St.

Paul University Philippines

Tuguegarao City, Cagayan 3500

BASIC EDUCATION UNIT

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

DYNAMIC LEARNING PLAN

General Physics 2
GRADE 12

FOURTH QUARTER

Prepared by: Checked by:

MS. LIEZL B. MEDRANO MS. LEARNI C. JAVIER

Subject Teacher Subject Team Leader

Approved by:

MRS. GLENDA P. CARONAN

Principal
 St. Paul University Philippines
Tuguegarao City, Cagayan

BASIC EDUCATION UNIT

UNIVERSITY VISION-MISSION STATEMENT

VISION

ST. PAUL UNIVERSITY PHILIPPINES is an internationally recognized institution dedicated to the

formation of competent leaders and responsible citizens of their communities, country, and the world.

MISSION

Animated by the gospel and guided by the teachings of the Church, it helps to uplift the quality of life and
to effect social transformation through:

1. Quality, Catholic, Paulinian formation, academic excellence, research, and community service.
2. Optimum access to Paulinian education and service in an atmosphere of compassionate caring;
and
3. Responsive and innovative management processes.

The SPUP Vision and Mission are reflected in the Paulinian Core Values Framework and the
SPUP Learning Framework which have been adopted by the university.

The core of the Curricula of Studies is embedded in the Paulinian Core Values (the 5 Cs) namely:
Charism, Charity, Commission, Community and with CHRIST as the CENTER of Paulinian life.

BEU VISION-MISSION STATEMENT

VISION
St. Paul University Philippines, Basic Education Unit is a Catholic educational institution committed to
the formation of pupils/students with proficiency in basic knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values
responsive to the changing world.

MISSION
Impelled by the Charity of Christ, this institution will become the premier for basic education by forming
academically prepared, morally upright, and socially responsible young Paulinians in the service of
family, church, and society.

PAULINIAN CORE VALUES

(The 5 Cs) and the SPC Education Ministry Basic Education Exit Outcomes

CHRIST (CONSCIOUS) – Christ is the CENTER of Paulinian life. The Paulinian follows and imitates
Christ, doing everything about Him.
The BEU graduates are Mindful, Self-Directed LEARNERS AND ROLE MODELS, who:
• Initiate and sustain undertakings that strengthen their skills, understandings, health, future
opportunities that benefit others.
• Assess their unique personal qualities, thinking processes, and talents, and explain how
strengthening them can open doors to continued learning and personal fulfilment.
• Explain the elements and factors affecting their decision and actions and the likely
consequences they entail.
• Manage their time and energy to allow for regular periods of planning reflection and
renewal.
 • Describe and explain the new possibilities they have developed as the result of self-
initiated projects and learning experiences.
• Describe how their own values and actions mirror the qualities and values of a Paulinian.
• Offer support, constructive feedback, and praise for the sincere efforts of others.

COMMISSION (COMPETENT) – The Paulinian has a mission – a LIFE PURPOSE to spread the Good
News. Like Christ, he/she actively works “to save” this world, to
make it a better place to live in.
The BEU graduates are Conscientious, Adept PERFORMERS AND ACHIEVERS, who:
• Devote focus time to developing competencies required for sound achievement in a chosen
field and skilled implementation in life’s diverse basics.
• Cultivate specialized knowledge and skills in at least one area of their lives that they apply
in a variety of situations with facility and ease.
• Remain focused on fully completing projects in a timely manner.
• Set realistic improvement goals for themselves that require persistence and involve
continual monitoring by others to validate what has been achieved.
• Openly demonstrate their basic and advanced skills to potential employers and improve
them according to the feedback received.
COMMUNITY (COLLABORATIVE) – The Paulinian is a RESPONSIBLE FAMILY MEMBER and
CITIZEN, concerned with building communities, promotion of peoples, justice and peace, and the
protection of the environment.
The BEU graduates are credible, Responsive, COMMUNICATORS AND TEAM PLAYERS, who:
• Take time before speaking or writing to assess the accuracy and clarity of what they are
about to share, its tone, how it is likely to be received and interpreted.
• Consistently revise intended communications to be clearer, more accurate and better
understood.
• Acknowledge suggestions made by others and respond honestly and constructively to
them regarding their likely consequences.
• Agree to join in group endeavors that bring benefit to all and foster the greater good.
• Willingly share responsibilities and participate actively to foster group collegiality,
cohesion, and effectiveness.
• Anticipate where extra assistance or support in team activity may be needed, and
spontaneously offer it to bolster team results.
CHARISM (CREATIVE) – The Paulinian develops his/her GIFT/TALENTS to be put in the service of
the community, he/she strives to grow and improve daily, always seeking the better and finer things and
the Final Good.
The BEU graduates are Creative, Resourceful, EXPLORERS AND PROBLEM SOLVERS, who:
• Independently seek out issues, possibilities, and sources of related information for
further investigation and development.
• Search beyond readily available sources of information, resources, and standard
techniques to create workable solutions to existing problems.
• Routinely select issues or problems facing their communities and formulate new ways
they can be understood, addressed, and resolved.
 • Experiment with combinations of ideas, data, materials, and possibilities to derive
and test potential solutions to existing problems.
• Use ideas and resources in unconventional ways to plan and design works of artistic
appeal to others
CHARITY (COMPASSIONATE) – urged on by the LOVE OF CHRIST, the Paulinian is warm,
loving, hospitable and “all to all”, especially to the underprivileged.
The BEU graduates are Committed, ADVOCATES FOR PEACE AND UNIVERSAL WELL-BEING,
who:
• Initiate and sustain efforts that draw attention to environmental issues and propose
workable measures to reduce and eventually eliminate it.
• Persist in the face of open resistance to their efforts to teach peace, reduce violence, and
redress the harm being levied against others.
• Join others in operating local projects that tangibly protect and preserve the
environment and all life forms.
• Call attention to the causes and consequences of poverty, and marshal others to assist
those in ill-health and physical need.
• Contribute their time, heartfelt attention, and resources in directly assisting those who live
in little hope of improving their lives

Anchored on the 21st century learning skills, the Curricula of Studies for the different programs are
designed based on the four core concepts/statements adopted by the University for its General Learning
Framework, namely: HUMAN PERSON, COMMUNICATION RESEARCH AND CLIMATE
CHANGE.

MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCIES

GRADE 12 – GENERAL PHYSICS 2

QUARTER CONTENT PERFORMANCE LEARNING COMPETENCIES

STANDARD STANDARD
4TH 1. Maxwell’s synthesis Use theoretical and 1. Relate the properties of EM
of electricity, experimental approaches wave (wavelength, frequency,
magnetism, and to solve multi-concept and speed) and the properties of
optic rich-context problems vacuum and optical medium
2. EM waves and involving electricity and (permittivity, permeability, and
light magnetism index of refraction)
3. Law of Reflection 2. Explain the conditions for total
internal reflection

1. Law of Refraction 1. Explain the phenomenon of

(Snell’s Law) dispersion by relating to Snell’s
2. Applications of Law
reflection, 2. Solve problems involving
refraction, reflection, refraction,
dispersion, and dispersion, and polarization in
polarization contexts such as, but not limited
to, (polarizing) sunglasses,
atmospheric haloes, and
rainbows
3. Explain image formation as an
application of reflection,
refraction, and paraxial
approximation
1. Reflection and 1. Relate properties of mirrors and
refraction at plane lenses (radii of curvature, focal
 and spherical length, index of refraction [for
surfaces lenses]) to image and object
2. Mirrors distance and sizes
2. Determine graphically and
mathematically the type
(virtual/real), magnification,
location, and orientation of
image of a point and extended
object produced by a plane or
spherical mirror
1. Thin lens 1. Determine graphically and
2. Geometric optics mathematically the type
(virtual/real), magnification,
location/ apparent depth, and
orientation of image of a point
and extended object produced by
a lens or series of lenses
2. Apply the principles of
geometric optics to discuss
image formation by the eye, and
correction of common vision
defects
 St. Paul University Philippines
Tuguegarao City, Cagayan 3500

BASIC EDUCATION UNIT

PAASCU LEVEL III ACCREDITED
ISO CERTIFIED

LEARNING PLAN 1: NATURE OF LIGHT

INTRODUCTION:

Each color that you see in these candies represents the color of
light reflected. Visible light consists of a spectrum of colors
corresponding to the wavelengths ranging from 380 nanometers
to 750 nanometers. Light is said to have a dual nature – it both a
particle and a wave. Either characteristic maybe ascribed
depending on what property of light is to be explained. Because
of its dual nature, light can be modeled as a ray or as a wave.
Geometric optics deals with phenomena that model light as a ray. Physical optics focuses on phenomena that
can be explained by considering light a wave. This module investigates the nature and propagation of
electromagnetic waves and basic optical phenomena as reflection, refraction, polarization, and dispersion of
light.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
This learning plan is designed for you to:
• Explain the physical nature, origin, and propagation of electromagnetic waves.
• Discuss the properties of electromagnetic waves (wavelength, frequency, and speed) and the
properties of a vacuum and optical medium (permittivity, permeability, and index of refraction)
in relation to one another
• State and explain the laws of reflection and refraction

LESSON PROPER

Nature and Properties of Electromagnetic Waves

In 1865, Maxwell predicted that waves could be propagated in space from

one region to another as a result of varying magnetic and electric fields.
These waves propagate at the speed of light, which is equal to 3 x10 8 m/s.
Such waves must have both electric and magnetic properties and are aptly
called electromagnetic waves. German Physicist Heinrich Hertz was the
first to produce electromagnetic waves in the laboratory. He used an LC
oscillator and receiver. The oscillator consisted of two polished brass
knobs, each connected to an induction coil and separated by a tiny gap. The
receiver consisted of an open loop of wire with small knobs at each end
was placed away from the oscillator. The light voltage produced by the
induction coil caused sparks to fly between the oscillator knobs. The waves
from these sparks induced current in the receiver, producing sparks
between the receiver’s ends. The waves generated oscillate at a frequency
determined by the capacitance of the capacitor and the inductance of the
induction coil. The frequency of the waves produced by hertz corresponds to the radio frequency in the
electromagnetic spectrum.
Electromagnetic Spectrum

Electromagnetic waves are produced by magnetic and electric fields oscillating perpendicular to each other and
to the direction of the wave propagation. Electromagnetic waves are classified according to their frequencies or
wavelengths. The electromagnetic spectrum describes the entire range of electromagnetic radiation arranged in
the order of frequencies or wavelengths.

Radio Waves
• Longest wavelength
• They are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), radio frequency identification (RFID), in express
tollgates, and radio and television broadcast.

Microwaves
• Few centimeters shorter than radiowave.
• Wifi and Bluetooth
• Satellite television and mobile networks
• RADAR (Radio Detection and Ranging)
• Microwave oven.
• They are used to cook food because they are readily absorbed by water molecules.

