Professional Documents
Culture Documents
of
Telecom Towers-
Quality and Productivity
Improvement
Final Presentation
BTP Guide: Presented By:
Prof. K N Satyanarayana N S B Syam
Dept. of Civil Engineering CE05B038
Introduction
• In the next three to four years, telecom companies
(Telco's) will need another 100,000 towers and the
industry estimates that at least 60 per cent of this
will be built by independent operators.
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• Prominent telecom infrastructure companies -
Reliance Communications, Bharti/Airtel, Vodafone,
Idea Cellular, Aircel Ltd, MTNL, BSNL, VSNL etc.
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Objectives
• Basic study on contracting procedures, quality, cost, time,
and productivity issues in telecom tower construction
industry.
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Scope
• The study is limited only to address the construction
related issues. Design related issues are not in the scope
of the study.
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Methodology
• Discussions with experts in telecom towers construction
industry.
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Quality Issues
Broadly classified into 7 categories based on site
data and interviews conducted
– Material/Equipment Availability
– Formwork/Reinforcement
– Geotechnical Issues
– Issues related to Concrete
– Structural Issues
– Labor Issues
– Site Management Issues
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Issues Vs. No. of sites
RTT GBT
Issues (Total:8) (Total:7)
Material/Equipment Availability 2 3
Formwork/Reinforcement 7 7
Geotechnical Issues - 4
Concrete related Issues 8 7
Structural Issues 4 3
Labor Issues 8 7
Site Management Issues 5 7
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Material/Equipment Availability
• Aggregates, Sand, Cement
• Labor
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Formwork/Reinforcement
• Quality of shuttering material
• Irregularity of Foundation bolts
• Leveling of formwork
• Inadequate development lengths for column
extension
• Required Ld is 200mm but available length was 75mm.
• Congested Reinforcement
• Early removal of formwork
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Geotechnical Issues
• Soil Investigations
• IS 6403- Code of Practice for determining Bearing Capacity of
Shallow Foundation
• Sufficient number of undisturbed samples of 40-100mm ø are
required for testing
• Budget for soil test on a 6mx12m site is Rs.8000
• Improper Maintenance/Finishing
• Missing Bracings/Fasteners
– IS 204 (Part 1) :1991- Tower Bolts Specifications
• Movement of foundation
• Template Setting
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Labor
• Poor skill of labor
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Site Management Issues
• Supervision at sites
• Drawings/reports of tests
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Scheduling Issues
Labor
Unavailability of supervisors
Weather
Holidays
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Average Schedule of a 15m RTT-34 days duration
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Slowest Completed Schedule of a 15m RTT-56 days duration
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Fastest Completed Schedule of a 15m RTT-22 days duration
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Analysis of RTT schedules
• 30 days difference between slowest and
fastest completed towers
– Delay of 18-21 days due to material availability
– Delay of 3-4 days due to the delay between the installation
of the tower equipment after the tower framework is
erected
– Delay of 2-3 days is caused due to the prolonged
installation period of the telecom equipment
– Delay of 2-3 days is caused in between the tower
installation and the tower being on air
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Average Schedule of a 30m GBT-47 days duration
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Slowest Completed Schedule of a 30m GBT-65 days duration
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Fastest Completed Schedule of a 30m GBT-34 days duration
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Analysis of GBT schedules
• Difference of 31 days between the fastest and
the slowest completed towers
– Delay of 19-21 days caused due to supply of construction
material, tower material and the telecom equipment
– Delay of 2-3 days between each of the foundation levels
– Delay of 5-7 days between the installation of the tower
and the completion of the tower foundation
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Process Mapping
1. What is Process Mapping?
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Process Mapping is a powerful tool that offers an in-depth
understanding of any given process, finds effective ways for that
process to be more successful, and ensures that true value is
being provided to the client/customer.
Back
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• Process Mapping is used in this project to identify the different
processes that constitute the telecom tower construction.
Back
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Area of business being reviewed: Telecom tower construction
Trigger Events Process Name
Growth of mobile phone users in the country. Need for better networking and RF Survey
hence construction of telecom towers. Survey done to locate the right
locations for the tower constructions.
