Eco-Bricks With Animal Manures For Covered Walkways

UNIVERSITY RESEARCH AND Document No.
FM-URD-006
DEVELOPMENT CENTER Revision No. 00
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Page No. 1 of 39
ECO-BRICKS WITH ANIMAL MANURES FOR COVERED WALKWAYS

Sean I. Ayang-ang, Steve B. Sebastian, Stephanie Lourainne O. Alejo,
Yanessa G. Quibol, Melby C. Uson, *Ertie C. Abana
ABSTRACT
This study created an eco-friendly brick by implementing an eco-friendly process

because its transmission is a significant source of concern. The animal manures were sun-
dried and pulverized. The animal manures that were considered in this study are horse
manure, cow manure, and carabao manure. The alluvial soil was partially replaced by animal
manures at 10%, 20%, and 30% and tested in terms of its compressive strength, water
absorption, and chemical composition. It is concluded that the partial addition of the animal
manure improves only in the water absorption test. The carabao manure with 10% combination
has the highest compressive strength of 0.38 MPa. The water absorption obtained in this study
ranges from 14% to 25%. The 10% cow manure mixture had the lowest water absorption
capacity of 14.36% but in terms of compressive strength, it is 0.35 MPa, while the carabao
manure mixture had a water absorption capacity of 14.68%. However, it has the highest
compressive strength. The various analyses suggest that adding 10% carabao manure mixture
to the mix produced the highest acceptable data of all the treatments. Furthermore, in terms
of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium percentages, carabao manure has the least chemical
composition of all the manures.
Keywords: alluvial soil, bricks, horse manure, cow manure, carabao manure, compressive
strength, water absorption, chemical composition
INTRODUCTION
Clay brick has been one of the most widely used building materials since the beginning
of time. However, the supply of alluvial soil suitable for producing bricks is rapidly depleting.
Alluvial soils are often used for agriculture because they are mineral-rich and moisture-
retentive [1]. Brick is part of a large family of construction materials since it is mostly used to
build the outside and interior walls of structures. The brick industry is the most suggested
technical activity sector for absorbing solid waste due to the vast quantity of raw materials used
and the substantial quantity of finished products produced in the construction industry [2].
Different researchers in the development of eco-bricks have become the solution to the
ongoing depletion of alluvial soil. A group of researchers made plastic soil bricks from
discarded plastic, which reduces waste and the health risks associated with inappropriate
disposal. The improved binding capability of plastic in its molten condition has aided in
developing a safe waste plastic disposal solution [3]. Another study used waste from paper
mills to create bricks. It discusses the feasibility of substituting a portion of the natural soil used
in brick production with lime mud waste gathered from a paper mill's dump [4]. While some
researchers produced eco-bricks from other debris, others used animal manures such as cow
dung [5], horse manure [6], and carabao manure [7]. However, their study involved the burning
of manure to produce ashes. And in burning, it produces a lot of gases such as hydrogen
Eco-bricks with Animal Manures for Covered Walkways | 1

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sulfide, methane, ammonia, and carbon dioxide, and these gases are harmful to humans in
large doses [8].
Due to these harmful gases that the burning of manure produces, the researchers came
up with this study to determine if unburnt animal manure can pass brick standards. Although
animal manures are already studied as a partial replacement for the development of bricks,
there is still no study that did not involve the burning of the manures. This study created an
eco-friendly brick by implementing an eco-friendly process because its transmission is a
significant source of concern since it has a negative impact on the environment and is a hazard
to the people living in the area where it is dumped. The animal manures were sun-dried and
pulverized. Different amounts of animal manure were utilized to replace alluvial soil in the
creation of eco-friendly bricks. The animal manures that were considered in this study are
horse manure, cow manure, and carabao manure. The alluvial soil was partially replaced by
animal manures of 10%, 20%, and 30%. Moreover, this study was conducted to test if eco-
brick with animal manure is durable, identify its chemical properties, and evaluate its effects.
Research Objectives
This study aimed to manufacture eco-bricks from animal manures, specifically cow,
horse, and carabao manures, as partial alluvial soil replacements. It was aimed to achieve the
following objectives:
1. To measure the compressive strength of the bricks;
2. To test the amount of water absorbed by the bricks
Significance of the Study
This research will benefit the environment because the partial replacement of alluvial soil
will not be done by burning. In addition, people will profit from a good environment as a result
of the correct management of manure, which is used as a component of alluvial soil. Moreover,
the brick makers will also benefit since they will have other materials that can serve as partial
replacements for alluvial soil. The study's findings will also contribute to the construction
industry's ongoing quest for eco-friendly materials.
Related Works
Clay bricks are a significant primary construction material required in all construction
activities, accounting for approximately 13% of the total cost of building materials. When
compared to other materials, clay bricks create a more comfortable physical living environment.
The demand for clay bricks has been increasing year by year with increased urbanization, a
growing population, industrialization, etc., both in the private and public sectors. A significant
shift in building habits has occurred, with a common tendency to shift from traditional housing
types to RCC-type houses that use bricks for construction. Thus, the demand for bricks has
increased continuously and considerably throughout the years. This situation, along with the
demand for low-cost housing and the high cost of construction materials, has led to several
investigations into developing lightweight and cost-effective bricks for construction activities.
Regular bricks are made from various types of clay, such as surface clay, shale clay, and fire