Infrared
• Between microwave and visible light
• Main component of heat radiation
• As temperature increases the IR wavelength shorten
• Use in wireless remote
• More than half of the total energy from the sun arrives on
Earth in the form of infrared waves.
• Infrared waves may further be classified into three regions:
far-infrared ( 1x104 nm to 1x106nm) used in astronomical
application; mid-infrared region (2.5x103 nm to 1x104nm)
used for medical imaging; and near-infrared region (750nm
to 2.5x103 nm) used in physiological diagnostics.
Visible Light
• Can be detected by human eye through the rods and cones which are sensitive to EM waves in this
narrow band frequencies.
• Red has the lowest frequency and violet has the highest frequency
• The wavelength of the visible light region ranges from 400 nm to 750nm.

Ultraviolet Radiation
• Waves beyond the violet end of the visible light
• Sun is the main source of UV radiation
• Stimulates our body to produce vitamin D
• Does not warm the body just like infrared
• Induces chemical process that result in tanning
• Prolong exposure can cause skin cancer
• Have wavelengths ranging from 10nm to 400nm.
• Categorized as UVA (315 nm to 400nm), UVB (280nm to 315
nm), and UVC (below 280 nm)

X - Rays
• High frequency
• produced due to sudden deceleration of fast-moving
electrons when they collide and interact with the target
anode.
• Organic materials like paper, food and explosives are
orange, while blue or green are used for metals and
glass. The denser the material, the darker the color.
• Wavelengths ranging from 0.01 nm to 10nm.

Gamma Ray
• Highest frequency EM waves released during nuclear
reactions
• With very short wavelengths
• Emitted through nuclear fusion, nuclear fission and
radioactive decay

Speed of Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves that can propagate with or without a material medium. The
wavelength λ and frequency f are related to the speed of the wave v by the equation
v=fλ
This equation is known as the basic wave equation.
Electromagnetic waves propagate in a vacuum at a speed of

Where ϵ0 (equal to 8.85 x 10-12 C2/ N.m2) and μ0 (equal to 4πx10-7 Wb/A•m) are the permittivity and
permeability of a vacuum, respectively. Substituting values

Thus, all electromagnetic waves travel in a vacuum at a constant speed of about 3x10 8 m/s. this constant speed
is called the speed of light and is represented by c.
Index of Refraction
Electromagnetic waves travel at different speeds through different media, depending on wavelengths and the
properties of the media. When electromagnetic waves travel in a particular medium, the permittivity and
permeability of a vacuum are replaced by the permittivity ℰ and permeability μ of the medium; hence the speed
of electromagnetic waves in a particular medium is

The index of refraction, a new property of the medium, is the ration of the speed of light c in a vacuum to the
speed of light v in the medium. It is represented by n. thus

From the given definition, it means that the index of refraction is a dimensionless quantity. It is always greater
than or equal to 1 because c is always greater than v. Table below list the indeces of refraction of some common
materials for a 589nm yellow light.
Index of Refraction for 589 nm Yellow Light
Material Index of Refraction Material Index of Refraction
Solids Liquids
Diamond 2.419 Benzene 1.501
Glass (crown) 1.52 Ethyl alcohol 1.361
Glass (flint) 1.66 Glycerine 1.473
Ice 1.309 Water 1.333
Polystyrene 1.49 Gases at 0°C and 1.0135 x 105 Pa
Sodium Chloride 1.544 Air 1.000293
Zircon 1.923 Carbon dioxide 1.00045

Sample Problem
A light of wavelength 589 nm passes from air to a glass plate (n=1.5). The plate has a thickness of 4.0x10-3m.
a) How long will it take the light to pass perpendicularly through the plate?
b) What is the wavelength of light in the glass plate?
Given:
λ = 589nm = 589x10-9 m
nglass = 1.5
thickness d = 4.0x10-3m
Solution:
a. Solve first the speed of the light in the glass plate.
𝑐 3𝑥108 𝑚/𝑠
vglass= 𝑛 = = 2x108 m/s
1.5

𝑑 4.0 𝑥 10−3 𝑚
t=𝑣= 𝑚 = 2x10-11 s
2𝑥108
𝑠
b. When light passes from air to the glass plate, the frequency remains the same.
Using the equation v = f λ
𝑣 (𝑎𝑖𝑟) 3𝑥108 𝑚/𝑠
f= = = 5.09 x1014 s-1 or Hz
𝜆 (𝑎𝑖𝑟) 589 𝑥10−9 𝑚

𝑣 (𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠) 2x108 m/s

λglass = = = 3.93 x 10-7 m
𝑓 (𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠) 5.09 x1014 s−1

Try This! Activity 1

A light of wavelength 400 nm passes from air to water.
a. What is the frequency of the light in water?
b. What is the speed of light in water if its index of refraction is 1.33?
c. What is the wavelength of light in water?
Interaction of Light with Matter

The study of light and its properties is called optics. Optics is categorized as
geometric optics or wave optics. In geometric optics, light is modeled as a
ray. In wave optics, light is modeled as wave.

When light passes from one medium to another, it is partly reflected and
partly refracted. Reflection and refraction are two major aspects of geometric
optics.

Figure at the right shows the rays and angle involved in the study of reflection
and refraction of light. A line perpendicular to the boundary of two media at
the point of incidence is called the nomal. The angle of incidence θ1 is the
angle between the incident ray and the normal line. angle of reflection θ1’ is
the angle between the reflected ray and the normal line. The angle of
refraction θ2 is the angle between the refracted ray and the normal.

