 2 if we add the numerators and denominators of the first two fractions,
their value is unaltered. We thetefore have

which we can write in the form

. and its general solution is

I x+Y I= constant
Z

Similarly,

xdx-ydy - dz
@x+y)z z(x+y)
 x 2 - y 2 -2az = constant . . . . (24) Simultaneous MPlorential
Equations
Eqns. (23) and (24) together give us the solution (22).
Sometimes you may come across ihe situation when, for any given equation, it is
comparatively simple to derive one of the sets of surfaces of the solution, but not so easy to
derive the second set of surfaces. In such cases you may find the second set of surfaces by
using the first solution set of surfaces. To do this, we express one variable in terms of the
other two and possibly try to get an equation in two variables. From this equation, we can,
then, obtain another relation for the complete solution. We illustrate this case by the
following example.
Example 4 : Solve

Solution : For the given system of equations, we have each ratio

Hence,
b'

dx-3dy-&=O

Integrating, we get
u = x-3y-z = cl
From Eq. (25). we have

If we substitute this value of z in the first two ratios of the given equations, we get

Eqn. (26) is an ordinary equation in x and y and we can solve it by the methods given in
Block 1.
Let 4y + c = t, then Eq. (26) can be written as
d x ---
- x l
dt - 2t - 4
1 I
Eqn. (27) is a linear equation with 1.F = e -1% -- -
C
The solution of this equation is

*-
x-y+z
- constant = c2 [ substituting t = 4y + c ,
,
and c = x-3y-z Eq. (25) ] . . . . (28)

The integral curves of the given equation,arethus obtained as intersection of surfaces (25)
First Order Partial DiRerentiai and (28).
Equations
You may now try the following exercise :

E 2) Find the integral curves of the following system of equations

'b) A x - - * = - dz
z2-2yz-y2 - y+z y-z

dx -A=!&
c, cos (x+y) - sin (x+y) z
dx
d) -= 9= dz
1 2 5z+ tan (y-2x)

In the method of multipliers for solving Eqns. (9), we tried to find a set of functions
(Pl,QI,Rl)and(P2,Q2,R2) satisfying relations(l6) and (17). Sometimes it is not possible to
find such functions (PI, Ql, Rl ) and ( P2, Q2,R2 ). In such cases, we use another method, a
method which is a variation of the method of multipliers. Let us now take up this method.

11.4.2 A Variant of the Method of Multipliers

As in the case of method of multipliers, here also we try to find two sets of functions
(I",Q' ,R' ) and (P", Q", R") such that
P'dx + Q'dy + R'dz and P"dx + Qr'dy + R"dz
PP' + QQ' + RR' PP" + Q Q + RR"
are either

(i) exact differentials, say dw' and dw", respectively, or

(ii) these fractions, when taken with two of the fractions of Eqs. (9), yield exact
differentials.

In case (i), since each of these fractions is equal to the system of Eqs. (9), it follows that they
are equal to each other. Thus, we have
dw' = dw"

Integrating, we get a relation

between x,y,z, with c l being an arbitrary constant.

This gives us one family of surfaces

We can obtain the second family of surfaces either from the fractions of Eq. (9), as
illustrated in the method of multipliers, or determine another two sets of functions (PI', Q,',

second family of surfaces 1

-.-
Rl') and (PIw,QI", RI") satisfying the conditions of the type$wl' = dw I" and then find the
.

Note that in most ofthe problems that we come across, the need to find another two sets of
functions (PI', Ql', Rl') and (PIw,Q1",R I Mdoes
) not arise. It is very rare that you may be
required to find such functions in order to get the second family of surfaces.
!
To illustrate this method, let us take up an example.

Example 5: Find the integral curves of

Solution : Each of the fractions of the given system of equations is equal to

d -dz d +2dz
and l--
y-z 7(y+2z)

Thus, we have

dy-dz - dy+2dz
y-z 7(y+2~)
Integrating, we get one family of surfaces as

To find the second family of surfaces we take the first fraction in the given equations with
the first fraction in relation (30), i.e.,

dx - dy-dz
--
-1 y-z

Integrating, we get

The intersection of these two family of surfaces gives the integral curves.

You may try an exercise now.

E 3) Solve the equations

In the case where one variable is absent from one equation of the set of Eqns. (9) we can
derive the integral curves by a simpler method. In the next sub-section, we shall take up this
method.

11.4.3 One Variable Absent

Suppose that the variable x does not occur in functions Q and R of the system of Eqns. (9).
Then the equations to be solved are

From the last two fractions, in the above set, we obtain

Eqn. (32) is a first order equation in y,z and has a solution of the form

where c is an arbitrary constant.

