Organic-Bricks - Eco-Friendly Bricks Using Pulverized Agricultural Waste

UNIVERSITY RESEARCH AND Document No.
FM-URD-006
DEVELOPMENT CENTER Revision No. 00
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ORGANIC-BRICKS: ECO-FRIENDLY BRICKS USING PULVERIZED AGRICULTURAL

WASTE
Archbie Bogs Urbano, Ronald Gacuan, Melanie Mallillin,
Archie Cauilan, Justine Madrid, Ertie Abana*
ABSTRACT
Prior research has shown that major countries face waste management challenges such
as agricultural waste including the Philippines. It is being said that corn husks, rice husks, and
sugarcane have contributed significantly to the generation of agricultural waste, according to the
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Addressing this problem, our team intended to use
this agricultural waste to our advantage to provide a quality project. It was done by pulverizing
the agricultural waste (Corn Husk, Rice Husk, Sugarcane) and getting the 5%, 10%, and 15%
of this as an alternative to brick materials in correlation to the weight of the bricks which is 3 kg.
This study concludes that 5% rice husk has the highest compressive strength of 0.20 MPa which
has a slight increase with 10% rice husk mixture which is 0.16 MPa, but has a slightly higher
water absorption compared to 5% of pulverized corn husk, and finally when it comes to
efflorescence test 5% and 10% of rice husk results as no precipitation deposit (Nil) wherein
based on this results, it is applicable that 10% of rice husk is the ideal alternative material to be
used in bricks so that we can use more of this agricultural waste, but still provides a quality
product.
Keywords: Agricultural waste, pulverized, clay, brick, sustainable
INTRODUCTION
Due to the increasing population and the chronic shortage of construction materials, the
building material industry has been experiencing huge demand. The worldwide annual
production of bricks is currently about 1391 billion units and the demand for bricks is expected
to continuously rise as the construction process increases worldwide [1]. The depletion of natural
resources for the production of construction has become an emerging issue globally, especially
the production of conventional bricks has led to a worldwide shortage of natural resource
materials [2]. On the other hand, the disposal of solid waste created by agricultural and industrial
output activities is also a major issue in developing nations such as the Philippines.
Agro-waste materials produce a vast number of residues yearly. If this waste is released
into the environment without proper disposal procedure that may cause destruction and pollution
in the environment, human, and animal health. Most of the agro-waste is untreated, therefore in
maximum reports, it is disposed by burning, dumping, and landfilling. Corn husk and rice husk
Organic-Bricks: Eco-Friendly Bricks Using Pulverized Agricultural Waste | 1

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are agricultural products that produce countless amounts of agro-waste in different areas, as
well as the sugarcane bagasse. This waste creates different problems like climate change, due
to the increasing number of greenhouse gasses [3]. The previous study attempts to convert this
sugarcane bagasse by-product into useful eco-friendly cement-bonded composites and polymer
composites, which can be used for different internal and external applications and buildings [4].
The non-timber resources like corn husks and snake plant fibers as the raw materials for paper
production can cover a percentage of paper consumption throughout the world. The researchers
utilized these two raw materials to produce non-timber paper. Testing the physical and
evaluative properties of the paper out of the combinations of these raw materials was different
from other previous studies [5]. Rice husk's previous study is to assess the feasibility of utilizing
the rice husk ash for producing economical concrete by studying the properties like Compressive
Strength, Water Absorption, and Slump Retention [6].
Bricks are made from a mixture of clay and sand, which are then burned in a kiln at a
temperature of 850 to 950 degrees Celsius. To help reduce the raw materials used in brick
manufacturing, experiments were attempted to use different kinds of agro-waste, such as the
utilization of cotton waste that resulted in a very fine and denser micro dust, so they increase
the cohesiveness of the clay, bricks manufactured from soil and cotton waste have good result
because they burn in order to increase the strength of the brick [7-8]. Wood sawdust results
show that the WSW– LPW combination provides results that are potential to be used in the
production of lighter and more economical new brick material [9], and processed waste tea, a
mixture of up to 5% PWT waste additives can be used in brick production and the usage of
waste material in the clay mixture improved the physical and mechanical properties [10].
However, most of these waste materials added into bricks were prepared by burning and then
getting their ash. Burning is the primary source of transboundary air pollution, posing a serious
threat to air quality and human health across the region [11].
Due to the increasing concerns of human and environmental health, the researchers
utilized an eco-friendlier preparation of agro-waste materials in substituting a certain number of
raw materials in brick making. It will not involve the burning of agricultural waste, but instead
pulverizing of agricultural waste materials. The replacement of the conventional additives in
making bricks will make a lightweight, durable, cost-effective, and environment-friendly product.
This study is intended to use pulverized agro-waste as an alternative brick for the exterior
cladding of modern houses.

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Research Objectives
The study aimed to evaluate the effect of pulverized agro-waste such as rice husk, corn
husk, and sugarcane bagasse on bricks. Specifically, the study determined the following:
1. The maximum compressive strength of the bricks when pulverized agro-waste is
used.
2. The degree of compactness of the bricks through water absorption and porosity test.
3. The water-soluble salt content of bricks by conducting an efflorescence Test.
Significance of the Study
Due to the excessive consumption of natural resources, engineers and researchers

developed new materials for brick manufacturing. Natural resources, such as clay (topsoil) are
being depleted as a result of overuse in brick manufacturing. This situation necessitates the
investigation of new alternative materials by construction industry stakeholders. Thus, the study
is beneficial to the pottery and brick-making industries. In addition, people in the community who
want to use this product will be benefited from good performance, high quality, strong but
inexpensive bricks mixed with agro-waste that strengthens its compactness and durability, which
can give them a good quality service. Furthermore, the study benefits the clay, rice, corn, and
sugarcane-farming industries as farmers sold their agro-waste to the clay industry, potentially
doubling the brick production. Lastly, this study is an environmentally friendly because agro-
waste is reduced and the used of this waste material saves natural resources and helps in
maintaining a clean environment.
Related Works
Developed and developing countries face issues in waste management which are in need
to be addressed immediately [14]. One of these waste management problems is related to
agricultural waste. Agricultural waste is generated by a variety of agricultural operations.
Moreover, it was stated that corn cob, rice husk, rice straw, sugarcane bagasse, and wheat
straw are the most common examples of agricultural waste [15].
According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the Philippines' major
agricultural products are rice, coconuts, corn, sugarcane, bananas, pineapples, and mangoes.
Three of these products have contributed a lot to producing agricultural waste. These are rice,
corn, and sugarcane.
According to the Science and Technology Information Network of the Philippines