Reflection of Light

Reflection is the turning back of light to the original medium where it is propagating. Reflection of light is
governed by the following laws:
1. The incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal lie in one plane.
2. The angle of incidence θ1 is equal to the angle of reflection θ1’.

Reflection of light may be classified as specular or diffuse.

Specular reflection is reflection from smooth surfaces such as
mirrors. A group of parallel rays striking a smooth surface are
reflected parallel to one another.

Diffuse reflection, on the other hand, is reflected from rough

surfaces such as walls of a room . Parallel rays striking the surface
are not reflected parallel to one another. However each ray still follows the law of reflection. The normal to the
different points in the surface are no longer parallel to one another. Hence, reflected rays are scattered in all
directions. Because of diffuse reflection a small candle can light up a room.

Sample Problem

Plane mirror 1 is perpendicular to plane mirror 2. In plane

mirror 1, light is incident at 30° with the normal. What is the
angle of reflection θ2’ in plane mirror 2? θ1
θ1’
Given: θ1 = 30°

Solution:
θ2 θ2’
θ
The angle of incidence θ1 is equal to the angle of reflection θ1’,
therefore θ1’ is 30°.

In plane mirror 2, the angle θ is also 30° because θ and θ1’ are alternate interior angles. The angle of incidence
θ2 in mirror 2 is 90-30°=60°. Thus, the angle of reflection θ2’ is 60°.

Try This! Activity 2

Two smooth reflecting surfaces (A and B) are perpendicular to each other. Light strikes surface A at
a point 12 cm from the point of intersection of surfaces A and B. If the angle of incidence θ 1 = 30°,
how far from the point of intersection of the two surfaces will the reflected light from surface A
strike surface B?
 θ1
Surface A
θ1’

12 cm
θ2 θ2’
θ

? cm
Surface B

ONLINE HELP
Watch the video for further explanation of the law of
reflection.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yscrBkfPRyc

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT

Checklist

Try this! Activity 1

Try this! Activity 2
Online Help
 St. Paul University Philippines
Tuguegarao City, Cagayan 3500

BASIC EDUCATION UNIT

PAASCU LEVEL III ACCREDITED
ISO CERTIFIED

LEARNING PLAN 2: REFRACTION OF LIGHT & SNELL’S LAW

INTRODUCTION:

The archerfish feeds on insects, butterflies, and similar creatures that are
resting on the branch of a tree or on a twig above the water. The fish positions
itself directly underneath the prey and squirts water, knocking the prey off the
branch. The secret of the fish’s success? The archerfish knows physics! It
knows that at normal incidence, there is no bending of light and the prey is
exactly where the archerfish sees it.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES‫׃‬
This learning plan is designed for you to:
• State and explain the law of refraction.
• Explain the conditions for total internal reflection
• Relate Snell’s law to the dispersion of light
• Discuss the polarization of light using Malus’s law
• Solve problems on total internal reflection, refraction, dispersion and polarization of light

LESSON PROPER

Refraction of Light

When light ray strikes a boundary between two media, part of it may be refracted. When light ray refracts, it
travels at different velocity. The changes in the direction of light when it passes from one medium to another
due to the changes in its velocity is called refraction. Any ray of light that is incident at an angle other than 90°
with the normal will deviate from its original direction, depending on the optical density of the second medium.
The optical density of a medium is an inverse measure of the speed in it. Light travels more slowly in an
optically dense medium than in a less optically dense medium. Light will not change its direction when it is
incident perpendicular to the boundary.

The laws of refraction are the following:

1. The incident ray, the refracted ray, and the normal lie in one plane.
2. When a ray of light passes obliquely from an optically less dense medium to a denser medium, it is
refracted toward the normal. If a ray of light passes from an optically denser medium to a less dense
medium, it is refracted away from the normal.
3. The relationship between the index of refraction and the angle with the normal is described in Snell’s
law, named after the Dutch astronomer and mathematician Willebrord Snell, which states that

n1 sinθ1 = n2 sinθ2

Where n1 is the index of refraction of the first medium, n2 is the index of refraction of the second
medium, θ1 is the angle of incidence, and θ2 is the angle of refraction.

Sample Problem
A ray of light is incident on a surface of a crown glass plate at an angle of 30° with the normal. Determine the
angle between the refracted ray and the reflected ray.
Given :
θ1 = 30° θ1 θ1’
ncrown glass = 1.52
air
nair = 1.00
θ

Solution: θ2 crown glass

Based on the figure, θ = 180° - θ1’ –θ2. Because the angle of reflection plate
must be equal to the angle of incidence, θ1’ = 30°. Using Snell’s law in
solving for the angle of refraction θ2,
n1 sinθ1 = n2 sinθ2
(1.00)sin 30° = (1.52)sin θ2
= 19.2°
Therefore, θ = 180° -30° - 19.2° = 130.8°

Try this!

Prove that the angle of refraction is 20° when light travels from air n=1 to water n=1.33 if the angle of
incidence is 27°.

Total Internal Reflection

When light travels from an optically denser medium to less dense, it is refracted away from the normal. Increase
the angle of incidence also increases the angle of refraction. However, there is a certain angle of incidence
where the refracted ray is along the interface of the two media. This angle of incidence is called critical angle.
The critical angle is the angle of incidence at which the angle of refraction is 90°. At angles of incidence greater
than the critical angle, light cannot pass through the second medium. Instead it is reflected back to the first
medium. This phenomenon is called total internal reflection. There are two necessary conditions for total
internal reflection to happen;
1. Light must pass from an optically denser medium to a less dense medium
2. The angle of incidence must be greater than the critical angle.