On solving relation (33) for z and substituting in the first two fractions of Eqns. (31). we
obtain

Eqn. (34) is again a first order equation in x,y and its solution is of the form

w(x,y,c,,c2) = 0
where c2 is another arbitrary constant.
Thus, the integral curves of the set of Eqns. (31) are the intersection of the surfaces

.Z.C;)= and ~(x.y,clrc2) = 0.

@(Y
We illustrate this method with the help of an example.
Example 6 :Find the integral curves of the equations

Solution : From the last two ratios of the given set of equations, we have

It is a linear equation and its solution is

2-yL= C l Y . . . . (35)
Substituting for z from Eqn.(35) in the first ratio of the given equations and taking the first
two ratios, we get

It is again a linear equation in x and y and its solution is

- x = (z-Y)~In I y I + y2 + c2y (substituting for cl from Eqn. (35))

The integral curves of the given equations are given by Eqns. (35) and (36).
. . . . (36)

And now a few exercise for you.

E 4) Find the integral curves of the equations

dx
a) -= & =. dz
1 -2 3x2 sin (y+2x)

dx d y = d z
d, cos (x+y) sin (x+y) 1
z+-
Z

E 5) Solve the following equations

),, -
*-*=&
xz-y yz-x 1-z2

In Sec. 1 1.4 we have discussed various methods of solving the system of simultaneous .
differential equations. As already mentioned in Sec. 11.1, simultaneousequations arise
frequently in geometry and mathematical physics. In the next section we shall take up some
applications of simultaneousdifferential equations.
 Siniult~neousI)iifermtii~l
11.5 APPLICATIONS Equations

Geometrically when all the curves of one family of curves G(x,y,c,) = 0 intersect
orthogonally all the curves of another family H(x,y.c2) = 0, then we say that the families are z
orthogonal trajectories of each other. In other words. an orthogonal trajectory is any one
curve that intersects every curve of another family at right angles. f
The problem of finding the orthogonal trajectories of a system of curves on a given surface
provides an interesting application of simultaneous differential equations. In the next
sub-section we shall discus\ this problem.

11.5.1 Orthogonal Trajectories of a System of Curves on a given

Surface
You may recall that in Unit 10, we mentioned that the intersection of a surface by a plane
perpendicular to it is a curve. When we take the intersection of the cone

x2+y 2 -- z 2 tan 2a

by the system of parallel planes

where c l is a parameter, we obtain a system of circles (see Fig. 2). Geometrically we can say
that, in this case, the orthogonal trajectories are the generators of the cone shown dotted in
Fig. 2. In general, to obtain the orthogonal trajectories of a system of curves on a given
surface, let us assume that the given surface is x
Fig. 2

Let the given system of curves be the intersection of a one- parameter family of surfaces

with the surface (37).

Now we want to find another system of curves on the surface (37) which intersect
orthogonally the given system of cu'wes.

If (dx,dy,dz) define the tangential direction of the given system of curves through the point
(x,y,z) on the surface (37), then we have (refer Sec. 10.3)

aG aG aG
and --dx+-dy+-dz=O
ax ay az
On solving Eqs. (39) and (40), for dx, dy, dz, we get the triad (dx,dy,dz) to be such that

dx dv dz

with P = FyG, - FzG,, Q = FzGx- FxGz, R = FxG, - F,G, . . . . (42) P

Eqns. (41) are the simultaneous differential equations of the given syptern of curves on the Fig. 3
<
surface (37).

If (dx', dy'. dz') define the tangential directions of the orthogonal system at (x.y.z) on the
surface (37). (see Fig. 3). then
First Order Partial Differential Pdx'+Qdy'+Rdzl=O . . . .(11)
Equations
On solving Eqs. (43) and (44) for dx'. dy'. and dz'. we get the system of squniions
dx' - .d- g
-- dz'
....
P' - Q' - R'
where

The solution of the Eqns. (45) with the relation (37) gives the system of orthogonal
trajectories.

To illustrate the method, we now consider an example.

Example 7 : Find the system of orthogonal trajectories on plane z = 0, to the system of

straight lines xiy = c,.

Solution : In this case we are given

F(x,y,z) = z = 0

and G(x,y,z) = x-y = c I .