(SCINET-PHIL), rice husk is one of the most abundant agricultural wastes generated in the
Philippines. With the 1.8 million metric tons produced annually, 5 percent is utilized productively
as an energy source for cooking or as a soil additive. The rest is burned or left to rot. It is a waste

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material that causes disposal issues because it has few useful purposes. Though some use rice
husk for biomass production, it does not entirely solve its waste management issues. Corn
production is also abundant in the Philippines. In fact, in the year 2019, Cagayan Valley is one
of the top producers of corn in the Philippines, as stated by the Philippine Statistics Authority
(PSA). Since farmers only use the corn ears of the corn, the remaining parts were left only as
waste, which is not good for the environment.
Burnt clay brick is a commonly used building block in masonry construction all over the
world. Burnt clay bricks made from waste materials can reduce the environmental impact of
waste deposition in open landfills while simultaneously improving brick performance at a cheap
cost of production, resulting in sustainable building. Fired clay bricks are one of the oldest
building materials used in constructing partitions and load-bearing walls for hundreds of years
[16]. The widespread usage of natural clay for brick manufacture has resulted in a critical
shortage of this natural resource. As a result of this predicament, researchers have redirected
their focus to discovering new materials, or the recycling of waste materials generated by various
businesses.
Various agricultural wastes such as rice husk, corn husk, and sugarcane bagasse can
also be used in brick production. These waste materials have contributed a lot to the production
of construction materials, specifically bricks, concrete, and hollow blocks. Studies have proven
the contribution made by the said agricultural waste, wherein the researchers used waste
sugarcane bagasse and rice husk ashes as additives in clay brick manufacturing. It was
observed that 15% replacement of clay with SBA and RHA wastes result in approximately 15%
and 4% lighter bricks, respectively compared to those bricks without Rice Husk Ash (RHA) and
Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SBA) [16]. This decreased the weight of bricks, and reduced the
overall dead load and consequently economical structures can be constructed. Moreover,
researchers use corn husk ash as an enhancer to produce soil blocks for low-cost housing. As
a result, the stabilization of soil with corn husk ash significantly improved the compressive
strength of soil blocks [17].
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Gathering of materials
The materials that had been used in the production of the bricks were the clay, pulverized
agro-waste such as rice husk, corn husk, and sugar bagasse. The equipment for making the
bricks were spades, hoes and picks, 14 mesh screens, a wooden scraper, 10 inches by 5
inches by 2 ½ inches wooden mold, and a gas kiln. Moreover, the reagent that had been used
in freshwater.

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Clay was a binder, a substance used for construction that sets, hardens, and adheres to
other materials to bind them together. Clay was mixed with one of the pulverized agro-waste
either ice husk, corn husk, and sugarcane bagasse to produce bricks.
The agro-waste which includes rice husk, corn husk, and sugarcane bagasse had been
collected and obtained from the region of Cagayan Valley. The agro-wastes had been
pulverized by using the machine until it had been fined and ready in making the bricks. The
three agro-waste would be separated and mixed with the clay for making the bricks.
Figure 1. Rice Husk Figure 2. Corn Husk
Figure 3. Sugarcane Bagasse Figure 4. Clay Soil
Chemical Properties of Agricultural Waste
Chemical properties were determined through decomposed organic material of the

agricultural waste. According to related studies, corn husks and sugarcane contain
hemicellulose, which was the second most abundant carbohydrate material made up of dried-
weight wood materials. Rice husk stands out due to having the highest cellulose content.
Cellulose could have a significantly higher tensile as compared to normal concrete.

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Table 1. Chemical Properties

Percentage(%)
Chemical Properties
Rice Husk Corn Husk Sugarcane Bagasse
Cellulose 50 % 31-39 % 32-45 %
Hemicellulose 4.6% 34-41 % 20-32 %
Lignin 25-30 % 34-41 % 17-32 %
Extractives 10-18 % 6-12 %
Ash 3-7 % 1-9 %
Silica 15-20 %
Preparation of Bricks
Four clay brick mixes were prepared. The proportion of the clay brick mixed was provided
in the table below. One mixture was prepared without agricultural waste as the control mix.
There had been four products of bricks; the first one contains the mixture of pulverized rice
husk, the second one was the pulverized corn husk, the third one was the pulverized sugarcane
bagasse, and lastly, the mixture without the agro-waste.
First, the researchers collected and sorted out all the materials needed. We used a 14-
mesh screen, and removed stones, and impurities that may be found in the clay. For the rice
husk, corn husk, and sugar cane bagasse, the researchers cleaned them and let them dry
under the heat of the sun for 2 to 3 days or until they are crisp enough. Then, we prepared the
raw materials, put them into the pulverizing machine and separated them from one another.
Second, we added water and pulverized agro-waste in the proportion of 25% water and certain
percentages of pulverized agro-waste. Then, placed the clay mixture into the mold and
manually wedge the clay and scrape off the excess. Third, we removed the mold and allowed
the newly-made brick to dry at room temperature for 3 to 4 weeks. We turned the bricks at
regular intervals to avoid warping and cracking. After which, we preheated the kiln, stacked the
bricks in a “tie-tricks'' formation, and put them on fire for 16 hours. Lastly, we let the bricks cool
completely before using it.
Table 2. Proportion of bricks mixture

Mixture Percentage (%) Water (%) Clay (%)
Standard Brick 25 75
PRH 5 25 70
PRH 10 25 65
PRH 15 25 60
PCH 5 25 70

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PCH 10 25 65
PCH 15 25 60
PSB 5 25 70
PSB 10 25 65
PSB 15 25 60
The different mixed proportions were shown in Table 2. The mixture used was based from
a study which investigated the effects of agricultural waste (rice straw, sugarcane bagasse, and
wheat straw ashes) in clay bricks. This study discussed the physical-mechanical properties and
the microstructure of clay bricks when incorporated with the sludge of water treatment plants
(SWTP) to replace clay at a 50 % ratio. One mixture was a control mixture without agricultural
waste. Each group contained three mixes and used 5 %, 10 %, and 15 % by weight of SWTP
content. The researchers improved the said mixture in order to suit their preferred proportions
based from the recommendations.
Testing and Evaluation
A series of mechanical and physical inspections were carried out in confirmation with
certified laboratory clay testing (ASTM c67) standards.
Compressive Strength
The researchers used a compression testing machine, and specimens which should not
contain any uneven mixture in a bed phase. We immersed the specimen for 24 hours at room
temperature. After 24 hours, we removed the specimens and wiped them, then filled the frog
with a cement mortar of ratio 1 to 3. These bricks were stored under the damp jute bags for 3
days. After 3 days, we took the specimens and wiped off any traces of moisture. Then, we
placed the specimens with a plywood of 3mm on both sides in the compression testing machine
and with the mortar-filled portion facing upwards. Now, we applied load at a uniform rate of 14
N/mm2 until failure occurs on bricks (maximum load at which the brick fails). Thus, compression
strength in N/mm2 was calculated by using (1). This test was repeated for a number of sample
bricks and an average of results was taken as the compressive strength of bricks for the
particular batch of bricks.
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝐵𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑠 𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙 𝑖𝑛 𝑁

𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑚2 (1)

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Figure 5. Compressive strength test machine

Water Absorption
The water absorption percentage of bricks was calculated with the help of a balanced
and ventilated oven. The sensitive balance should be capable of weighing within 0. 1% of the
mass of the brick. The sample was kept in a ventilated oven at a temperature of 105 to 115
degrees Celsius to libertine's substantially constant mass. The researchers took the sample
brick and let it cool to room temperature. Then, we obtained its weight which was m1 and
immersed the completed dried brick in the clean water at a temperature of 27 ± 2°c for 24 hours.
Next, we removed the specimen and wiped out any traces of moisture, and obtained the weight
that was m2 of the tested brick after 3 minutes from the removal from water. Watered absorption
percent by masses was calculated by:
𝑀2 − 𝑀1
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑀1
× 100 (2)
Where:
M2 = Weight of Wet Specimen
M1 = Weight of Dry Specimen

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Figure 6. Digital Balance Figure 7. Oven/Incubator (Dual-use)
Efflorescence Testing
Efflorescence was a crystalline, salty deposit that occurred on the surface of bricks. To
determine the efflorescence of the bricks, we placed the sample brick in a shallow flat bottom
dished containing sufficient distilled water to completely saturate the sample brick (the dished
should be a glass, porcelain, glazed stoneware, and 180mm x 180mm x 40mm depth and
200mm Dia x 40mm depth for cylindrical shape). In the dish, filled the water to a depth of
25mm, placed the end of the bricks in the dish, and then placed it in the warm ventilated room.
We kept the setup undisturbed, until all the water in the dish was absorbed by the sample brick.
When all of the water had been absorbed and bricks appeared to have been dried, we filled the
same quantity of water in the dish and allowed it to evaporate. Lastly, we examined the
efflorescence after the second evaporation
Where:
Nil = No precipitation deposit
Slight = 10% of the exposed area of the brick is covered with a thin deposit of salts
Moderate = Heavier deposit than SLIGHT and covering up to 50% of the exposed area
Heavy = Covering 50% or more of the entire bricks
Serious = Heavy deposit of salts accompanied by powdering and flaking of the exposed
area

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Figure 8. Cylindrical Basin
Figure 8. Cylindrical Basin Figure 9. Distilled Water
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter discussed the results of the study presented in tables and figures. Agro-
waste was combined with clay to test its potential as a partial replacement for bricks. Every
treatment has a total of 3 bricks; thus, the average compressive strength and water absorption
of each treatment should be calculated and water-soluble salt content of each brick should be
identified.
Figure 10. Standard Brick

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Figure 11. PRH5, PCH5, PSB5 Figure 12. PRH10, PCH10, PSB10
Figure 13. PRH15, PCH15, PSB15
Compressive Strength Test Result
Table 3. Compressive Strength of Tested Bricks

Cross Sectional Compressive
Mixture Percentage (%) Load (kN) Area, mm2 Strength (MPa)
PRH 5 13.34 67835 0.20
PRH 10 7.57 64000 0.16
PRH 15 4.97 67330 0.15
PCH 5 11.31 68510 0.17

PCH 10 7.69 65490 0.12
PCH 15 7.80 68655 0.11

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PSB 5 6.67 66340 0.10

PSB 10 7.27 64350 0.16
PSB 15 7.72 68850 0.16
The table below shows the compressive strength of bricks mixed with all of the collected
samples (pulverized rice husk, corn husk, and sugarcane bagasse). The controlled mix has a
compressive strength of 0.24 MPa, but when mixed with the collected samples, the compressive
strength decreases. With these results, compared to the past study, the compression strength
samples M-5RSA, M-10RSA, and M-15RSA also decreases [18]. According to the table below,
of the three (3) samples containing 5% Pulverized Rice Husk, corn husk, and sugarcane
bagasse, Pulverized Rice Husk has the highest compressive strength with a value of 0.20 MPa
as for the past study, the RSA has the higher compressive strength than the other samples,
which are evident from the sample values of M-10RSA, M-10SBA, and M-10WSA [18].
According to Table 3, the control mix has a compressive strength of 0.24 MPa, and when
mixed with agro-waste the compressive strength of the bricks reduces as the amount of
pulverized agro-waste increases. The compressive strength of the 5% Pulverized Rice Husk
(PRH) with a compressive strength of 0.20 MPa is the highest compressive compared to other
samples. Therefore, it is below the 3.45 MPa standard compressive strength of bricks based on
ASTM C67.
Water Absorption Test Results
Table 4. Water Absorption of Pulverized Rice Husk

Mixture Natural Moisture Water
Percentage Weight Wet Dry Content Absorption
(%) (Kg) (Kg) (Kg) (%) (%)
PRH 5 1.026 1.253 1.025 22.29 22.12
PRH 10 0.895 1.105 0.893 23.74 23.46
PRH 15 0.852 1.092 0.857 27.42 28.16
PCH 5 1.078 1.270 1.078 17.81 17.81

PCH 10 0.866 1.090 0.865 26.01 25.87
PCH 15 0.820 1.071 0.822 30.29 30.61
PSB 5 0.868 1.076 0.865 24.39 23.96

PSB 10 0.859 1.079 0.856 26.05 25.61
PSB 15 0.860 1.083 0.858 26.22 25.93
Water absorption is an important property to consider when assessing the quality and
durability of bricks. Higher water absorption values are undesirable because they will cause
cracks in the ceramic body, resulting in lower durability. Furthermore, a low value should be
avoided because rainwater will tend to run off quickly towards the mortar joints and find its way

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into the building rather than being partially absorbed by the brick, reducing the durability of the
mortar joints over time. As a result, the water absorption of bricks should be kept between 5%
and 20% [19,20]. According to the result of the past study, it claimed that apparent porosity and
water absorption increased with the amount of RSA, SBA, and WSA. The bricks with 5% RSA,
SBA, and WSA show water absorption values less than 14.14%, 14.72%, and 15.31%,
respectively [18].
The results of the water absorption test are shown in Table 4. The result shows that the
lower the proportion added to the sample, the more efficient it is in absorbing water. The water
absorption rate of 5% Pulverized Rice Husk, Corn Husk, and Sugarcane Bagasse Husk (PRH,
PCH, and PSBH) is 22.12 percent, 17.81 percent, and 23.96 percent, respectively, when
compared to 10% and 15% of each sample. The 5% Pulverized Corn Husk (PCH) with a
percentage of 17.81% outperformed the control mix with a percentage of 24.12% in the water
absorption test compared to 10% and 15% mixture.
Efflorescence Testing
Table 7. Efflorescence Test of Tested Bricks