Optimal location of tower site for better reach of customers. Site Identification/ Land
Acquisition
Drawings for the construction of towers. Layout Plans
Process Type of foundation needed for GBTs for the construction. The structural
stability of the existing structure for RTTs.
Soil Investigation/
Structural Stability
Identification Protection and to prevent trespassing and misuse of the tower, fencing and Fencing, Compound wall,
guard room to be constructed. Safety and protection of tower. Guard Room, DG Slab,
Worksheet Shelter Foundation
Construction materials like, steel, sand, cement, aggregates for the tower Tower Supply & Erection
foundation construction, tower fabrication set for tower material and
equipment like vibrator, pulleys for tower erection.
Diesel Generator set installation which is the key component of the tower DG set installation
construction.
Shelter for the security guard and to store maintenance parts for emergency Shelter Supply & Erection
replacement of parts of the tower.
Earthing to prevent damage by lighting and electrical works in order to ensure Electrical- Indoor, Outdoor
proper functioning of the antennae. and Earthing
Backup power options for the transmission of signals. AC installation, Battery,
PIU
Need for a base station to receive and transmit signals. Installation of BTS
Need for the transmission of signals. Antennae Installation
Connections of antennae to the electrical systems for proper functioning of the RF Cable Routing
system.
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Comprehensive Business Time Line Worksheet
Telecom Tower Construction
Site
SiteIdentification/Land
Identification/Land
Surveying
RF
RFSurvey
Surveying
Survey Acquisition
Acquisition
Tender 1-
Tender 2- Company D
Company C
Works
CivilWorks
Soil
SoilInvestigation/Structural
Investigation/StructuralStability
Stability Fencing/Compound
Fencing/CompoundWall,
Wall,DG
DGSlab,
Slab,Shelter
Shelter Tower
Layout
LayoutPlans
Plans Analysis
Analysis Foundation
Foundation Foundation
Civil
Tender 3 – Company A
Mechanical
Electrical&&Mechanical
Tower
TowerSupply
Supply&& Shelter
ShelterSupply
Supply&& Electrical-
Electrical-Indoor,
Indoor,Outdoor
Outdoorand
and
Erection
Erection Erection
Erection Earthing
Earthing
Works
Works
Tender 3 – Company A
Electrical Works
TelecomWorks
AC
ACInstallation,
Installation, Installation
Installationofof Antennae
Antennae RF
RFCable
Cable Wi-max
Wi-max
Battery,
Battery,PIU
PIU BTS
BTS Installation
Installation Routing
Routing Installation
Installation
Telecom
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Process Name and Number Process Owner
RF survey : 1 Principal Companies/Telecom Companies
Description :
The ultimate goal of a RF site survey is to supply enough information to determine the number and
placement of access points that provides adequate coverage throughout the facility. In most
implementations, "adequate coverage" means support of a minimum data rate. A RF site survey also
detects the presence of interference coming from other sources that could degrade the performance of the
wireless LAN.
Triggers
Worksheet Additional Events: Call for tenders for more than 1 company to save time. For 100 sites to be RF
surveyed, 10 companies could finish the survey in 10 times less time than the survey being done by a
single company.
Inputs – Items and Sources
Surveying equipment like Theodolite, GPS, Satellites
Outputs – Items and Sources
Optimal location of sites for the construction of telecom towers
Process Units Process Unit Owners
Obtain a site facility diagram Telecommunication Companies
Visually inspect the site facility
Identify cellular phone user areas
Determine preliminary site access point locations
Verify site access point
GBT
RF survey
Negotiations with
Soil Investigation
No the owner
Obtain an area
facility diagram
Determine Fencing
preliminary access
point locations
Tower
and
DG set
Shelter
Verify Superstructure
Erection
access of the guard
points room
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Telecom
Installations
A
Antennae
Electrical Installation
GSM Microwave
Indoor Outdoor
Installation
Routing of PIU,
Installation
of power
of RBS
cables backup
Site on air
Fixing of
cable Clamping
ladder
Installation
of rectifier Ground/
and battery Earthing
bank
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Suggestions
• Prior stacking of materials at the job site
• Adequate supervision
• More labor compared to peak labor requirement
• Use of process charts and work schedules
• Safety equipment
• Use of vibrator and other equipment to prevent segregation
and honeycombing
• Use of system formwork
• Grouting of bolts
• Leveling of beams, columns and template settings
• Centralized warehouse catering the needs of each
construction site
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References
• Dileep R. S, 2001, Logistics of Facility Location and Allocation, United States of America, Marcel Dekker, Inc.
