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AN INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
PRESENTED TO:
Miss Deborah A. Luyun
(Research Adviser)
PRESENTED BY:
ANGELICA MAE A. CAMPAÑANO
JENNESY CLAIRE D. RINGOR
NAHRI B. LEE
(Researchers)
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
natural sand, cement, and water. And increasing its strength, Pozzolan is used. Pozzolan or
Pozolanaare finely divided siliceous and aluminous material that reacts chemically with
slaked lime at ordinary temperature and in the presence of moisture to form strong slow-
hardening cement. The most commonly used Pozzolans today are industrial by-products
such as fly ash, silica fume, from silica melting, highly reactive metakaolin and burned
organic matter residues such as rice husk ash and coconut husk ash. The beneficial effects
durability are mostly attributed to the Pozzolanic reaction. The Pozzolanic reaction product
fills in pores and result in refining pore size distribution or pore structure. This results in a
researchers came up with an idea of a possible alternative. They found out that Pozzolans
can purposely be found from burned organic matter so the researcher thought of using
firewood ash since they are often thrown away which can harm humans and pollute the
environment. In this study, the researchers want to improve the capability of firewood ash
Generally, this study aimed to test the capability of firewood ash as an additive
1. Is there a significant difference between the three treatments a.) 1.5 kg cement and 9
kg sand, b.) 1.5 kg cement, 9kg sand and 1.5 kg ash, c.) 1.5 kg cement, 9 kg sand and
durability?
HYPOTHESIS
1.There is no significant difference among the ratings of the three treatments a.) 1.5 kg
cement and 9 kg sand, b.) 1.5 kg cement, 9kg sand and 1.5 kg ash, c.) 1.5 kg cement, 9 kg
a.) Compressibility
b.) Durability
a.) 1.5 kg cement and 9 kg sand, b.) 1.5 kg cement, 9kg sand and 1.5 kg ash, c.) 1.5 kg
The positive result of this study is expected to be of great help to the following:
To the hollow block producers. This will help them to create a stronger and more efficient
product. Through this study, they may now use it as an additive in making sturdy hollow
blocks.
To consumers. They can now ensure that the buildings they constructed are safe and strong.
To construction workers. This will help them in building more durable infrastructures.
To the economy. This will result in economic gain by replacing the substantial component
To the environment. It will be a great help in minimizing waste since firewood ash are
This study is limited in determining the difference between the acceptability of the
three treatments a.) 1.5 kg cement and 9 kg sand, b.) 1.5 kg cement, 9kg sand and 1.5 kg
ash, c.) 1.5 kg cement, 9 kg sand and 2.25 kg ash in terms of compressibility and durability.
This study was conducted at Centro West, Ballesteros, Cagayan from June 12, 2018 to
July 30,2018.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
are one of the most extensively used walling materials in the Philippines. A hollow block
or concrete block is one of the several concrete products used in construction. Most of it
has two cores which allow the insertion of steel reinforcement, lying individual blocks
together is the assembly with the goal of achieving a great strength. This is primarily done
to impart tensile strength to the assembly that will improve its ability to resist lateral forces
such as wind load and seismic forces. The concrete commonly used to make hollow black
is a mixture of Portland cement, water, sand and gravel. In general, the mixture used for
blocks has a higher percentage of sand and a lower percentage of cement and water,
Hollow block making also requires a Pozzolan which actually acts as a binder. It is
from high temperature process such as fly ashes from coal-fired electricity production. The
most commonly used Pozzolans today are industrial by-products such as fly ash and silica
fumes and burned organic matter residues such as rice husk, (Mohamed R. Shatat et al,
2014).
Using Pozzolans have lots of benefits. First is the economic gain obtained by
Pozollans or industrial by-products. Second is the lowering of the blended cement and
environmental cost associated by greenhouse gases emitted during Portland cement
production. The third advantage is the increased durability of the end product. Additionally,
the increased blending of Pozzolans and Portland cement offers the opportunity to create
value by converting large amount of industrial and societal waste, (Wardell C, 2002)
Pozollans can be used to control setting, increase durability, affordable cost and
reduce pollution without significantly reducing the final compressive strength or other
performance characteristics. As the researcher continues to study, it was found out that
coconut husk ash is one of the materials that have Pozzolanic property. Thus, it can act as
Ash is a residue that remains when a substance was burned. If the burning has been
complete, the ash will be entirely organic. The ash from wood or similar plant material
generally consists of sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate; wood ash was for
centuries the principal source of potassium for making such chemicals as saltpeter,
Wood ash is the residue powder left after the combustion of wood such as burning
wood in home fireplace and industrial power plant. The use of wood ash as partial cement
replacement in concrete reduces the requirement of hydraulic cement to large extent. Wood
ash contains Silica, Aluminum, Iron Oxide, and Quicklime making it highly credible to be
sand, cement and water. Cement, as a binder, is the most expensive input into the
production of hollow blocks with low content of cement that will be affordable to people
In connection with this research, a similar study was also conducted by and was
entitled Rice Husk Ash as Additive to Hollow block, (Hadi Bello, 2013).
For the purpose of this study, 150 mm’ 450 mm’ hollow blocks were produced at
Technology. The mix ratio used was 1:8 (one part of binder to eight part of sand) at a
The cement, rice hull ash and sand were mixed together to obtain a homogenous
mixture. The measured quantity of water was then sprayed into the mixture using a bucket.
The mixture was further turned with shovels until a mix of required workability was
obtained.
size, quality, bulk density, silt content and consistency of the rice hull ash produced and
cement. The researchers concluded that the rice hull ash produced is Pozzolanic and
Rice hull is available in significant quantities as a waste and can be utilized for
making blocks. This will go a long way to produce the quantity of waste in our
environment.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Independent Dependent
Variable Variable