Urban Management

Key Issues

 Rapid Urban Growth- PURA (provision of urban facilities in rural areas)

 Basic Services- Water Supply, Sewerage, Drainage, Waste Disposal etc

 Traffic & Transportation- congestion; safety; parking

 Land Acquisition & Management- land pooling; rationalize demand

 Environmental Degradation- adoption of green concepts

 Participatory Planning
 Urban Management
Key Challenges

 Urban Poverty- employment oriented development

 Urban Sprawl- compact urban form; mixed land use

 Sustainability – economic; environmental

 Urban Administration – Decentralized ; 74 Constitutional Amendment Act

 Global Aspirations

 Heritage Conservation

 Capacity Building- professional city managers

Rapid Urban Population Growth- India

Over the last two decades, India's

urban population increased from
217 million to 377 million and this
is expected to reach 600 million, or
40 % of the population by 2031.

In 2011 it was 31.16%

Urban Poverty

In 2011-12, the Planning

Commission had estimated 26.4
per cent of urban India’s total
population to be poor as per the
methodology laid down by the
Rangarajan committee.

However, The Tendulkar panel’s

yardsticks put that figure at 13.7
per cent

Urban Inequality increased from

34 %to 38% between 1995-
2005
Basic Services: Water Supply

 Only 47 % of urban households have individual water

connections.

 Currently, it is estimated that as much as 40 to 50

per cent of the water is “lost” in the distribution
system.

 Almost half of the urban Indian population still

depends upon groundwater sources which are
contaminated

 Only 77 of 393 Class 1 Cities have 100% water

supply coverage.

 Mumbai draws water from neighbouring areas and

from sources located as far as 125 km in the
Western Ghats.

 Chennai uses water express trains to meets its

growing demand for water.

 Delhi meets large part of its water requirements from

Tajiwala in Haryana. Water is also drawn from
Ramganga as far as 180 Km
Basic Services Sanitation

 Over 50% of Indians don’t have

access to a toilet, and India
accounts for 59% of the 1.1 billion
people who defecate in the open
worldwide.

 All Class I cities and Class II towns

together generate an estimated
30,000 MLD sewage.

 Against this, installed sewage

treatment capacity is only 6000
MLD (20%)

 Most of the untreated sewage is

discharged into rivers, ponds or
lakes, which is the main source of
municipal water.
Basic Services: Solid Waste Disposal

 Around 60 million tones of

municipal solid waste (MSW) is
generated in urban India annually

 With rapid urbanization and

changing lifestyle and food habits,
the amount of municipal solid
waste will increase significantly

 e-Waste is of immediate and long

term concern as the industry is
unregulated and recycling can lead
to major environmental
degradation
City Drainage

“Heavy development has destroyed

green spaces and mangrove
forests, its natural flood protection”

Experts say they’d be right: One

runway traverses the Adyar river,
which burst its banks after some of
the heaviest cloudbursts in the area
in over a century swamped
Chennai

“The authorities and the airlines

just have commercial and political
interests in mind. Safety is the last
avenue.”
Traffic & Transportation

 The annual rate of growth of

vehicle pop.: around 10% during
last decade.
 Mixed Traffic
 Dwindling share of Non-motorised
Transportation

 Acute shortage of parking spaces

both on and off the streets

 Heavy encroachment at major

roads and junctions.

 10 percent of the world’s road

fatalities (130,000) occur in India
alone.
Environmental Degradation

India is the fourth largest emitter

of CO2

627,000 people die every year of

particulate air pollution

Native forests in India are

disappearing at a rate of up to 2.7
percent per year
 Air Quality Index (AQI)
December 3, 2015

City AQI
Agra 333
Bangalore 59
Delhi 321
Hyderabad 91
Jaipur 41
Lucknow 408
Mumbai 126
Pune 211
Varanasi 302
Ground-level ozone,
Particle pollution
Carbon monoxide,
Sulfur dioxide,
Nitrogen dioxide.
Green Cover
Sq M per inhabitant

Gandhinagar 162.80
Chandigarh 54.45
Delhi 21.52
Bangalore 17.32
Jaipur 02.30
Mumbai 00.60
Chennai 01.92
Kolkata 32.50
Singapore 13.60
London 21.90
Slums

 13.8 million households – about 64

million people – located in city
slums nationwide.

 17.4 % of all urban households -

roughly one-third of India's 1.2
billion people.

 More than one-third of slum homes

have no indoor toilets and 64
percent were not connected to
sewerage systems.

 About half of the households lived

in only one room or shared with
another family.
 Urban Land Crunch

 Developed Land- Shortage and high pricing

 Land Acquisition Act – 1894 and 2011/2014?

 Land Development Norms- Density, FAR

 Compact City form

 Coordination of Civic Affairs through 74 Constitutional
Amendment Act-1992 ???

 The people to take part in the issues that affected them directly.

 The municipalities to be made responsible for urban planning, land use, water
supply, roads, bridges, health sanitation slum improvement etc. in addition
irrigation, libraries, cultural activities etc added to the local government’s share
of responsibilities.

 The authority to take decisions on these subjects was to be transferred by the

state governments to the municipalities.