Mixture Percentage (%) Result
PRH 5 Nil
PRH 10 Nil
PRH 15 Slight
PCH 5 Nil
PCH 10 Slight
PCH 15 Slight
PSB 5 Slight
PSB 10 Moderate
PSB 15 Moderate
According to the past study, efflorescence produces a thin white-salt deposit on the top
of the brick samples, efflorescence was noticed on the RSA, SBA, and WSA brick samples on
15 %, 15 %, and 20 % of the surface area, respectively. Generally, calcium oxide (CaO) and
iron oxide (Fe2O3) cause efflorescence to occur [21-22].
Based on the results, the standard brick mixture has "Slight" Efflorescence, and when
the usual mix is mixed with 5% and 10% Pulverized Rice Husk, the result is "Nil" as well as the
5% Pulverized Corn Husk which indicates that no precipitation deposit. Hence, there is no salt
deposit and the “Nil” result indicates that there is a lower possibility of flaking on bricks.
CONCLUSION
Based on the result test from the objectives, 5% of the three agro-waste showed the
highest compressive strength compared to other mixtures. The standard ASTM compressive

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strength of the non-load bearing bricks is 3.14 MPa and the results were lower than standard
bricks, hence it can be used as an exterior cladding. In terms of the water absorption, the results
specified that the lesser percentage result proved the effectiveness of the test. Thus, the PCH5
mixture has a better water absorption compared to other mixtures. Water dissolved salt and
moved them to the surface of bricks, as water evaporates, the salts are left behind which can
be seen as an efflorescence. Efflorescence test showed that the RCH5 mixture reaction was nil
and allowable to be used as an exterior cladding.
The highest compressive strength obtained by the different mixtures of agro-waste was
the PRH5 which showed 0.2 MPa far from the Standard 3.45 MPa Non-Loading Compressive
Strength of bricks. But since the results did not meet the expected required strength for bricks,
the study recommends using the agro-waste bricks for Exterior Cladding and Aesthetic purposes
only. Due to these changes, the researchers are still aiming to reduce agro-waste in the
environment and produce a more cost-effective and lightweight brick.
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from: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Manufacturing-of-Eco-Friendly-Brick-%3A-
ACritical-Babu-Krishnaiah/ff29475c3bf0dae12311eb3a256b467771640066
[15] Millati, R., Cahyono, R. B., Ariyanto, T., Azzahrani, I. N., Putri, R. U., & Taherzadeh, M. J.
(2019). Agricultural, Industrial, Municipal, and Forest Wastes. Sustainable Resource
Recovery and Zero Waste Approaches, 1–22. doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-64200-4.00001-3

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[16] Kazmi, S. M. S., Abbas, S., Saleem, M. A., Munir, M. J., & Khitab, A. (2016). Manufacturing
of sustainable clay bricks: Utilization of waste sugarcane bagasse and rice husk ashes.
Construction and Building Materials, 120, 29–41. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.05.084
[17] Yalley, P. P., & Asiedu, E. (2013). Enhancing the Properties of Soil Bricks by Stabilizing with
Corn Husk Ash. International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE), 3(11), 43-
52. Retrieved from: https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/CER/article/view/8116
[18] Heniegal, Ashraf Mohamed; Ramadan, Mohamed Ahmed; Naguib, Ahmed; Agwa, Ibrahim
Saad (2020). Study on properties of clay brick incorporating sludge of water treatment plant and
agriculture waste. Case Studies in Construction Materials, (), e00397–.
doi:10.1016/j.cscm.2020.e00397
[19] Eliche-Quesada, D., Corpas-Iglesias, F. A., Pérez-Villarejo, L. & Iglesias-Godino, F. J. 2012.

Recycling of sawdust, spent earth from oil filtration, compost and marble residues for brick
manufacturing. Construction and Building Materials, 34, 275-284.
[20] Kayali, O. 2005. High Performance Bricks from Fly Ash. Proceedings of the World of Coal
Ash Conference, Lexinton, Kentucky
[21] Ukwatta, A. Mohajerani, N. Eshtiaghi, S. Setunge (2016). Variation in physical and

mechanical properties of fired-clay bricks incorporating ETP biosolids J. Clean. Prod., 119 , pp.
76-85, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.01.094
[22] ASTM International (2009), Standard test methods for chemical analysis of
materials,A.S.T.M. C114-09; 10.1520/C0114-09

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BIBLIOGRAPHY OF AUTHORS
Archie T. Cauilan recently received his Bachelor of Science in

Civil Engineering from the University of Saint Louis
Tuguegarao City. The area of his interest is using civil
engineering software (AUTO CAD, SketchUp, Enscape, and
Staad) and on the Construction site. He likes to attend
seminars and workshops about computer software and
engineering subjects.
Ronald G. Gacuan received his Bachelor’s degree in Civil

Engineering at the University of Saint Louis, Tuguegarao City.
His areas of interest include technical skills, and architectural
design. He attended various workshops/seminars, civil
engineering software application, and Construction
Occupational Safety and Health.
Archbie Bogs B. Urbano recently received his Bachelor’s

Degree in Civil Engineering at the University of Saint Louis
Tuguegarao City. His areas of interest include Engineering
software (AutoCAD, SketchUp, and Staad) and fieldwork. He
attended various seminars on software applications and
Construction Occupational Health and Safety.
Justine Jerol C. Madrid recently recieved his Bachelor's

Degree in Civil Engineering at the University of Saint Louis
Tuguegao City. His Areas of interest include designing,
problem solving, logical and analytical skills. He attended
various workshops/seminars, civil engineering software
application, and Construction Occupational Health and Safety.
Bachelor's Degree in Civil Engineering at the University of

Saint Louis Tuguegarao City. Planning/Designing and
problem solving, which further develops her legitimate,
pragmatic and insightful abilities, is one of her areas of
interest. She partook in a few studios/workshops and utilized
structural designing programming.