Now F(x,y,z) = z = 0 F ,= 0, Fy = 0, F, = 1
and G(x,y,z) = x-y = c l a G , = 1, Gy =--I, G, = 0

Therefore, from relations (4I), we have

P = FyG, - F,Gy = 1
Q = F,G, - F,G, = 1

R = F,Gy - FyG, = 0

Also from relations (46), we have

P'=RFy-QFZ= 1

Q'=PF,-RF,= I

R'=QF,-PFy=O
Hence, the orthogonal trajectories are given by

The integral curves of the system (47) on the-given surface are z = 0,x+y = cz.

Let us consider another example.

Example 8 : Find the orthogonal trajectories on the sphere x2+y2+z2= 1 of its

intersections with the family of planes z = k, -1 < k 5 1 .
Solution :Here
 Simultaneous Differential
Equations

Thu\ the \y\tem of equation\ defining the given integral curves are

The orthogonal trajectories are given by the system of equations

where

the solution of which gives us the integral curves

You may now try the following exercises.

E 6) Find the orthogonal trajectories on the hyperboloid =I

of the conics in which it is cut by the family of planes x+y = c

E 7) Show that the orthogonal trajectories on the conicoid (x+y)z = 1

of the conics in which it is cut by the system of planes x-y+z = k (k a parameter) are
1 1
the curves of intersection with the surface x + c , = z + - -
22 6z3

We next take up another application from particle dynamics in phase-space. Here

I phase-space or phase-plane is the XY-plane.

The PI-oblemconsists of finding a curve in the XY-plane which passes through a given
point, say (xu. yo). along which a particle is moving in simple harmonic motion.

11.5.2 Particle Motion in Phase-Space

1 We know that the equation governing the simple harmonic motion of a particle is

d2x
- ,+ w-x=O. x(0) = XO.
7
y(O) = y o
dt-

dx
Let - =y
dt

From Ecls. (48) and (49). we get

First Order Partial Differential
t

Equations

The time variable t does not appear explicitly in the system of Eqns. (50). These equations art:
called autonomous.

Eqns. (50) are the simultaneous differential equations defining the particle motion in
phase-space.

Integrating Eqns. (50), we get

w2x2 + y2,= w2 x i + Yt . . . .(51)

The integral curve (trajectory) is shown in Fig.4.

Fig. 4

The arrow on the trajectory tells about the evolution of the dynamical system with t h e . In
this case it is the simple harmonic motion of a particle. This description is confirmed by the
solution of ordinary differential Eqns. (48) and (49), namely

You may now try the following exercise.

E 8) Determine the system of simultaneous differential equations governing the

equilibrium of a heavy string hanging from two points of support, where H is the
horizontal tension at the lowest point L of the string, T is the tension in the strink at
the point P and W is the weight borne by the portion LP of the string.

We now take up another application of simultaneous equations in which the problem of an

electric circuit is reduced to a system of simultaneous 'differentialequations.

11.5.3 Electric Circuits

You may recall that in Sec. 9.4 of Unit 9, Block 2, we obtained ;he differential equation of an
electric circuit containing an inductance L, a resistance R, a conductor of capacitance C and Simultaneous Differential
Equations
an electromagnetic force E(t) in the form (ref. Eqn. (56), Unit 9).

where i is the current and q is the charge.

Also, we know that the current i is just the instantaneous rate of change in charge q and we
have

From Eqns. (52) and (53), we obtain

Eqns. (54) is the system of simultaneousdifferential equations defining the vibrations in an

electric circuit. The solution of Eqns. (54) yields the charge and the current at any time t.

Let us consider the following example.

Example 9 : An electric circuit consists of an inductance of 0.1 henry, a resistance of 20

ohms and a condenser of capacitance 25 microfarads. Find the system of equations
governing the charge and the current at time t.

Solution : Here L = 0.1, R = 20, C = 25 microfarads = 25 x lo4 farads, E(t) = 0.

:. Simultaneous Eqns. (54) governing the vibrations in the electric circuit in this case
reduce to

where q is the charge and i is the c u d n t at time t.

You may now try an exercise.

E 9) In Example 9 what will be the form of the governing equation if there is a variable
electromagnetic force of 100cos 200t volts.

We now conclude this unit by givinga summary of what we have Covered in it.