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clay. In the study conducted, coir and lime were used along with clay to manufacture clay bricks,
which have desirable lightweight properties and are cost-effective [11].
There is a wide range of materials available for the construction industry. The selection
and sustainability of materials are heavily influenced by their availability, the nature of the
project, individual desire, durability, proximity, and economic factors. In one particular study, it
was found that the increasing amount of corn cobs added into clay bricks led to an increase in
the water absorption of bricks, and the values of compressive strength of samples decreased
when the number of additional corn cobs increased, and the temperature was higher [12].
Another study shows that the Rice Husk Ash (RHA) wasted from the brick kiln contains a high
amount of silica and can be used as a SiO2 provider for clay materials to increase the
SiO2/Al2O3 ratio. The water absorption and compressive strength characteristics showed a
great improvement with 4% RHA addition [13].
Animal manure consists mostly of two constituents: undigested fibers and bacterial
biomass. Fibers are a great material for enhancing moisture absorption, and a recent study of
bacterial biomass revealed that they are highly resistant to water. Researchers are trying to find
such types of materials as partial replacements that are easily available and, on the other hand,
environmentally friendly. Cow Dung Ash (CDA) is one such type of admixture which is
abundantly available, and also an organic thing for the environment. The study was done with
the aim of introducing Cow Dung Ash (CDA) as a partial substitution in clay bricks. Bricks with
five different CDA percentages were manufactured. For each CDA, these proportions are 0%,
5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% of the total weight of the mixture. The molded bricks were sun-dried
for two days and then cooked in a traditional brick kiln. These oven-fired bricks were tested for
physical properties. The results of the tests were analyzed by Sri Lanka and British Standard
Specifications [14].
Some studies have been conducted to determine how bonds are substituted in concrete.
This investigation focuses on a method for employing horse manure as a raw material in the
production of bricks. The horse manure brick is environmentally friendly and gives value to
construction development by preventing soil abuse and expanding agricultural soil limits [15].
According to another study, carabao dung is a nitrogen-rich substance that also contains
salt, sulfur, potassium, and phosphorus. In addition, it is chemically comparable to the
components of cement used in buildings, including calcium, sodium, sulfur trioxide, potassium
oxide, and calcium oxide. Based on Williams' results, carabao excrement is thought to provide
important components for a breakthrough in alternative but environmentally friendly cement [16].

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MATERIALS AND METHODS
Preparation of Animal Manures
The collection of animal manure was distributed. The horse manure is shown in figure 1
and was collected in Tabuk, cow manure is shown in figure 2 and was collected in Isabela, and
the carabao manure shown in figure 3 was collected in Baggao. The researchers specified to
the breeders and owners that the animal manure would be used as a partial replacement for
bricks. Then, the researchers dried the manure and pulverized it to mix it into the process of
making the eco-bricks.
Figure 1. Horse Manure Figure 2. Cow Manure Figure 3. Carabao Manure
Preparation of Alluvial Soil
Since the Cagayan River is the longest and largest river in the Philippines, and it is known
that it is rich in alluvial soil, alluvial soil is collected in Tuguegarao City Cagayan. Alluvial soil
was used in the production of bricks. It is extracted from the ground and distributed across the
plain. Alluvial soil is cleansed of visible stones, and other wastes and soil lumps are physically
broken down. The cleansed alluvial soil was exposed to the air to soften. A four-week weather
period was provided.
Figure 4. Alluvial Soil

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Mixing of Eco-bricks
Hand mixing is employed in the work to combine the components. Alluvial soil is
combined in various amounts with cow manure, carabao manure, and horse manure. Table 1
shows the various proportions. Every treatment has a total of 3 bricks, and they were used to
get the average compressive strength and water resistance of every treatment.
Table 1. Various proportions and percentages of bricks

Treatment
Animal Manure Percentage Clay Soil Percentage
No.
1 None 0% 100 %
2 10% 90%
3 Horse Manure 20% 80%
4 30% 70%
5 10% 90%
6 Cow Manure 20% 80%
7 30% 70%
8 10% 90%
9 Carabao Manure 20% 80%
10 30% 70%
Molding of Eco-bricks
The prepared alluvial soil was molded into bricks. For this aim, wooden rectangular-
shaped molds were utilized, as shown in figure 5. These brick molds produce bricks with a
thickness of 3.5 inches and a cross-sectional area of 70000 mm^2. The mixture is poured into
the mold. Finally, a plastic scraper was used to level the top surface. The mold was removed
after setting, and the bricks were carried to dry.
Figure 5. Rectangular-shaped molds Figure 6. Molded bricks

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Drying of Eco-bricks
The bricks were collected for drying after they had been molded. This is done to prevent
fractures from forming. In addition, the bricks were stacked in such a way that air could circulate
freely between them. The bricks were sun-dried for three days in a shaded area.
After the drying procedure, the bricks were cooked in an oven for greater strength and
were able to withstand the weather.
Figure 7. Drying of Eco-bricks
Covered Walkways
Brick walkways are very durable and will last for many years. Bricks may be initially more
expensive to install than concrete, the additional expenses will be made up in the long run by
the period of time the bricks will last before needing to be replaced. Brick sidewalks are
estimated to last more than three times as long as concrete sidewalks without needing to be
repaired or replaced [17]. Comparatively, clay bricks have two and a half to three times the
compressive strength of concrete bricks. Thus, clay bricks can withstand between eight and
twelve thousand pounds, whereas concrete can typically withstand between three and four
thousand pounds [18]. Additionally, brick sidewalks are more eco-friendly than concrete
sidewalks, which is a huge benefit in our area, which has made it a priority to have as little
environmental impact as possible. The gaps between the bricks allow more rainfall to flow
through into the soil, resulting in fewer puddles and less standing water around the area [17].