• Jacka, M J., 2002, Business Process Mapping, United States of America, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• LakshmiNag P (2006), Productivity Issues in Construction of Steel Communication Towers, Bachelor of Technology Thesis,
Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai
• Kumar S, 2006-Types and Design of Steel Towers, Structural Steel Design, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras,
http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/IIT-MADRAS/Design_Steel_Structures_II, (accessed May 2006)
• IS 204 Part 2 :1992 – Tower Bolts Specifications
• IS 456 (2000) – Plain and Reinforced Concrete-Code of Practice
• IS 800 (2007) - General Construction in Steel–Code of Practice
• IS 802 (Part 1/Sec 2): 1992 – Use of Structural Steel in Overhead Transmission Line Towers- Code of Practice
• IS 806: 1988 - Code of Practice for use of Steel Tubes in General Building Construction
• IS 10262 – Recommended Guidelines for Concrete Mix Design
• IS 875 Part 3: 1987 – Code of Practice for Design Loads for Buildings and Structures
• IS 4091-1979 – Code of Practice for Design and Construction of Transmission Lines and Poles
• Chetan, 2007, Civil Construction Issues, Proceedings of workshop conducted for M/s GTL Infra Ltd., Indian Institute of
Techology Madras, Chennai, Nov 3rd 2007
• Gandhi S R, 2007, Geotechnical Issues related to Telecommunication Tower Construction, Proceedings of workshop
conducted for M/s GTL Infra Ltd., Indian Institute of Techology Madras, Chennai, Nov 3rd 2007
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• Gettu R, 2007, Concrete Properties, Proceedings of workshop conducted for M/s GTL Infra Ltd., Indian Institute of
Techology Madras, Chennai, Nov 2nd 2007
• Kalyanraman, 2007, A Review of Steel Tower Skeleton System, Proceedings of workshop conducted for M/s GTL Infra Ltd.,
Indian Institute of Techology Madras, Chennai, Nov 3rd 2007
• Menon, 2007, Fixing of Ground Based and Roof Top Towers-Structural Issues, Proceedings of workshop conducted for M/s
GTL Infra Ltd., Indian Institute of Techology Madras, Chennai, Nov 2nd 2007
• Advantages and disadvantages of tubular and angular towers, http://www.monsterfm.com/tech/tower/towerspecs.htm#top
(accessed April 2009)
• Estimate of Cell sites construction 2007, http://www.airtel.in/wps/wcm/connect/ (accessed January 2009)
• Indian Telecom Sector Analysis (2006-2007), http://www.rncos.com/Report/IM073.htm (accessed November 2008)
• ITU World Telecommunication base indicator 2007, www.itu.int (accessed October,2008)
• Site Installation, http://www.topcomco.com/civil_work.htm (accessed March 2009)
• Site Survey, http://www.topcomco.com/site_survey.htm (accessed January 2009)
• Structural changes in the Indian Steel Industry 2003, http://jpcindiansteel.nic.in/structure.asp (accessed December 2008)
• Tower design specifications, http://www.rajessh.com/towerdesignspecifications (accessed February 2009)
• Tower materials, http://www.topcomco.com/ti.htm (accessed April 2009)
• Tower specifications, http://www.monsterfm.com/tech/tower/towerspecs.htm (accessed January 2009)
• Why cell tower business is booming?, www.financialexpress.com/news/whys-cell-tower-business-booming/407427/
(accessed April 2009)
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THANK YOU
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