11.6 SUMMARY

In this unit, we have covered the following

I. The simultaneous differential equations represent

(a) geometrically, a space curve as the intersection of two surfaces

- . - . . . .
 (c) the equations governing the theory of radioactive transformations
2. The system of simultaneous differential equations

can be solved by

(a) Method of multipliers : In this method we find multipliers PI, Q1,R1 and P2,
Q2, R2 (constants or functions of x,y,z) such that

with

Also Pldx + Q,dy + Rldz = 0 and P2dx + Q2dy + R2dz = 0 are either exact
differentials or reducible to exact differentials and their integration yields the
family of surfaces, whose intersection is the integral curves of the given
equations.
(b) Variant of the method of multipliers :Wherein functions (I",Q', R'),
(PW,Q",R)are obtained such that
P'dx + Q'dy + R'dz and P"dx + Q"dy + R"dz
PF" + QQ' + RR' PP" + QQ" + RR"
are exact differentials, say dw' and dw", and then one of family of surfaces
can be found by integrating
dw' = dw"
The second family of surfaces can then be found from any one of the above
fractions and one fraction of-the given equations.
(c) One variable absent : In this case we find a one solution surface and use it to
find the second solution surface from the given system.

3. As an application of simultaneous differential equations, we find that

(a) Orthogonal trajectories of space curves obtained as the intersection of surfaces

F(x,y,z) = C1 and G(x,y,z) = C2 are the solutions of the following system of
simultaneous differential equations.

(b) Particle motion in phase-space is governed by the system of equation&.

--
dl- %= dt, y(%) = y,
y -w x

(c) The vibration in an electric circuit can be obtained by the system of equations,
 Simultaneous Differential
11.7 SOLUTIONSIANSWERS Equations

E 1 a) The given families of surfaces are

If (dx,dy,dz) are the projections of the tangent vector to the space curves in
which the given surfaces intersect, then along any curve of the family

Now du=O*3dx+4dy +dz=O

Solving for dx, dy, dz, we get

which are the required simultaneous differential equations of the space curves.

(b) The given families of surfaces are

u = x 2 + y2 - c 1 = O a n d v = 3 x + 4 z - c 2 = 0

du=O*2xdx+Zydy=O

dv=O*3dx+4dz=O

Solving for dx, dy, dz, we get

which are the required simultaneous differential equations of the'space curves.

E 2 a) The given equations are

Thus for the given system of equations, we have

From 1st and last fraction, we get

Integrating, we get in I x I I y I I z I = constant

First Order Partial Differentid =3 IxI.IyI.IzI N = c ,
Equations

From 1st and 2nd fraction, we get

(2y4- x3y )dx - ( y.1 X - 2 4~) dy = o

Dividing, by x3v3, we get

Integrating, we get

Thus the integral curves are given by the intersection of families of surfaces

(b) The given equations are

-
.-dy=*
y+z y-z

From 2nd and 3rd fraction, we get

It is a homogeneous equation in y and z. To solve it, we put y = vz and obtain

the solution as I

z2 (-v2+2v+ l ) = constant

3 -y+ 2yz + z2 = c , say (substituting v = y/z)

2
. . . .(57)
xax + ydy + z@
Also, each fraction in Eqns. (55) = -
0
.: xdx+ydy+zdz=O

Integrating, we get

x2+y 2+z2 -- C2

From Eqns. (57) and (58) the integral curves are given by the intersection of
families of surfaces
z 2+2yz-y 2 = c l and x2+y2 +z2 = c2

c) The given equations are

dx -a=*
cos (x+y) - sin (x+y)
z

Each fraction in Eqns. (59) = - d (X+Y)

cos (x+y) + sin (x+y)

dz d (X+Y)
Thus, --
z cos (x+y) + sin (xcy)
 j- =
dz dU Slmuitanews Differential
, where U = x+y
z cosU + sinU Equations

Integrating, we get

1
~ r I. ~ I = ].
slnU + cosU
d~ + constant

= ;iJ cosec ( u + -)X4 d~ + constant

- -I in tan (-rc i
+- ) + constant
-45 8 2

X x+y
3 I z I d2 cot ( - + 2 ) = C, (substituting U = x+y) . . . .(60)
8
Again taking first two fractions in Eqns. (59), we have

*
dx
= tan(x+y) . . . .(61)
On putting x+y = V, Eqn. (6 1) reduces to

Integrating this equation, we get

x + constant = -21 [V + In I cosV + sinV I ]

Hence integral curves are the intersection of families of surfaces (60) and (62).

(d) The given equations are

From 1st and 2nd fractions, we get one family of surfaces as

y-2x=cl . . . .(64)
From 1 st and 3rd fractions of Eqns. (63). and using relation (64), we get the
second family of surfaces as

5z + tan (y-2x) = c2eSX . . . . (65)

The integral curves are the intersection of families of surfaces (64) and (65).