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Water Absorption Test
A water absorption test was conducted to evaluate the quality of the manure brick. The
quantity of water absorbed under given conditions is measured by water absorption. The type
of soil, partial replacement (manure), temperature, and time of exposure are all factors that
influence water absorption. The data gives insight into the materials' performance in water or
humid environments [20].
For this test, the researchers dried the specimen at 105 °C to 115 °C in a vented oven
until it reached a mass that was substantially constant. The specimen was cooled to room
temperature and weighed (M1). For this reason, it is not advisable to use a specimen that is too
hot to handle. The dried specimen was submerged in clean water for 24 hours at 27+2°C.
Finally, the researchers take the specimen from the water and wipe away any remaining water
with a wet towel. Weighed the specimen once it had been removed from the water (M2) [21].
𝑀2 −𝑀1
𝑊= 𝑥 100 (1)
𝑀1
After the procedure, water absorption was calculated using formula (1). The formula calculates
water absorption (percentage by mass) after 24 hours of immersion in cold water. The accepted
water absorption capacity of clay bricks is between 12% and 20% [24]. The mean outcome was
reported. The result was the percentage of the water absorbed [21].
Compressive Strength Test
Compressive strength tests on bricks are carried out with compression testing equipment
to determine the load-carrying capacity of bricks. Bricks are commonly used to build load-
bearing masonry walls, columns, and footings. These load-bearing masonry structures
experience mostly compressive loads. Thus, it is important to understand the compressive
strength of bricks in order to determine their suitability for use in building [22].
The Compressive Strength Test on Bricks procedure is: The specimen was placed. Then,
added an axial load at a constant rate of 14 N/mm2 (140 kg/cm2) per minute until failure
occurred, recording the highest load at failure. Finally, the load at failure is the maximum load
at which the specimen fails to generate any further rise in the indicator reading on the testing
equipment [22].
After testing, the compressive strength of the brick was determined. Maximum Load at
Failure (N)/Average Bed Face Area (mm2) = Brick Compressive Strength The result was the
average compressive strength of the bricks. Range selection was determined by maximum
compressive strength, contact area, and maximum expected load [22].

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Figure 8. Compressive Strength Testing Machine
Chemical Test
Chemical testing is widely used to aid in chemical identification. A chemical test is

generally a rapid reaction carried out in a test tube that produces a dramatic visual hint (a color
change, precipitate, or gas production) as proof of a chemical reaction [23]. The chemical test
also assesses whether the component has the ability to cause harm to the skin or health of
brickmakers during molding or production. This study examined the chemical composition of
animal manures.
Chemical Analysis
Table 2. Chemical composition of Horse, Cow, and Carabao Manure used in the experiments
Sample Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium

Horse 2.4% 0.44% 1.76%
Cow 3% 2% 1%
Carabao 1.22% 0.5% 0.79%
The chemical analyses show that the major chemical compositions of the animal manure
are nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, which are tabulated in Table 2. Carabao manure
has the least quantity of chemical composition of all the manures, as seen in Table 2.

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter discussed the results of the study, which are presented in tables and
figures. Cow manure, carabao manure, and horse manure are combined in various amounts
with alluvial soil to test its potential as a partial replacement for bricks. Every treatment will
have a total of 3 bricks, the average compressive strength and water resistance of each
treatment should be calculated, and each manure chemical composition should be identified.
Figure 9. Eco-bricks with animal manure
Compressive Strength Analysis
The compressive strength analysis of the eco-bricks is shown in Table 3. The

compressive strength of the manures treated at 10% is substantially higher. Except with
carabao manure, the compressive strength of the eco-bricks decreases as the percentage of
manure increases. Although the control treatment of bricks without a mixture of manure is still
a point higher than the 10% carabao mixture, this mixture clearly shows that it is the most
acceptable among all the manure mixtures. Contrary to earlier studies, a 10% mixture of cow
manure is determined to be the most beneficial. It is also found that cow manure in excess of
10% will have a negative impact on the specimen's strength qualities [25].

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Table 3. Compressive strength results
Manure Sample Identification Max load (KN) MPa (N/mm2)
26.66 0.39
Control 100% clay
26.02 0.38
26.19 0.37
10% manure
14.61 0.22
15.84 0.24
Horse 20% manure
19.64 0.3
11.64 0.17
30% manure
10.40 0.15
24.96 0.36
10% manure
23.51 0.34
20.39 0.29
20% manure
Cow 18.24 0.26
22.81 0.35
30% manure
12.69 0.19
25.18 0.36
10% manure
27.19 0.39
23.72 0.36
Carabao 20% manure
22.46 0.33
19.26 0.28
30% manure
28.62 0.42
Water Absorption Analysis
Table 4. Water absorption results

Normal Wet Dry Moisture Water
Treatment
Ratio Weight Weight Weight Content Absorption
No.
(kg) (kg) (kg) (%) (%)
1 Control 1.120 1.326 1.118 18.60% 18.39%
2 10% Horse Manure 1.105 1.285 1.103 16.50% 15.83%
3 20% Horse Manure 1.100 1.289 1.098 17.40% 17.18%
4 30% Horse Manure 0.998 1.213 0.996 21.79% 21.54%
5 10% Cow Manure 1.086 1.242 1.087 14.30% 14.36%
6 20% Cow Manure 1.112 1.291 1.118 15.47% 16.10%
7 30% Cow Manure 1.038 1.298 1.037 25.17% 25.05%
8 10% Carabao Manure 1.090 1.250 1.094 14.26% 14.68%
9 20% Carabao Manure 1.057 1.223 1.056 15.81% 15.70%
10 30% Carabao Manure 1.022 1.199 1.021 17.43% 17.32%