The critical angle θc may be determined using Snell’s law with θ2 = 90°.
n1 sin θc = n2 sin 90°
𝑛2
sin θc = 𝑛1
𝑛2
θc = sin-1 𝑛1

(a) A ray of light crosses a boundary where the index of refraction decreases. That is, n2<n1. The ray bends away from the
perpendicular. (b) The critical angle θc is the angle of incidence for which the angle of refraction is 90°. (c) Total internal reflection
occurs when the incident angle is greater than the critical angle.

Diamonds have a high index of refraction and small critical angle. These properties of diamond, along with
proper faceting, cause the incident light to be internally reflected several times, giving diamond its sparkling
characteristic.
Total internal reflection is also utilized in fiber optics. An
optical fiber consists of an inner and outer code claddings.
The core is made up of transparent material of high index of
refraction. The cladding is also made of transparent material,
but of lower index of refraction. Light sent through one end
under goes several internal reflections before leaving through
the other end. Optical fibers are now being used in medicine
and in telecommunications.

Refraction through Parallel Plates

When light passes through a flat slab of transparent material, the light will laterally displaced. The incident ray
and the ray leaving the slab are parallel to each other.

Sample Problem

The light is incident at θ1 from air to glass and incident at θ3 from glass to
air. Referring to the accompanying figure, prove that the incident ray and θ1
the emergent ray are parallel to each other by showing θ 1=θ4. nair
nglass
Solution: θ2
There are two refractions in this situation. The first refraction is at the air-
glass interface with θ1 and θ2 as the angle of incidence and the angle of θ3
refraction, respectively. The second refraction, θ 3 and θ4 are the angle of
incidence and angle of refraction, respectively. Applying Snell’s law,
θ4
nair sin θ1 = nglass sinθ2
nglass sinθ3 = nair sinθ4

Because θ2 and θ3 are alternate interior angles, θ2 = θ3, thus

nair sinθ1 = nair sinθ4
sinθ1 = sinθ4 ; Hence, θ1 = θ4

Dispersion of Light

White light is a mixture of several colors and each color corresponds to a

particular wavelength. In a vacuum, each color of the visible light travels at
the same speed. However, in transparent material medium, each color
travels at different speeds. Hence, the index of refraction is wavelength-
dependent; from Snell’s law, the angle the angle of refraction is also
wavelength-dependent. In general index of refraction of materials decreases
with increasing wavelength. Light of longer wavelength has lower index of
refraction than light of shorter wavelength. This implies that the violet light
is refracted more that the red light when passing air into a transparent
materials medium.

These variations in the refraction of the colors of light account for the dispersion of light. Dispersion is the
separation of white light into its component colors. This is usually done using triangular piece of glass or
transparent material called prism. The triangular shape of the prism prevents light waves from emerging parallel
to one another after refraction, keeping them from combining again.

Polarization of Light

Polarization distinguishes transverse waves from longitudinal waves.

Only transverse waves can be polarized. A transverse wave is said to
be polarized it its vibrations are confined to one direction.
The light from the sun, from the electric bulb, and from other sources are unpolarized. They may be polarized
by allowing them to pass through materials that are capable of making light vibrate in one direction. This
direction is known as vibration direction. The vibration direction depends on the transmission axis of the
material. Materials capable of polarizing light are called polarizers. An ideal polarizer passes 100 percent of
light parallel to its transmission axis and blocks 100 percent of light perpendicular to it.

ONLINE HELP
Scan the QR code to watch the video discussion about total
internal reflection
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a20C08qmC_o

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
Checklist

Try this!
Online Help
 St. Paul University Philippines
Tuguegarao City, Cagayan 3500

BASIC EDUCATION UNIT

PAASCU LEVEL III ACCREDITED
ISO CERTIFIED

LEARNING PLAN 3: MIRRORS

INTRODUCTION:

If Christians will reflect the love and character of Christ, the world will see its need of Him. This same principle
applies to the physical world. No one can see an object if it does not reflect light. How an object appears
depends on the amount of reflected light, the composition of the reflected light, and the angel at which the light
is reflected. Optics is the branch of physics that deals with the behavior of visible light and other
electromagnetic waves. In particular, optics is concerned with the generation and propagation of light and its
interaction with matter. Mirrors, which have curved surfaces designed to reflect rays, also form images. A
system of lenses and/or mirrors forms an image by gathering rays from an object and then causes them to
converge or diverge. The position to which the rays converge to or diverge from is the image. You will be able
to use the laws of reflection and refraction in order to describe and explain how images are formed by mirrors
and lenses. You will also be able to solve problems pertaining to the position and magnification of images
formed by mirrors and lenses. One of the thrusts of this learning plan is to make you aware of the purposes of
the different types of mirrors and lenses so you can select the right type of mirrors and lenses that you can use in
your daily lives.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES‫׃‬
This learning plan is designed for you to:
• Determine the focal length of a mirror.
• Use ray tracing to construct the image formed by a mirror.
• Determine the nature, size and location of the image formed by mirror.

LESSON PROPER

A mirror is any smooth reflecting surface which is capable of producing images

by specular reflection of light. Mirrors may be plane or spherical. Plane mirrors
have flat surfaces. Spherical mirrors, on the other hand, may be thought of as a
portion of a reflecting sphere. It is concave if the reflecting surface is the inner
portion of the sphere, and convex if the reflecting surface is the outer portion of
the sphere. A shiny spoon may be considered a double-sided mirror; it is a
concave mirror in front and convex mirror at the back.