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APPENDICES
Appendix A. Graphs
Figure 10. Average Compressive Strength Test Results
Figure 11. Water Absorption Test results in Percentage

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Appendix B. Request Letter

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Appendix C. Documentation

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Appendix D. Plagiarism Certification

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Appendix E. Editing Certification

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Appendix F. Author Contribution
Please tick (/) the corresponding contribution as it applies to the members of the research team
including the research adviser.
Type of Authors
Description of Contribution
Contribution 1 2 3 4 5
Conception Constructing an idea or hypothesis for
research and/or manuscript / / /
Literature search Searched, reviewed and synthesized relevant
literature. / / / / /
Design Planning methodology to reach the conclusion
/ / / / /
Materials Prepared and/or acquired needed materials,
acquisition tools or instruments for data collection / / / / /
Data acquisition Executing experiments/ administering
research tools. / / / / /
Data processing Ensuring completeness and correctness of
collected data before analysis. / / / / /
Data analysis Applying statistical or qualitative analysis
techniques to interpret and present research / / / /
results
Manuscript Constructing the whole body of the manuscript
preparation / / / / /
Manuscript Ensuring the manuscript adheres to specific
editing university guidelines like the use of IEEE, / / / /
adhering to plagiarism score limit, etc.
Manuscript review Reviewing the content of the manuscript
before defense or submission / / / / /
Supervision Organizing and supervising the course of the
project or the article and taking the / / / /
responsibility
Funding Providing essential resources for the
completion of the research / / / / /
Others, please
specify and
provide brief
description

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Certification of Author Contribution
This is to certify that the information stated above is correct and accurate and that all
members of the research team are in consensus of the identified contributions of each
member.
Name of Author Signature Date
1. Cauilan, Archie T. May 31, 2022
2. Gacuan, Ronald G. May 31, 2022
3. Madrid, Justine Jerol C. May 31, 2022
4. Mallillin, Melanie A. May 31, 2022
5. Urbano, Archbie Bogs B. May 31, 2022

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Appendix G. Literature Matrix
Authors Major Delineated Method, Data Major Findings Recommen

Objective/s Factors/ Gathering dations
Central Variables/ Tool,
Questions/ Themes Subjects/
Main Participants
Problems
[1] Z.H. The goal of Kaolin To begin, a When the Geopolymer
Zhang, H.J. this paper is Metakaolin foamed calcination as a
Zhu, C.H. to provide a (MK) geopolymer temperature was building
Zhou, H. summary of Alkaliactivati slurry was increased from 500 material
Wang. the previous on created by °C to 800 °C, the should
(2015). 25 years of Geopolym combining MK showed account for
Geopolyme MK-based er NaOH, continuously the majority
r from geopolymer Effloresce sodium increased of the
kaolin in research nce silicate, and dissolving extent in volume.
China: An and Durability metakaolin NaOH solution. Dai However,
overview. developmen with foaming and Wen (2002) certain
Zhejiang t in China. agents calcined kaolin for technical
University The (H2O2 and 2 hours at 600 °C, issues
of majority of K12). 700 °C, and 800 °C remain.
Technology these works Second, a and chose the (Industrial
, Hangzhou have been solid latter one as a norms and
310032, published, geopolymeric precursor for standards
China. many of sphere was geopolymer are not
http://dx.doi which are in created by synthesis. Guo et addressed
.org/10.101 Chinese, continually al. (2006) in this work)
6/j.clay.201 and have injecting the investigated the before it
5.04.023 made aforesaid reactivity of MK may be
significant foamed slurry calcined from 600 broadly
contribution into an 80 °C °C to 900 °C using utilized in
s to the PEG-600 X-ray diffraction, sectors.
overall medium. The Na absorption, Ca Two major
advanceme beads spread absorption, and concerns
nt of efficiently in alkali-activation are the high
geopolymer the PEG-600 methods, efflorescenc
research medium, concluding that the e potential
and solidify alkali-activation and the
technology. quickly, and approach was the unknown
have a low best method for impact of
density). assessing MK phase
reactivity. change.
[2] P. This study Fiber A fiber The different tests The
Prathyusha describes reinforced reinforced fly performed to inclusion of
and Kolli the fly ash ash brick of evaluate the different

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Ramujee experiment bricks · dimension material properties fibers aids

(2021). The al program Compressi 220 110 70 on fiber reinforced in
Developme for features ve strength mm was fly ash bricks of strengtheni
nt and such as · used for the size 220 110 70 ng
Study of compressiv Nonrenew study in this mm resulted in the resistance
Fiber e strength, able publication. conclusion that to initial
Reinforced water resources · Water FRF bricks crack
Fly Ash absorption, Glass fibers absorption, provided better strength.
Bricks. and · compressive results in terms of Fibers
VNR durability of Coconut strength, strength, intercept
Vignana fly ash efflorescence environment, and microcracks
coir fibers
Jyothi bricks , and impact economy to a , preventing
Institute of induced resistance degree. Because crack
Engineerin with tests were the primary progression
g and different performed on component of the by
Technology fibers such the FRF brick is fly managing
, as glass materials.. ash. tensile
Hyderabad, fibers and strength.
India coconut coir
https://doi.o in 1 and 2
rg/10.1007/ percent
978-981- concentratio
15-5644- ns (by
9_12 weight of
Fly ash).
[3] Bos A, Biofuels Biofuels The changes The marginal oil The
Hamelinck represent a Marginal EU in crude displaced by researchers
C (2014) major fossil fuel supplies and biofuels is a recommend
Greenhous option in consumptio oil refineries combination of oil that the
e gas the EU's n mentioned in sands, kerogen oil fossil
impact of strategy to this paper (oil shale), and light comparator
marginal reduce have an tight oil. This is be adjusted
fossil fuel greenhous impact on the 31.7 g/MJ more to reflect
use. Project e gas modeling of than the average the
number: emissions the fossil fuel continuous
BIENL1477 of the petroleum life emissions as shift in the
3 2014 transportati cycle. reflected by the fossil fuel
on sector. fossil comparator market
They The results of used in the towards
should not establishing European unconventio
just be the life-cycle regulations on nal fuels.
compared emissions of Renewable Energy Full
with the various and Fuel Quality. implementat
average supply chains The top limit, if ion of
performanc are coupled biofuel replace an Article 7a of
e of with parts average mix of all the Fuel

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gasoline or from Chapter unconventional Quality

diesel they 2, where the fuels by 2030, is Directive
replace but marginal 137 gCO2eq/MJ. could
with fossil greenhouse provide a
fuel that is gas impact of strong
ultimately introducing 1 incentive to
(marginally MJ of avoid the
) "not biofuels is fuels with
produced". analyzed in the worst
several greenhouse
scenarios. In gas
other words, performanc
the e and
researcher thereby
inquired, reduce the
"What fuel average
sources emission
would be factor of EU
used if transportati
biofuels were on fuels.
not
available?"
[4] Ibrahim, Banana Polymer The thermal The chemical Lignocellulo
MM, plant matrix and composition of sic fillers
Dufresne, waste, as composites mechanical fibers, in terms of extracted
A, El- the Fibers properties of lignin and from
Zawawy, biomass Microfibrils these cellulose, as well banana
WK. material, Polyethylen composites as their degree of plant waste
Banana was treated e were studied crystallinity, were were used
fibers and chemically Maleic by differential found to have a to reinforce
microfibrils and anhydride scanning strong influence on a
as physicoche Mechanical calorimetry the mechanical polyethylen
lignocellulo mically by properties (DSC) and properties of the e matrix.
sic alkaline tensile tests, composites. With maleic
reinforceme pulping and respectively. anhydride,
nts in steam The the particle
polymer explosion. morphology size was
composites Polymer of processed reduced for
. Carbohydr composites composites the steam-
Polym from was studied exploded
2010; 81: polyethylen by scanning banana
811–819. e (PE) and electronic fiber
two types microscopy. compared
of to the
lignocellulo alkaline-
sic fibers pulped