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Water absorption is one of the important factors to consider when evaluating the quality
of a brick. The water absorption of bricks with varying percentages of animal manure is shown
in Table 4. It has been found that the water absorption of bricks increases as the percentage
of animal manure increases. According to a previous study, the maximum absorption is
17% when a mixture of 20% cow dung ash is employed [14]. Compared to this study, it shows
a maximum water absorption of 25.05% at a 30% mixture of cow manure. The water absorption
obtained in this study ranges from 14% to 25%. The 10% cow manure mixture had the lowest
water absorption capacity of 14.36%, but in terms of compressive strength it is 0.35 MPa, while
the carabao manure mixture had a water absorption capacity of 14.68%, however it has the
highest compressive strength. This indicates that animal manure has an effect on bricks. The
results clearly show that the bricks satisfy the acceptable water absorption within the range
value of 12% to 20%. [24]. These eco-friendly bricks are suitable for a range of applications,
including gardens, paths, and patios [9].
CONCLUSION
From the three different tests performed by adding different percentages of animal
manure, it was determined that carabao manure with a 10% combination has the highest
compressive strength of 0.38 MPa out of the three different types of animal manure.
Additionally, its water absorption of 14.68% is still within the acceptable range of water
absorption, which is between 12% and 20%, and it has the least chemical composition
compared to other manures presented. However, the cow manure with a 10% combination
had the lowest water absorption capacity of 14.36%. Even so, in terms of compressive
strength, it was 0.35 MPa. In its chemical analysis, the cow manure had the highest quantity
of chemical composition out of all of the other manures that were tabulated. The findings of the
various analyses suggested that adding 10% carabao manure mixture to the mix produced the
highest capable data of all the treatments.
The researchers recommend that more extensive chemical testing be performed, as well
as additional testing. Future researchers must perform soundness tests of bricks to determine
the nature of bricks when subjected to sudden impact, which is also used to check the quality.
The researchers also recommend that eco-bricks have a uniform thickness when conducting
testing for more accurate results. The researchers recommended, based on the results, that a
10% carabao manure mixture may be advised for high-strength external construction, as well
as internal wall barriers and decorations. This can also be done on-site, which keeps costs
low, creates semi-skilled jobs, and helps the economy grow.
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Dr. P. Magudeaswaran, Hilal .A.S., Development of Eco Brick and Concrete with the
[25] partially replacement of cow dung, International Journal of Science and Engineering
Research (IJ0SER), 2018
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF AUTHORS
Stephanie Lourainne O. Alejo who studied Civil Engineering at the

University of Saint Louis, Tuguegarao City recently received her
Bachelor’s Degree in Civil Engineering. Her area of interest includes
structural design, quantity surveying, computer-aided drafting, and
project engineering management. She attended CETalks on
Construction Methods, Project Management, Quantity Surveying, and
Civil Engineering Software Applications, among other seminars and
workshops.
Sean I. Ayang-ang who studied Civil Engineering at the University of

Saint Louis, Tuguegarao City recently received his Bachelor’s
Degree in Civil Engineering. His area of interest includes structural
design, quantity surveying, and project engineering management. He
attended various seminars including CETalks on Construction
Methods, Project Management, Quantity Surveying, and Civil
Engineering Software Applications
Steve B. Sebastian who studied Civil Engineering at the University of

Saint Louis, Tuguegarao City recently received his Bachelor’s Degree
in Civil Engineering. His area of interest includes structural design,
quantity surveying, AutoCAD design, and engineering management.
He attended various seminars on Construction Methods, Project
Management, Quantity Surveying, and Civil Engineering Software
Applications
Yanessa G. Quibol who studied Civil Engineering at the University of

Saint Louis, Tuguegarao City recently received his Bachelor’s
Degree in Civil Engineering. Her area of interest includes quantity
surveying, construction management, structural design and technical
abilities. She is a former PICE-USLSC officer in the year 2020-2021.
She attended various seminars and workshops including
Construction Occupational Safety Health Course, CETalks on
Construction Methods, Project Management, Quantity Surveying,
and Civil Engineering Software Applications and other external
webinars.

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Melby C. Uson, who studied civil engineering at the University of Saint

Louis in Tuguegarao City, recently received his Bachelor's degree in
Civil Engineering. Her interests lie in technical abilities as well as
hands-on problems and solutions. She participated in a number of
different seminars and workshops, including the Construction
Occupational Safety Health Course, CETalks on Construction
Methods, Project Management, Quantity Surveying, and Civil
Engineering Software Applications.
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A. TABLES
Table 1. Various proportions and percentages of bricks

Treatment
Animal Manure Percentage Clay Soil Percentage
No.
1 None 0% 100 %
2 10% 90%
3 Horse Manure 20% 80%
4 30% 70%
5 10% 90%
6 Cow Manure 20% 80%
7 30% 70%
8 10% 90%
9 Carabao Manure 20% 80%
10 30% 70%
Table 2. Chemical composition of Horse, Cow, and Carabao Manure used in the experiments
Sample Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium

Horse 2.4% 0.44% 1.76%
Cow 3% 2% 1%
Carabao 1.22% 0.5% 0.79%

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Table 3. Compressive strength results
Manure Sample Identification Max load (KN) MPa (N/mm2)
26.66 0.39
Control 100% clay
26.02 0.38
26.19 0.37
10% manure
14.61 0.22
15.84 0.24
Horse 20% manure
19.64 0.3
11.64 0.17
30% manure
10.40 0.15
24.96 0.36
10% manure
23.51 0.34
20.39 0.29
20% manure
Cow 18.24 0.26
22.81 0.35
30% manure
12.69 0.19
25.18 0.36
10% manure
27.19 0.39
23.72 0.36
Carabao 20% manure
22.46 0.33
19.26 0.28
30% manure
28.62 0.42
Table 4. Water absorption results
Normal Wet Dry Moisture Water

Treatment
Ratio Weight Weight Weight Content Absorption
No.
(kg) (kg) (kg) (%) (%)
1 Control 1.120 1.326 1.118 18.60% 18.39%
2 10% Horse Manure 1.105 1.285 1.103 16.50% 15.83%
3 20% Horse Manure 1.100 1.289 1.098 17.40% 17.18%
4 30% Horse Manure 0.998 1.213 0.996 21.79% 21.54%
5 10% Cow Manure 1.086 1.242 1.087 14.30% 14.36%
6 20% Cow Manure 1.112 1.291 1.118 15.47% 16.10%
7 30% Cow Manure 1.038 1.298 1.037 25.17% 25.05%
8 10% Carabao Manure 1.090 1.250 1.094 14.26% 14.68%
9 20% Carabao Manure 1.057 1.223 1.056 15.81% 15.70%
10 30% Carabao Manure 1.022 1.199 1.021 17.43% 17.32%

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APPENDIX B. REQUEST LETTER

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APPENDIX C. DOCUMENTATION
Preparation of Animal Manures
Preparation of Alluvial Soil

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Mixing
Molding
Drying

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Compressive Strength Test

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Water Absorption Test

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APPENDIX D. PLAGIARISM CERTIFICATION

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APPENDIX E. EDITING CERTIFICATION