Plane Mirror Images

The image of an object formed by a plane mirror

can be constructed as shown in the figure. Any
light ray incident on a plane mirror will be
reflected in accordance with the laws of
reflection. The intersection of any two reflected
rays coming from a given point on an object is
sufficient to locate the image of that point. The
reflected rays maybe extended behind the mirror
until they intersect. Such an image is classified as
virtual. The image formed by a plane mirror is
always virtual and upright relative to the object.
The following are characteristics of the Image formed by plane mirror
a. Virtual and upright
b. Same size as the object; that is, the height of the object ho is equal to height of the image hi.
c. Same distance as the object from the mirror but behind it; that is, the distance of the object d o from the
mirror is equal to the distance of the image di from the mirror.
d. Laterally reversed, meaning that the right becomes the left and the left becomes the right.

Spherical Mirror Terminologies

Some of the terms used in the study of spherical mirrors are given below.

1. The center of curvature C is the center of the sphere.

2. 2. The vertex V is the center of the mirror.
3. The radius of curvature R is the radius of the sphere. It is the distance between C and V.
4. The principal axis or optical axis is a straight line joining C and V.
5. The aperture AB refers to the width of the mirror
6. Spherical mirrors maybe concave or convex. Concave mirrors are converging mirrors. Convex mirrors
are diverging mirrors. A mirror is converging if the reflected rays meet at a point. A diverging mirrors
spread out light rays after reflection. However, these rays seem to come from common point behind the
mirror when they are extended. The point where the reflected rays meet (for converging mirrors) or
where they seem to come from )for diverging mirrors) is called the principal focus or focal point F.
7. The focal length f is the distance from V to F. Since F is halfway between C and V, f = R/2.
Image Formation in Spherical Mirrors

Images formed in a curved mirror can be located and described through ray diagramming. The P – F ray, F – P
ray, C – C ray, and the V ray are the ‗Four Principal Rays‘ in curve mirrors. These rays, applied for concave
and convex mirrors.

P – F Ray. A ray of light parallel to the principal axis is P – F Ray. A ray of light parallel to the principal axis is
reflected passing through the principal focus, F. reflected as if passing through the principal

focus, F.

F – P Ray. A ray of light passing through the F – P Ray. A ray of light directed towards the
focus, F is reflected parallel to the principal axis. focus, F is reflected parallel to the principal axis.

C – C Ray. A ray of light passing through the center of C – C Ray. A ray of light directed towards the center of
curvature, C reflects back along its own path. curvature, C reflects back along its own path.

V Ray. A ray of light directed to the vertex reflects at V Ray. A ray of light directed to
equal angle from the principal axis the vertex reflects at equal angle
from the principal axis.
Sample 1: Concave Mirror

Sample 2: Convex Mirror

Try This!
Directions: Construct ray diagrams to determine the location, orientation, size, and type of images
formed by curved mirror. Using the protractor and the ruler, copy each of the diagrams (A – F) below on a
separate sheet of paper. As much as possible, use the four principal rays to locate the image formed in a
curved mirror. In the next table identify the Location, Orientation, Size, and Type of Image Formed in
Curved Mirrors by filling the table.

Concave Mirror

A. B.
 C. D.

Convex Mirror

E. F.

Image
Location of Object Location Orientation Size (same, Type
(upright or reduced or (real or virtual)
inverted) enlarged)

CONCAVE
A. Farther than the Center
of Curvature
B. At the Center of Curvature

C. At the Focal point

D. Between the Focal point
and the Center of the lens
(Vertex)
CONVEX
E. Farther than C in
front of the Mirror
F. Between F and V in
front of the Mirror

Referring to the table above. How does the location of the object affect the characteristics and location of the
image formed in a concave mirror? Convex mirror?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________

Mirror Equation and Magnification

The mirror equation relates object distance, image distance, and focal length. In symbols, This relationship is
given by
1 1 1
= 𝑑𝑜 + 𝑑𝑖
𝑓
Where f is the focal length, do is the distance of the object, and di is the distance of the image. In terms of radius
of curvature
2 1 1
= 𝑑𝑜 + 𝑑𝑖
𝑅

The image formed by a mirror maybe smaller than, bigger than, or of the same size as the object. The
magnification m is the ration of the image distance and object distance to the ratio of the image height h i and
the object height ho. in equation
ℎ𝑖 𝑑𝑖
m = ℎ𝑜 = - 𝑑𝑜
A positive m means that the image is upright; a negative m means that the image is inverted.

Sign conventions for Mirrors

Quantity When Positive (+) When Negative (-)
Object distance do Real object Virtual object
Image distance di Real image Virtual image
Focal length f Concave (converging mirror) Convex (diverging) mirror
𝑅 𝑅
f= f=-
2 2
Magnification m Upright image Inverted image
Image height hi Upright image Inverted image

Sample Problem

A 5.00-cm tall light bulb is placed at a distance of 45.0 cm from a concave mirror having a focal length of 10.5
cm. Determine the image distance and the image size.

Given:
height of the object, h = 5.00 cm distance of the object, p = 45.0 cm focal point, f = 10.5 cm

Find:
distance of the image, q = ? height of the image, h’ = ?

The mirror equation must be used to determine the distance of the image, q.

To determine the image height, the magnification equation is needed. Since three of
the four quantities in the equation are known, the fourth quantity can be calculated.