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from waste banana

biomass fiber. The
were addition of
prepared. 20%
maleated
fiber results
in better
adhesion
with the
polymer
matrix.
[5] Yang, Invention Cellulosic The present The present The present
Y. and relates to fiber invention is invention is also invention is
Reddy, N. the field of bundles directed to a directed to textiles, directed to
fibers and Ash process for composites, natural
(2007).
products Lignin treating nonwoven mats, cellulosic
Natural made from Crystallinity stalks, and other fiber
cellulosic fibers, leaves, and applications that bundles
fiber specifically husks of a comprise the fiber from natural
bundles to a novel cellulose bundles. The cellulose
from method for fiber source present inven tion sources.
cornhusk the such as corn, is directed to a The fiber
production switchgrass, method for bundles
and a
of natural sorghum, rice extracting natural may have a
method for cellulosic straw, wheat, cellulosic fiber length that
making the fiber soybean, bundles from a is greater
same, bundles cotton, and cellulose source. than that of
http://www. from stalks barley to individual
- (stems or yield natural cells and a
google.co straws), cellulosic fineness of
leaves, and fiber bundles at least
m/patents-
husks. suitable for about 1
/WO20070 Such as textiles and denier, and
08- corn, fiber no greater
228A1?cl= Switchgras reinforced than about
en s, composites. 300 denier.
Sorghum,
rice, wheat,
soybean,
cotton, and
barley.
[6] The aim of Cements CCR was Mortar containing The calcium
Jaturapitak this paper is Ashes collected dry 50% CCR and 50% carbide
kul C. and to propose Concrete from the RHA as residue-rice
Roongreun a new Compressiv dumping cementitious husk ash
g B., cementitiou e strength area and material presented mixture has

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(2003), s material Mixtures. sun-dried for the highest a great

Cementing from a 2-3 days to compressive potential for
Material mixture of reduce its strength and was usage as a
from calcium high moisture 15.6 and 19.1 cementing
Calcium carbide level. After MPa, at the age of ingredient
Carbide residue and being sun- 28 and 180 days, based on
Residue- rice husk dried, the respectively. Initial the
Rice Husk ash. CCR had a and final setting compressiv
Ash, ASCE moisture times of CCR-RHA e strength
Journal of content of pastes need to be of mortar.
Materials in less than 3%, shortened before However,
Civil Engg., and it was this cement is further
September- ground using adopted for research
October a Los concrete. and
2003, p. Angeles developmen
470-475 abrasion t should be
machine until conducted,
the particles particularly
retained on on optimum
sieve No. mix design,
325 were setting
less than periods,
10% by early
weight. strength,
and
Rice husk durability of
was collected concrete.
from rice
mills and
burned at
temperatures
ranging from
600 to 800
degrees
Celsius in a
ferrocement
incinerator.
After that, the
RHA was
treated in a
Los Angeles
abrasion
machine until
the particles
were as fine
as those of

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CCR, with
less than
10% by
weight
retained on
sieve No.
325.
[7] This paper Cotton The bricks The results show As
Teklehaima describes waste and were made that replacing clay microdusts
not M. an limestone using two soil and cement are finer
(2021). experiment powder. separate with cotton and denser,
Manufacturi al study Cotton mixing microdust does not they
ng of that looks microdust ingredients. cause a sudden improve the
Ecofriendly at the and soil. The initial brittle fracture even cohesivene
Bricks potential mixes were beyond the failure ss of brick
Using use of used to loads, has a high clay. The
Microdust cotton replace energy absorption bricks made
Cotton microdust cement, and capacity, reduces from dirt
Waste. in the the second unit weight and cotton
Department production mixes were dramatically, and waste
of Garment of new and used to introduces a perform well
and Textile lightweight replace soil smother surface because
Engineerin brick for clay. In the compared to the they burn to
g, Ethiopian the first case, the current concrete strengthen
Institute of constructio colors of the bricks on the their
Technology n industry.. brick altered market. strength.
, from dark
Mekelle white to dark
University, green as the
Mekelle, cotton ratio
Ethiopia increased
Volume and the
2021 cement
|Article ID content
8815965 | decreased,
https://doi.o however in
rg/10.1155/ the second
2021/88159 case, the
65 brick created
from 100
percent soil
after burning
was
discovered to
be dull red.

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[8] The Rice husk All test The inclusion of The most
Tonnayopa primary ash, specimens RHA material in cost-
s D., goal of this Lightweigh were made the clay mixture effective
Tekasakul study is to t clay using the increased its firing
P., & evaluate brick, uniaxial physical and temperatu
Jaritgnam the effects Physical hydraulic mechanical re was
S. (2008). of RHA and press qualities. The use discovere
Effects of addition on mechanica method and of RHA waste in d to be
Rice Husk the l burned at brick manufacture 1050°C.
Ash on properties properties, 1050°C. gives an RHA can
Characteris of burnt Electrical The economic be utilized
tics of constructio resistance samples contribution while in the clay
Lightweight n bricks were also serving as an body as
Clay Brick. without analyzed energy efficient an organic
Department compromisi using Thai building material. pore-
of Mining ng their Industrial It has been forming
and qualities in Standard suggested that addition
Materials accordance (TIS) RHA could be without
Engineerin with Thai procedures used as an affecting
g, Faculty Industrial and alternative raw the other
of Standard compared material in the brick
Engineerin (TIS) [13]. , to their production of clay making
g, Prince of which had specificatio bricks and friendly parameter
Songkla deposited ns. TIS environment. s.
University, on the might be
Hat-Yai plants met with up
90112 during rice to 30%
processing. RHA
increase.
[9] Paki This paper Wood; A series of The result shows This mixture
Turgut, describes a Limestone; tests are that the effect of results in a
Halil Murat parametric Cement; performed in high-level lighter
Algin experiment Waste; accordance replacement of composite
(2006). al research Brick; with ASTM C WSW with LPW that is
Limestone that looks Masonry 67-03a [16] does not exhibit a approximat
dust and sudden brittle ely 65
into the to measure
wood fracture even percent
sawdust as potential water beyond the failure lighter than
brick usage of a absorption, loads, indicating traditional
material. WSW–LPW unit weight, great reliability. concrete
Department combination compressive bricks.
of Civil for strength, and
Engineerin producing a tensile
g, Harran low-cost strength.
University,
Osmanbey