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APPENDIX F. LITERATURE MATRIX
MAJOR
MAJOR THEMES/
BIBLIOGRAPHY METHODS FINDINGS/
OBJECTIVES VARIABLES
CONCLUSION
[1] G. C. Wang, The utilization of In view of the
The Utilization Slag in bricks huge demand
of Slag in Civil making for building
Infrastructure bricks along
Construction, with non-
Elsevier, 2016 availability of
suitable soil,
the need to
explore
alternative raw
materials and
energy-
efficient
technologies
for making
bricks has
been realized.
[2] F. Andreola, The study Recycled Experimental Brick belongs
L. Barbieri, I. discussed the industrial waste to the wide
Lancelloti and P. importance of family of
Paolo, bricks in construction
"Recycling construction materials since
industrial waste it is mainly
in brick used to
manufacture. construct outer
Part 1," Journal and inner walls
Material of in buildings.
Construction, The brick
vol. 55 (280), industry is the
pp. 5-16, 2005. most indicated
technological
activity sector
to absorb solid
waste due to
the large
quantity of raw
material used
by the sector
as well as by
the large

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RESEARCH PAPER Date
Page No. 26 of 39
volume of final
products in
construction
[3] A. Agrawal, The study aimed Discarded Experimental The improved
A. Goyal, K. to investigate the Plastic Discarded binding
Waghmare, R. use of discarded plastics are mixed capability of
Gupta and Y. plastic as plastic with soil and plastic in its
Goyal, "Use of soil bricks produced plastic molten
Plastic Waste in soil bricks. Its condition has
Manufacturing binding capability aided in
of Bricks," were determined developing a
IJSRD - safe waste
International plastic
Journal for disposal
Scientific solution
Research &
Development,
vol. 5, no. 1,
201.
[4] R. Sakar, R. The study aimed Lime; Mud Determine its It describes
Kurar, A. K. to investigate the waste feasibility of the feasibility
Gupta, A. use of paper mill replacing some of of replacing
Mudgal and V. waste for brick natural soil some of the
Gupta, "Use of making natural soil
paper mill waste used in brick-
for brick making with
making," Cogent lime mud
Engineering, waste
vol. 4, no. 1, collected from
2017. a paper mill's
dumping site
[5] S. B, A. G. To investigate the Cow dung ash Quantitative The workability
Krishnan, G. M. compressive (CDA); Cement; of concrete
Mathew and S. strength of Compressive had been
G. Raj, "An concrete with strength; found to be
Experimental CDA to that of Ordinary decrease with
Investigation on normal concrete. Portland increase of
Strength of Cement cow dung ash
Concrete Made To prepare high (OPC);Glass and glass
with Cow Dung strength, eco- fiber fiber. The
Ash and Glass friendly and cost concrete
Fibre," effective preparation is
International concrete. for eco-friendly
Journal of and cost
Engineering To evaluate the effective.
Research & significance and These

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RESEARCH PAPER Date
Page No. 27 of 39
Technology importance of materials are

(IJERT), vol. 6, consumption of locally
no. 3, 2017. the waste available and
material for they can also
manufacturing of reduce the
sustainable cost of
concrete for producing
construction. concrete.
•The Cow
Dung Ash has
an advantage
that offers
lightness of
weight that
makes it useful
construction
material.
[6] R. Sahu and To examine the Compressive Experimental Both
A. Tiwari, strength Strength, Fiber In the direction of compressive
"Implementation characteristics of Reinforced determining the strength and
of Unprocessed the given grade of Concrete, workability of the flexural
Dried Horse concrete after Flexural designed mix, strength of
Manure Ash in partial Strength, Horse slump test and concrete
Sustainable replacement of Manure Ash, the compaction increases
Concrete," the cement (5%, Sustainable factor test initially with the
Indian Journal of 10%, 15% and Concrete, conforming to BIS inclusion of
Science and 20%) as well as Workability 516-1959 and HMA and then
Technology, vol. partial BIS 1199-1959 decreases.
11, no. 19, replacement of were performed Maximum
2018. the sand (5%, compressive
10%, 15% and strength and
20%) by Horse flexural
Manure Ash strength of
(HMA) concrete at 28
days is found
when cement
is replaced up
to 5% and
sand is
replaced up to
10% by HMA
in concrete
mix.
[7] C. J. M. This study aimed Carabao Quantitative The carabao
Robles, at determining the Manure Ash; manure ash

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Page No. 28 of 39
"Carabao latent capability of Chemical Test; passed the

Manure Ash as carabao manure Feasibility ASTM
an Alternative ash as an Study; chemical test
Cement:A alternative Physical/Mecha for cement in
Feasibility cement. This nical Test terms of Loss
Study," NOCEI determined the on Ignition,
Journal, vol. 3, chemical test Magnesium
no. 1, 2019. results of the Oxide, and
carabao manure Sodium Oxide.
ash in terms of However, it
loss on ignition, exceeded the
Silicon Dioxide standard level
(SiO2), Aluminum of Silicon
Oxide (Al2O3), Dioxide,
Ferric Oxide Aluminum
(Fe2O3), Calcium Oxide, Ferric
Oxide (CaO), Oxide, and
Magnesium Potassium
Oxide (MgO), Oxide. Thus,
Sodium Oxide reduction of
(Na2O), Silicon
Potassium Oxide Dioxide,
(K2O), and Sulfur Aluminum
Trioxide (SO3); Oxide, and
identified the Ferric Oxide
physical/mechani are suggested
cal test results of using carbon,
the Carabao lye, and/or
Manure Ash coal
cement in terms proportions.
of flexural
strength and
compressive
strength; and
develop the
booklet “ Waste
to Ways: A Guide
to Carabao
Manure Ash
Cement
Production” to
help the people of
General Luna,
Quezon to realize
the value of
carabao manure