The negative value for image height indicates that the image is an inverted image,

Sample Problem
A 14.5 cm high object is placed 50.0 cm in front of a concave mirror with radius of curvature equal to 30.0 cm.
Determine the distance, height and image formed by the mirror.
Given:
R = +30 cm (because it is concave)
do = +50 cm (because it is on the ral side of the mirror)
ho = 14.5 cm

Solution
2 1 1
= 𝑑𝑜 + 𝑑𝑖
𝑅

2 1 1
= 50 𝑐𝑚 + 𝑑𝑖
30 𝑐𝑚

150 𝑐𝑚
di = = 21.429 cm ; Since the image distance is positive means the image is real
7

𝑑𝑖 21.429 𝑐𝑚
m = - 𝑑𝑜 = = -0.429 ; The negative sigh for magnification means that the image is inverted.
50 𝑐𝑚

To determine the height of the image

ℎ𝑖
m=
ℎ𝑜
ℎ𝑖
-0.429 = 14.5 𝑐𝑚 = -6.21 cm ; this confirm that the image is inverted.

Try This!
A 3.25 cm high object is placed 28 cm in front of a convex mirror. Its image was formed 14cm behind
the mirror. Find the (a) magnification of the image, (b) height of the image, (c) focal legth of the mirror,
and (d) radius of the curvature of the mirror.

ONLINE HELP
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UV49MZvu6Z4

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT

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 St. Paul University Philippines
Tuguegarao City, Cagayan 3500

BASIC EDUCATION UNIT

PAASCU LEVEL III ACCREDITED
ISO CERTIFIED

LEARNING PLAN 4: LENSES

INTRODUCTION:

Lenses are found in a huge array of optical instruments, ranging from a simple magnifying glass to the eye to a
camera’s zoom lens. In this module, we will use the law of refraction to explore the properties of lenses and
how they form images. Lenses are used in various imaging devices like telescopes, binoculars and cameras.
They are also used as visual aids in glasses to correct defects of vision such as myopia and hypermetropia.
Today, there are three common types of laser eye surgery: PRK, LASIK, and LASEK. All three procedures
involve reshaping the cornea using an excimer laser to allow light entering the eye to be properly focused onto
the retina for clear vision. However, they differ in steps prior to corneal reshaping. We will found out more of
these processes near the end of these module.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES‫׃‬
This learning plan is designed for you to:
• Determine the focal length of a lens
• Use ray tracing to construct the image formed by a lens
• Determine the nature, size, and location of the image formed by a lens
• Explain some vision defects and the ways to correct them
• Compare and contrast the eye and camera
•
LESSON PROPER‫׃‬

A spherical lens is a piece of glass or transparent

material with at least one spherical surface. Spherical
lenses are basically divided into convex and concave
lens. Lenses that are thicker at the middle than at the
edges are called convex lenses. Convex lenses are
converging lenses. Lenses that are thicker at the edges
than at the middle are called concave lenses. Concave
lenses are diverging. Examples of converging and
diverging lenses are shown in the figure.

Spherical Lens Terminologies

Just like a mirror, a lens has a principal

focus or focal point. However, since
light can pass through a lens from either
side, a lens has two foci, one on each
side of the lens. These are called
principal focus and secondary focus.
The principal focus is the point where
the beam of parallel rays falling on a
convex lens converges. The principal
focus for a converging lens is behind it. In a diverging lens, it is the point in front of the lens where the refracted
rays falling upon a concave lens appear to come from when extended. The other focus for each type of lens is
called the secondary focus. Figure at the right, shows the two foci for each type of lens. The principal and the
secondary foci are represented as F and F’ respectively.
The optical center P of the lens is the point where all light rays pass through without being bent. For a double
concave or double convex lens, the optical center is the geometric center. The principal axis is the line joining
the optical center and principal focus. The focal length f is the distance from the optical center of the lens to the
principal focus.

Ray Diagram for Spherical Mirror Lenses

The same method used to locate the image

formed by spherical mirror is used to locate
the image formed by lens. Although there
are three basic rays to consider, any two of
these rays may be drawn. The intersection
of these two rays indicates the location of
the image. The figure below shows these
basic rays.

1. A ray parallel to the principal axis

passes or appears to pass (when
extended) through the principal
focus.
2. A ray passing through or appearing
to pass (when extended) through the
secondary focus is refracted parallel
to the principal axis.
3. A ray passing through the optical
center of the lens is not deviated.

Image Formation by Spherical Mirror

Try This!
Directions: Construct ray diagrams for lenses by determine graphically the location, orientation, size,
and type of image formed. Show graphically the changes in the image formed as an object’s position
is changed. Copy each of the diagrams (A–F) below on a clear sheet of paper. Construct ray diagram
using, as much as possible, the ‘three most useful rays’ for each of the following cases to determine the
location, orientation, size, and type of the image.

Convex Lens
A.

B.
 C. D.

Concave Lens
E. F.

Image
Location of Object Location Orientation Size (same, Type
(upright or inverted) reduced or (real or virtual)
enlarged)

CONVEX LENS
A. Beyond 2F’
B. At 2F’
C. Between 2F’ and F’

D. At the Focal
point, F’

CONCAVE LENS
E. At 2F’
F. At the Focal
point, F’

Refer to the table above. How does the image change in its size and location, as the object comes nearer the
convex lens? Concave lens?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Thin Lens Equation and Magnification
The thin lens equation is the same as the mirror equation
1 1 1
= 𝑑𝑜 + 𝑑𝑖
𝑓

Lenses have real and virtual sides as well. The real side is behind the lens and the virtual side is infront of the
lens. With the exception of the object, anything on the real side is real and anything on the virtual side is virtual.
The same sign convention used for mirrors applies to lens. Positive is real and negative is virtual. The object
distance is positive if the object is in front of the lens. Note that for converging lens, the principal focus is real,
therefore the focal length must be positive. For diverging lens, the principal focus is on virtual side and is
therefore negative. The magnification of the image may also be determined from the same formula for mirrors

ℎ𝑖 𝑑𝑖
m = ℎ𝑜 = - 𝑑𝑜
If two thin lenses of focal lengths f1 and f2 are put in contact with each other, the resulting focal length is given
by
1 1 1
= +
𝑓 𝑓1 𝑓2

Another term to be defined is the power P. of lens (sometimes called optical power). The power of a lens is the
reciprocal of its focal length. With the focal length in meter, the power of a lens is expressed in diopters (D)
1
P=𝑓
When light passes through a series of lenses, the image formed will become the object for the second lens, and
so on. The total magnification is the product of the magnification produced by each lens.