E 3) Each of the fractions of the given system of equations is equal to

1
where w- = 1

From I st and 2nd fractions of Eqns. (66), we get

Integrating. we get
First Order Partial Differential
Equations

From 1st and 3rd fractions of Eqns. (66), we get

Integrating, we get
W 2
In (x+y+z) + constant = - -
2
In (w x+wy+z)

Hence the integral curves of the given equations are the intersection of families
of surfaces (67) and (68)
E 4) a) y+2x=c1 and
z - x3 sin(y+2x) = c2

b) x3-y3 = c,

andy3 + -3= c 2
z

c) I zY ~ = c Iand x2+y2+z2=c2

Hint : Here - dx =
-y 2 + , 2 Y Z
*
= dz = xdx + ydy + zdz
-

0
X

and (r2+l ?Id2 cot (i+

x x+y
) = c2

Hint : Proceed as in E 2) (c).

E 5 a) The given equations are

--a dx b d y - c dz
( k ) y z - (c-a)zx (a-b) xy

k c-a a-b
Herep=-yz,Q=--zx,R=-xy
a b c

Let P I = ax, Q1 = by, Rl = cz, then

PPI +QQl + R R l = O
Also if we take

P2 = a2x, Q2 = b2y, R2 = a2 z

then PP2 + QQ2 + RR2 = 0

Thus each'fraction in the given equation is equal to

axdx + bydy + czdz a2xdx + b 2 ~ d +

y c2zdz
- and
0 0
Using these fractions with any one of the fractions of the given equation, we get
the two family of surfaces as
ax2+by 2+cz2 = c l
and
 Simultaneous Differentlal
a2x2+ b2Y2+ c2z2= c2 Equations

b) The given equations yield

-
dx-dy=dz=dx+dy - dxdy
xz-y yz-x 1-z2 (x+y) (z-1) - (x-y) (z+l)
From which we get the two family of surfaces as
(x+y) (z+l) = c ,
and

c) Each fraction in the given equation is equal to

dx+* dz
x y2 + - and - 7
xdx. +. ydy + Z ~ Z
0 0

Thus, the two family of surfaces are

2 2
X + y +z2=c,

and

E 6) Here F = x2+y2-z2-1 = 0
and G = x+y-c = 0
Hence
Fx = 2x, Fy = 2y, F, = -22
and
G x = l,Gy= l,G,=O
Thus system of equations defining the given integral curves are

j-=
dx CJ
-
dz
z -z x-y

The orthogonal trajections are given by the system of equations

where

P = RF,, - QF, = 2[y (x-y) -z2]

q' = PF, - RFx = -2[x (x-y) + z2 I

First Order Partial Differential
Equations

- xdx + ydy - zdz dx-dy

--
0 - x2-y2
The 4th and 5th fractions yield

xdx+ydy - zdz=O

Integrating, we get

x2+y2-22 = C,

The 3rd and 5th fractions yield

Integrating, we get

Hence the orthogonal trajectories are given by the equations

x2+ y 2- z 2 = c l = l and I x - y I . I z I = c 2

We have taken C, = 1, since we are considering the given surface as x2+y2-z2 = I

Here F = (x+y)z -1 = 0

Thus system of equations defining the given integral curves are

where P = z+x+y, Q = x+y-z, R = -22

The orthogonal trajectories are given by the equations

where, F" = -2z2 - (x+y-z) (x+y), Q' = (x+y) (x+y+z) + 2i2, R' = -2z2

From 3rd and 4th fractions, we get on integration. (x+y)z = 1

1
Using x+y = - in 1st and 3rd fractions, and integrating we get
z

Let the two points of support of a string be A and B (see Fig. 5)

The portion TPof the string k i n equilibrium under the action of tensions T at P. H at
Fig. 5 L and weight W, Let the are LP=s.

If w is the inclination of tangent at P tothe horiLontal, then we have

and T cos v = W . . . . (701 Simultaneous Differential
Equations
If w be the weight of the string per unit length, then W = ws and hence from Eqns.
(69) and (70), we get

where c = Hlw.

If we take axes of x and y as horizontal and vertical axes respectively, then

(using Eqn. (71))

Differentiating with respect to x, we get

then Eqn. (72) becomes

From Eqns. (73) and (74), the required simultaneous equations governing the
equilibrium of the string, under given conditions, are

Thus equations governing the electric circuit are

dt
+ 200i + 400,OWq = 100 cos 200t

and =i
dt
The above set of equations, yieM-rhe required system of'simultaneous equations
governing the motion of electric circuit as