Effectivity
May 18, 2022
RESEARCH PAPER Date
Page No. 29 of 39
which can be
used as an
alternative
cement.
[8] "National Ag To discuss how Manure storage; Primary Data In addition to
Safety improper waste Manure gas adhering to
Database," handling can be dangers proper
Farm Safety harmful. The construction
Association Inc. article states the and
, 2002. [Online]. proper procedure maintenance
Available: of the manure procedures for
https://nasdonlin storage entry. liquid manure
e.org/48/d00161 storage
6/manure-gas- facilities,
dangers.html?fb owners should
clid=IwAR1Ltj78 be encouraged
ybcXh210Eb60I to follow a few
KoWOiGuwbgfR precautionary
LqbUNQG3mM measures to
7uErP- protect both
fsm8a84bjc. workers and
[Accessed 9 livestock from
June 2021] harmful
manure gases.
[9] M. H. D. G. Converting the Eco-bricks Discarded
Quadra, community’s plastic
"Pagudpud plastic wastes wrappers and
School into eco-bricks or cellophane are
Construction reusable building being recycled
Uses Plastic blocks to to produce the
Wastes supplement the eco tile bricks
Converted into school’s collaboratively
Eco-Bricks," structures and used by
Goods News build various students’
Pilipinas, 16 items. parents and
November 2020. LNHS
[Online]. personnel to
Available: beautify the
https://www.goo school in their
dnewspilipinas.c spare time.
om/pagudpud- These eco tile
school- bricks can be
construction- used for
uses-plastic- gardens,
wastes- walkways,
converted-into- patio,

Effectivity
May 18, 2022
RESEARCH PAPER Date
Page No. 30 of 39
eco-bricks/. driveways and

[Accessed 9 pool decks.
June 2021]. LNHS’ eco-
friendly project
of turning high-
density plastic
wrapper
wastes into
stone bricks or
pavers is in
support of
Barangay
Baduang’s
Solid Waste
Management
Program and
the local
municipality’s
commitment to
reuse and
recycle its non-
biodegradable
materials.
[10] D. Katale, This study was Clayey soil and Experimental The strength of
V. S. Kamara conducted to cow dung the soil cow
and A. A. investigate the dung mixture
Adedeji, significance of decreases as
"Significance od clayey soil bricks the percentage
Use of Clay Soil mixed with cow of cow dung
Mixed with Cow dung to construct content
Dung to sustainable and increases. A
Produce Bricks environmentally local maximum
for Low Cost friendly buildings. in strength was
Buildings," observed at
USEP: Journal 20% cow dung
of Research content. This
Information in could
Civil conversely be
Engineering, read as a local
vol. 10, no. 1, minimum at
2013. 10% cow dung
content.
Curing of the
soil cow dung
mixture did not
produce a

Effectivity
May 18, 2022
RESEARCH PAPER Date
Page No. 31 of 39
great deal of
difference in
strength up to
about 40% soil
content. The
strength
difference
became bigger
for clay
content greater
than 40% and
for curing
between 14
and 30 days.
[11] K. S, P. D. This study was Cow dung, coir Experimental The
Dethan, P. conducted to and lime compressive
Jyothi and J. investigate the strength of the
Ajin, "Effect of effect clay brick
Cowdung and of cowdung, coir increases with
Coir in and lime in the addition of
Strengthening of strengthening of cowdung, coir
Clay Bricks," clay bricks for and lime. The
International the construction weight of
Research of environment normal un-
Journal of friendly buildings burnt clay brick
Engineering and is 3KG to 4Kg.
Technology Compared to
(IRJET), vol. 5, this, the weight
no. 10, 2018. of brick
obtained by
the addition of
cowdung, coir
and lime to
clay ranges
from 1.8Kg to
3.58Kg, which
is less than the
weight of
normal un-
burnt clay
brick.
[12] S. This research Clay bricks Experimental The
Lawanwadeekul studies physical, characteristics
, K. mechanical and and analysis of
Samootharak, thermal physical and
W. Yimlamai, J. mechanical

Effectivity
May 18, 2022
RESEARCH PAPER Date
Page No. 32 of 39
Hunyala and M. properties of fired properties of

Bunma, clay bricks. corn cobs
"Production and added to raw
characterization materials for
of porous the production
insulating fired of clay bricks
clay bricks with were reported.
corn cobs The main goal
admixture," KKU for adding corn
Engineering cobs into clay
Journal, vol. 43, body is to
no. S1, pp. 4-9, produce
2016. porous
insulating, fire
clay bricks.
The increasing
amount of
corn cobs
added into clay
bricks leads to
an increase in
the water
absorption of
brick.
[13] B. Perera, Objective of this Rice husk ash Experimental The Rice Husk
K. study is to utilize Ash (RHA)
Madhushanka, the rice husk ash wasted from
G. Subashi De wasted from the the brick kiln
Silva and G. De brick kiln to contains high
Silva, "Effect of enhance amount of
Rice Husk Ash structural silica and can
(RHA) on properties of fired be used as
structural clay bricks. SiO2 provider
properties of for clay
fired clay materials to
bricks," in 6th increase
International SiO2/Al2O3
Conference on ratio. The
Structural water
Engineering and absorption
Construction and
Management, compressive
Kandy, 2015. strength
characteristics
showed a
great

Effectivity
May 18, 2022
RESEARCH PAPER Date
Page No. 33 of 39
improvement
with 4% RHA
addition.
[14] P. R. The study aimed Horse compose; Experimental From various
Fernando, S. to introduce an Clay physical
Krishanth, N. B. eco-friendly, low Compressive properties
Rathnayake and cost and durable strength studies
S. A. clay bricks with analysis; performed by
Welarahne, partial Flexural adding
"Manufacturing, substitution of strength different
Physical and Cow Dung Ash analysis; percentage of
Chemical (CDA). Thermal heat CDA, it could
Characterization conductivity be concluded
of Fire Clay that partial
Brick Value addition of
Added with Cow CDA improves
Dung Ash," the physical
American properties of
Journal of the fired clay
Materials bricks within
Synthesis and the limit of
Processing, vol. experimental
4, no. 1, pp. 32- error.
36, 2019.
[15] N. K. This examination Horse compose; Experimental Results shows
Deshmukh and work is on an Fly ash; Lime The strategy for state that
R. S. Gabbi, arrangement to and concrete; organizing the density of dry
"Study of Horse utilize one such Compressive bricks relied upon compacts
Manure with Fly natural waste i.e. strength; which diminishes
Ash Ingredients horse Density measurement to with increment
in Brick manure into the measurement; be estimated; in weight level
Fabrication," bricks fabricating. Hardness length, width or of Fly Ash and
International measurement tallness. Horse manure.
Journal of As the dry
Scientific compacts are
Research & drenched in
Engineering water at
Trends, vol. 7, 1100C-1800C,
no. 1, 2021. at that point
through slim
activity voids
are filled and it
turns out to be
hard and the
porosity is
wiped out.