Sample Problem 1 Sample Problem 2

How far from a convex lens of focal length 25.0cm
must an object be placed to produce an image that is What is the resulting focal length and power if two
inverted and magnified twice? thin lenses, each of focal length +25 cm, are in
contact?
Given:
f = 25.0 cm Given: f1 = f2 = +25 cm
m= -2 (the sign is negative because the image must
be inverted) Solution

Solution 1 1 1
= 𝑓1 + 𝑓2
𝑑𝑖 𝑓
Using the eq. m = - 𝑑𝑜
𝑑𝑖
-2 = - 1 1 1
𝑑𝑜 = 25 𝑐𝑚 + 25 𝑐𝑚
di = 2do 𝑓

Substituting this in thin lens equation, f = 12.5 cm

1 1 1 1 1
= 𝑑𝑜 + 𝑑𝑖 P = 𝑓 = 0.125 𝑚 = 8.0 D
𝑓

1 1 1
= 𝑑𝑜 + 2𝑑𝑖
25 𝑐𝑚

do = 37.5 cm

Try This!
Two convex lenses A and B, each of focal length 25 cm, are placed 80cm apart on the same axis. A
12.0 cm high object is placed 50 cm in front of the lens A. Find he position, nature, and size of the final
image.
The Human Eye

The eye is the organ for seeing. It is

an opaque ball averaging 2.3 cm
diameter. Its parts that are essential
for vision are shown in the figure.
Incoming light first passes through
the cornea.

The cornea is the outer thin

transparent membrane of the eyeball.
It serves to protect the eye and refract
most of the incident light.

The pupil is the black circle in the

middle of the eye. It is an adjustable
opening at the center of the iris
through which light enters the eye.
The pupil changes its size to regulate the amount of light entering the eye. In bright light, it contracts to reduce
the amount of light reaching the retina; in faint light, it opens wide. The pupil is black because it absorbs all the
light that enters the eye through it.

The iris is the colored circle of the eye. Its color depends on one’s genetic makeup. Its main function is to
regulate the size of the pupil by contracting or relaxing it muscles.

The crystalline lens is the clear convex structure at the back of the pupil. It can focus on objects at different
distances by changing its shape. The change in shape of the lens is made possible by the contraction and
relaxation of the ciliary muscles. The ciliary muscles relax when the lens focuses on distant objects; they
contract and tighten when the lens focuses on nearby objects. This ability of the eye to focus on objects at
different distance is called accommodation.

The retina is the light-sensitive layer of tissue lining the back of the eye. For normal vision, the image of an
object seen by the eye is formed exactly on the retina. The retina consists of light-sensitive rods and cones. The
cones distinguish colors and are responsible for daytime vision. The rods, on the other hand, are mostly found in
the peripheral regions of the retina, enabling one to see in the dark.

The macula is the oval shaped, pigmented area near the center of the retina. Situated near the center of the
macula is the fovea, the region of most distinct vision. There are about 200 000 cones, but no rods in the fovea.
The point in the retina where the optic nerves exit is called the blind spot. Optic nerves carry images from the
retina to the brain.

The choroid is the thin layer of tissue that is part of the middle layer of the eye wall, between the sclera and the
retina. It nourishes the retina and absorbs scattered light.

Between the cornea and the lens is the aqueous humor. On the other side of the lens is the vitreous humor. Both
humors are responsible for giving the eye its nearly perfect spherical shape. They also belong to the refractive
system of the eye.

Physics of the Eye

The eye is perhaps the most interesting of all optical instruments. The eye is remarkable in how it forms images
and in the richness of detail and color it can detect. However, our eyes commonly need some correction, to
reach what is called “normal” vision, but should be called ideal rather than normal. Image formation by our eyes
and common vision correction are easy to analyze with the optics discussed in Geometric Optics.

The average range of vision of a healthy human eye is from 25cm to infinity. The near point of the eye is 25cm.
The near point is the closest distance at which an object can clearly seen by the eye. The far point of the eye is
the farthest distance at which an object can be clearly seen. The far point of the normal eye is infinity.
When we look at an object, the light striking the object enters the eye through the cornea. Because of its bulging
shape and the big difference between its index of refraction (n=1.38) and that of surrounding air (n=1), the
cornea is where most of the refraction of light happens. After passing through the cornea, a portion of the light
passes through the pupil and goes to the crystalline lens. The crystalline lens, being convex in shape, focuses the
light to single point and with the help of the ciliary muscles, casts an image of the object on the retina. The
image formed is real, inverted and smaller that the object. This image is relayed to the brain by the optic nerve,
and is adjusted by the brain so that the object is seen as it is.

ONLINE HELP
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CJ6aB5ULqa0

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT‫׃‬

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Try This! Problem Solving
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