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Campus,
Sanliurfa,
Turkey
doi:10.1016
/j.buildenv.
2006.08.01
2
[10] Ismail The Waste tea; The samples According to the For all
Demir primary Clay; were tested results of the tests, categories,
(2005). An goal of this Brick; by using the a mixture of up to at least ten
investigatio research Recycle standard 5% PWT waste samples
n on the is to look test additives can be were
production into the methods employed in brick utilized in
of impact of and manufacture. The each test,
constructio PWT compared most cost-effective and the
n addition with firing temperature average
brick with on the the was determined to values are
processed characteri specifications be 900 0C. The provided
waste tea. stics of . addition of waste and
Afyon unfired material to the clay discussed
Kocatepe and fired mixture increased in this
University, building its physical and section.
Faculty of bricks. mechanical
Technical qualities. The
Education, utilization of PWT
ANS waste in brick
Campus, manufacture
03100 provides a cost-
Afyon,Turk effective solution.
ey
doi:10.1016
/j.buildenv.
2005.05.00
4
[11] Leena The study Field crop The thermal The seasonal crop The
Ajit Kaushal examine the residue datasets or residue burning in analysis
(2020). efficacy of burning(F the real-time NW states is the further
Examining government CRB); active primary source of suggests a
the policy- policy emissions; fire counts in transboundary strong
practice intervention particulate the NW air pollution, posing influence of
gap- The s initiated matter; states during a serious threat FCRB on
issue of since 2014 mitigation; the period to air quality and the
crop to curb India; 2014– 2019, human health ground-
burning FCRB in governme were across the IGP level PM2.5
induced NW acquired region. The concentratio
Particulate from ns. As

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Matter Indian nt two NASA correlation discussed

pollution in states and interventio satellite analysis in the earlier, the
Northwest the related ns sensors study traces the Indian
India. air pollution VIIRS coexistence of Governmen
Ecosystem in (Visible fire events in NW t since late
Health and Delhi-NCR Infrared states and the 2014
Sustainabili during Imager monthly PM2.5 has
ty, 6:1, 20142019 Radiometer concentrations implemente
1846460, Suite) and at the US Embassy d several
DOI: site in New Delhi. measures
MODIS
10.1080/20 to reduce
(Moderate FCRB and
964129.202
0.1846460 Resolution promote
Imaging sustainable
Spectroradio manageme
met er). nt of crop
residue,
essentially
to control
episodic
extreme air
pollution
and haze
events in
Delhi-NCR
during
winters.
[12] Ali, N., SuCaB ash Sugarcane Using a SuCaB ash Energy
Zainal, N. was used bagasse crushing increased the consumpti
A., as a ash machine and compressive on,
Burhanudin component a sieve, the strength of CEB chemical
, M. K., of particle size brick by 20% when properties,
Abdul compressed of the soil compared to CEB and other
Samad, A. earth brick was reduced without SuCaB studies are
A., (CEB) by to 1.18mm. ash. However, being
Mohamad, substituting The cement above that, the conducted
N., SuCaB ash used in this compressive to improve
Shahidan, for cement. study is strength began to knowledge
S., & The Ordinary decrease, in this area
Abdullah, research Portland indicating that the before it
S. R. focused on Cement The optimal can be
(2016). the physical (OPC), and content for SuCaB applied to
Physical and the water addition was 20%. brick
and mechanical used was The density of CEB production.
Mechanical properties available in decreased as the
Properties of SuCaB- the SuCaB ash content

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of containing laboratory, increased, implying

Compresse CEB, as confirming that light weight
d Earth well as the the water CEB could be
Brick (CEB) optimal requirements produced with
Containing percentage for mixing additional
Sugarcane of SuCaB and curing. research.
Bagasse ash as a SuCaB was
Ash. partial collected at a
MATEC cement stall in the
Web of replacemen Parit Raja
Conference t in CEB. area of
s, 47, Johor.
01018. SuCaB was
doi:10.1051 finely ground
/matecconf/ using a
201647010 particle size
18 machine. The
bagasse was
then placed
inside an
electric
control
furnace and
burned for 2
hours at
450°C.tempe
rature of
450°C for 2
hours. After
[13] Raut, The current Waste- Various The various Certain
S. P., paper create physicomech methodologies for WCB are
Ralegaonk examines bricks anical and WCB design and manufactur
ar, R. V., & various (WCB) thermal development have ed without
Mandavgan waste Sustainable properties of been examined. firing,
e, S. A. materials of construction bricks The which
(2011). material physicomechanical provides
various containing
Developme Water and chemical an
nt of composition various properties of bricks advantage
absorption
sustainable s that were Compressiv waste containing various over other
constructio added to e strength materials are waste materials are brick
n material raw reviewed, investigated in manufactur
using materials at and accordance with ing
industrial various recommenda the reviewed processes
and levels to tions are literature and in terms of
agricultural create made as a standards. The low
solid waste: waste- result of the improved embodied

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A review of create study. The performance of energy

waste- bricks reviewed various WCBs in material.
create (WCB). approach for terms of lighter
bricks. the design density, lower
Constructio and thermal
n and development conductivity, and
Building higher compressive
of WCBs
Materials, strength provides
25(10), using an economical
4037–4042. industrial option for
doi: solid waste is designing green
10.1016/j.c beneficial in buildings.
onbuildmat. terms of building.
2011.04.03 providing a
8 potentially
sustainable
solution.
[14] Babu, This paper Bricks The They have In the
& provides an Fly ash researchers positively absence of
Krishnaiah, overview of Marble looked at influenced and relevant
(2018). waste sludge three trial mix improved standards
Manufacturi material granite proportions: performance in that have
ng of Eco- utilization. sludge terms of making semi-
cement (50
Friendly Brick stone them acceptanc
percent, 60
Brick: A manufacturi sludge environmentally e by the
Critical percent, 70 friendly and industry
ng to Ceramic
Review. percent), fly producing cost- and the
provide a sludge Rice
Internationa Husk ash ash (40 effective bricks, public,
potential
l Journal of percent, 30 resulting in the more
and
Computatio percent, 20 design of green research
sustainable
nal percent), and buildings. Certain and
solution for
Engineerin quarry dust bricks are developme
g Research an manufactured nt are
(10 percent).
(IJCER), environmen without firing, required to
The raw
8(2), 24-32. tally friendly which has an promote a
materials for
Retrieved environmen advantage over wide range
these bricks
from: t other methods of of
are fly ash
https://www brick production
(60 to 80
.semanticsc manufacturing. of eco-
holar.org/p percent), lime material with low friendly
aper/Manuf (10 to 20%), embodied energy low-cost
acturing-of- and gypsum bricks from
Eco- (10 percent), waste
Friendly- which are materials.
Brick-%3A- manually fed
ACritical- into a pan