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RESEARCH PAPER Date
Page No. 34 of 39
Because of
which the
compacts wind
up plainly thick
lastly the
thickness
increments
with increment
in Fly Ash and
Horse compost
content.
[16] C. J. M. This study Carabao Carabao
Robles, determined the manure manure is a
"Carabao latent capability of nitrogen-rich
Manure Ash as carabao manure material with
an Alternative ash as an sodium, sulfur,
Cement: A alternative potassium,
Feasibility cement. phosphorous
Study," NOCEI which is
Journal, vol. 3, comparatively
no. 1, 2019. similar to the
components of
cement being
used in
constructions
with calcium,
sodium, sulfur
trioxide,
potassium
oxide, and
calcium oxide.
It is perceived
to offer
significant
components
for a
groundbreakin
g innovation
on alternative
yet
environmental
cement.
[17] P. To discuss the Bricks; Brick
Preservationaist benefits of having Sidewalks; sidewalks are
, "The Benefits a brick sidewalk Durable; extremely
of Having a durable and

Effectivity
May 18, 2022
RESEARCH PAPER Date
Page No. 35 of 39
Brick Sidewalk," last for a long

Brick and Tree, period of
2015. [Online]. time. It is
Available: estimated that
https://brickandtr brick sidewalks
ee.wordpress.co can last more
m/2009/05/20/th than three
e-benefits-of- times as long
having-a-brick- as
sidewalk/. concrete sidew
[Accessed 9 alks without
June 2021]. needing
repairs or
replacement. A
brick sidewalk
is also more
environmentall
y friendly than
their concrete
counterparts
which are a big
plus in our city
which has
dedicated itself
to minimal
environmental
impact.
[18] B. Davis, To discuss if Bricks; Clay; Clay is still one
"Are bricks there are bricks Durable; of the main
made only from made only from Strength brick materials,
clay?," clay but other
Mvorganizing.or common
g, January materials are
2020. [Online]. sand and lime,
Available: concrete, and
https://www.mvo fly ash. clay
rganizing.org/ar bricks have a
e-bricks-made- compressive
only-from-clay/. strength three
[Accessed 26 times stronger
July 2021]. to three times
higher than
concrete
bricks. Clay
bricks can
withstand eight

Effectivity
May 18, 2022
RESEARCH PAPER Date
Page No. 36 of 39
to twelve
thousand
pounds while
concrete
generally can
only face three
to four
thousand
pounds.
[19] A. H. Due to its easy Bricks; Experimental The mixture
Abdullah, S. production with Compressive A total of 3 ratio plays a
Nagapan1, A. low carbon strength; different samples vital role in
Antonyova, K. emission and less Absorption; of the mixture determining
Rasiah, R. skilled labor proportions and the soil-sand-
Yunus and S. required. Different compaction cement
Sohu, "Strength types of local pressures were strength.
and Absorption soils used will taken into Properties of
Rate of produce CSEB of account the soil can be
Compressed different physical the factor of
Stabilized Earth properties in producing the
Bricks (CSEBs) terms of its higher strength
Due to Different strength, CSEBs. The
Mixture Ratios durability, and quantity of
and Degree of water absorption gravel, sand,
Compaction," in rate. clay and silt of
MATEC Web of the soil must
Conferences, be suitable
Malaysia, 2017. with the ratio
of the mixture.
Without perfect
mixture ratio,
the desired
strength will
not be
achieved.
Moreover, it
can be
affirmed
degree of
compaction
pressures
applied in the
production of
CSEBs greatly
affect the
compressive

Effectivity
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RESEARCH PAPER Date
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strength and
rate of water
absorption.
[20] "Water To determine the Water Experimental Specimens are
Absorption amount of water absorption; The specimens removed,
ASTM D570," absorbed under Test; Water; are dried in an patted dry with
Intertek.com, specified Temperature; oven for a a lint free
2021. [Online]. conditions. specified time cloth, and
Available: and temperature weighed.
https://www.inter and then placed
tek.com/polymer in a desiccator to
s/testlopedia/wa cool. Immediately
ter-absorption- upon cooling the
astm-d570/. specimens are
[Accessed 9 weighed. The
June 2021]. material is then
emerged in water
at agreed upon
conditions, often
23°C for 24 hours
or until
equilibrium.
[21] G. Mishra, Water absorption Water Experimental When tested,
"Water test on bricks are absorption test, Three numbers of the average
Absorption Test conducted to bricks, whole bricks from water
on Bricks - determine durability, samples collected absorption
Values and durability property for testing was shall not be
Procedures," of bricks such as taken. Drying, more than
The degree of cooling, and 20% by weight
Constructor, 13 burning, quality immense up to class
September and behavior of completely the 12.5 and 15%
2010. [Online]. bricks in dried specimen in by weight for
Available: weathering. clean water. higher class.
https://theconstr
uctor.org/practic
al-guide/water-
absorption-test-
on-bricks/2796/.
[Accessed 9
June 2021].
[22] G. Mishra, To determine the Compressive Experimental Compressive
"Compressive load carrying Strength; Test; Three numbers of Strength of
Strength Test on capacity of bricks Bricks whole bricks from Bricks =
Bricks," The under sample collected Maximum
Constructor, 13 compression with was taken. Apply Load at Failure
December 2013. the help of load axially till (N)/Average

Effectivity
May 18, 2022
RESEARCH PAPER Date
Page No. 38 of 39
[Online]. compression failure occurs and area of bed

Available: testing machine. note maximum face (mm2).
https://theconstr load at failure. The average of
uctor.org/practic result reported.
al-
guide/compressi
ve-strength-test-
on-brick/2790/.
[Accessed 9
June 2021].
[23] L. Nichols, To determine the Chemical test Experimental Performed in a
"Chemical chemical test tube that
Tests," reaction, gives a
LibreTexts, composition, and dramatic visual
March 2021. to support clue (a color
[Online]. identification of a change,
Available: structure. precipitate, or
https://chem.libr gas formation)
etexts.org/Book as evidence
shelves/Organic for a chemical
_Chemistry/Boo reaction.
k%3A_Organic_
Chemistry_Lab_
Techniques_(Ni
chols)/06%3A_
Miscellaneous_
Techniques/6.04
%3A_Chemical_
Tests.
[Accessed 21
June 2021].
[24] Clay Brick How much water Clay Brick, The
Association of can a clay brick Water acceptable
Southern Africa, safely absorb? absorption water
“How much absorption rate
water can a clay for clay bricks
brick safely is between
absorb?”, 2007 12% and 20%.
If you are
utilizing
engineering
bricks, the
closer you get
to the 12%, the
better the
result will be.

Effectivity
May 18, 2022
RESEARCH PAPER Date
Page No. 39 of 39
When the
water
absorption is
too low, i.e.
below 12
percent , it
may be difficult
to obtain a
suitable bond
between the
mortar and the
bricks.
[25] Dr. P. To study the Cow dung ash, Experimental Cow dung
Magudeaswaran properties of brick Sustainability, brick can be
, Hilal .A.S., produced by Physical considered as
Development of incorporating goat Properties, a sustainable
Eco Brick and dung and cow Compressive building
Concrete with dung ash into Strength, material. Due
the partially concrete as a Consistency, to hand mixing
replacement of supplementary workability and molding,
cow dung, cementing bricks are not
International material. thoroughly
Journal of mixed and
Science and compacted,
Engineering reducing their
Research strength.
(IJ0SER), 2018 Burning cow
dung
increased brick
voids.

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UNIVERSITY RESEARCH AND Document No.

ECO-BRICKS WITH ANIMAL MANURES FOR COVERED WALKWAYS

This study created an eco-friendly brick by implementing an eco-friendly process

Eco-bricks with Animal Manures for Covered Walkways | 1

Eco-bricks with Animal Manures for Covered Walkways | 2

Eco-bricks with Animal Manures for Covered Walkways | 3

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Preparation of Animal Manures

Figure 1. Horse Manure Figure 2. Cow Manure Figure 3. Carabao Manure

Preparation of Alluvial Soil

Figure 4. Alluvial Soil

Eco-bricks with Animal Manures for Covered Walkways | 4

Table 1. Various proportions and percentages of bricks

Figure 5. Rectangular-shaped molds Figure 6. Molded bricks

Eco-bricks with Animal Manures for Covered Walkways | 5

Figure 7. Drying of Eco-bricks

Eco-bricks with Animal Manures for Covered Walkways | 6

Water Absorption Test

Compressive Strength Test

Eco-bricks with Animal Manures for Covered Walkways | 7

Figure 8. Compressive Strength Testing Machine

Chemical testing is widely used to aid in chemical identification. A chemical test is

Sample Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium

Eco-bricks with Animal Manures for Covered Walkways | 8

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Figure 9. Eco-bricks with animal manure

Compressive Strength Analysis

The compressive strength analysis of the eco-bricks is shown in Table 3. The

Eco-bricks with Animal Manures for Covered Walkways | 9

Table 3. Compressive strength results

Manure Sample Identification Max load (KN) MPa (N/mm2)

Water Absorption Analysis

Table 4. Water absorption results

Eco-bricks with Animal Manures for Covered Walkways | 10

[1] G. C. Wang, The Utilization of Slag in Civil Infrastructure Construction, Elsevier,

Eco-bricks with Animal Manures for Covered Walkways | 11

[5] S. B, A. G. Krishnan, G. M. Mathew and S. G. Raj, "An Experimental Investigation

[7] C. J. M. Robles, "Carabao Manure Ash as an Alternative Cement:A Feasibility

[9] M. H. D. G. Quadra, "Pagudpud School Construction Uses Plastic Wastes Converted

[11] K. S, P. D. Dethan, P. Jyothi and J. Ajin, "Effect of Cowdung and Coir in

[12] S. Lawanwadeekul, K. Samootharak, W. Yimlamai, J. Hunyala and M. Bunma,

[13] B. Perera, K. Madhushanka, G. Subashi De Silva and G. De Silva, "Effect of Rice

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[14] P. R. Fernando, S. Krishanth, N. B. Rathnayake and S. A. Welarahne,

[19] A. H. Abdullah, S. Nagapan1, A. Antonyova, K. Rasiah, R. Yunus and S. Sohu,

[20] "Water Absorption ASTM D570," Intertek.com, 2021. [Online]. Available:

[22] G. Mishra, "Compressive Strength Test on Bricks," The Constructor, 13 December

[23] L. Nichols, "Chemical Tests," LibreTexts, March 2021. [Online]. Available:

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Stephanie Lourainne O. Alejo who studied Civil Engineering at the

Sean I. Ayang-ang who studied Civil Engineering at the University of

Steve B. Sebastian who studied Civil Engineering at the University of

Yanessa G. Quibol who studied Civil Engineering at the University of

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Melby C. Uson, who studied civil engineering at the University of Saint

Table 1. Various proportions and percentages of bricks

Sample Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium

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Table 3. Compressive strength results

Manure Sample Identification Max load (KN) MPa (N/mm2)

Table 4. Water absorption results

Normal Wet Dry Moisture Water

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