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Babu- mixer with

Krishnaiah/f enough water
f29475c3bf to ensure
0dae12311 intimate
eb3a256b4 mixing.
677716400
66
[15] Millati, In the Municipal Rice straw, A significant Recovery
R., concept of rice husk, amount; the figure should be
Cahyono, sustainable Forest corncob, tends to rise over introduced
R. B., developmen Wastes wheat straw, time Without and
Ariyanto, t, waste is and oil palm proper treatment, practiced
T., viewed as a empty fruit these solid wastes more
Azzahrani, resource bunch are would pose frequently
I. N., Putri, that can be examples of numerous because
R. U., & used to materials that challenges and can result
Taherzade create a generate have a negative in
h, M. J. variety of solid waste impact on the significant
(2019). valuable (OPEFB). sustainability of the economic
Agricultural, products. associated benefits
Industrial, This industries and Finally,
Municipal, reduces the societies. successful
and Forest use of raw waste
Wastes. materials in utilization
Sustainable manufacturi and
Resource ng treatment
Recovery processes. would
and Zero The contribute
Waste environmen to the
Approache tal impact of realization
s, 1–22. waste of the
doi:10.1016 accumulatio concept of
/b978-0- n would sustainable
444-64200- also be developme
4.00001-3 reduced. nt for the
sake of a
better
nation and
global
society.
[16] Kazmi, The Bricks First, in a The use of RHA Based on
S. M. S., purpose of dry state, and SBA wastes limited
Abbas, S., this study is Sugarcane SBA and as a raw material results and
Saleem, M. to assess bagasse RHA were in the manufacture observation
A., Munir, the impact ash manually of clay bricks can s, it can be
M. J., & of waste Rice husk mixed in the be an important concluded

Effectivity
May 18, 2022
RESEARCH PAPER Date
Page No. 40 of 46
Khitab, A. addition ash desired method of that the

(2016). produced proportions recycling for final incorporatio
Manufacturi from two Mechanica with clay. disposal of these n of RHA
ng of major l properties The SBA abundant wastes, and SBA
sustainable crops: and RHA resulting in the up to 5% in
clay bricks: sugarcane Durability proportions conservation of burnt clay
Utilization and rice, on used in this fertile soil. RHA bricks can
of waste the study are and SBA were low- be
sugarcane manufacturi listed. cost waste effectively
bagasse ng of clay Water was materials with a used for
and rice bricks. then added high percentage of large-scale
husk to the dry crystalline silica brick
ashes. mixture. The (SiO2), which may production,
Constructio mixture was act as a filler resulting in
n and then left for material in this cost-
Building 2–3 hours to study. effective
Materials, allow the and
120, 29–41. water to fill in environmen
doi: the voids in tally friendly
10.1016/j.c order to constructio
onbuildmat. achieve n.
2016.05.08 maximum
4 homogeneity.
Lumps of the
brick-making
mixture were
then
prepared and
coated with
dry sand to
keep them
from sticking
to the mold.
The clay
lumps were
placed in 228
114 76 mm
brick molds.
Bricks were
dried for 10
days instead
of the usual
1–2 days
because they
were casted
in a covered

Effectivity
May 18, 2022
RESEARCH PAPER Date
Page No. 41 of 46
shed to
provide rain
protection.
[17] Yalley, A study was Corn husk The soil and Particle size Furthermor
P. P., & conducted ash corn husk distribution curve e, soil
Asiedu, E. to ash were of the soil used in blocks also
(2013). investigate Soil thoroughly this study was tend to
Enhancing the potential stabilized mixed with wellgraded have high
the of corn husk brick spade and gravels, gravel- water
Properties ash as an compacted sand mixture with
exclusion
of Soil enhancer Abrasion manually. little or no fines
property as
Bricks by for the resistance With and suitable to
Stabilizing production five different produce soil the quantity
with Corn of soil batches blocks. Even of corn husk
Water ash
Husk Ash. blocks for absorption (0%, 5%, though, the corn
Internationa low-cost 10%, 15%, husk ash used in increases
by
l Institute housing. and 20%), the study did not making it
capillarity
for Science, 15 soil qualify to be a suitable as
Technology blocks with Pozzolana as a masonry
and Compressi nominal the vital wall unit.
Education ve strength dimensions components of
(IISTE), 200mm × most Pozzolana
3(11), 43- 150mm × compounds (SiO2,
52. 100mm were Al2O3 and Fe2O3)
Retrieved produced were available in
from: from each small
https://www batch. The quantities, it was
.iiste.org/Jo soil blocks able to improve the
urnals/inde were initially engineering
x.php/CER/ covered with properties of the
article/view/ damp plastic natural soil and the
8116 sheets and soil blocks.
sacs for the
first 7 days
which [10]
averred that
it was
essential as
this prevent
surface
shrinkage
cracking due
to rapid
evaporation
which tends
to promote

Effectivity
May 18, 2022
RESEARCH PAPER Date
Page No. 42 of 46
undesirable
loss
and uneven
distribution
of moisture
in the
blocks.
[18] The main Clay This paper It was observed The best
Heniegal, objective of bricksRice discusses that clay bricks ratio of
Ashraf the paper is straw the containing rice replacemen
Mohamed; to ashSugarca physical– straw ash (RSA), t of waste
Ramadan, investigate ne bagasse mechanical sugar cane materials to
Mohamed the effects ashWheat properties bagasse ash get the best
Ahmed; of straw and the (SBA) and wheat
performanc
Naguib, agricultural ashPhysical micro- straw ash (WSA)
Ahmed; waste (rice and structure of had lower e of the
Agwa, straw, mechanical clay bricks compressive bricks is 5
Ibrahim sugarcane propertiesMi when strength % of the
Saad bagasse crostructural incorporated compared to non- RSA, SBA
(2020). and wheat with the RSA, SBA, and and WSA.
Study on straw sludge of WSA clay bricks. The
properties ashes) in water The replacement addition of
of clay brick clay bricks. treatment 5–10 % of RSA, agriculture
incorporatin plants SBA and WSA by wastes can
g sludge of (SWTP) to weight of SWTP create a
water replace clay into brick molding sustainable
treatment at a 50 % compound source of
plant and ratio. One produces eco-
raw
agriculture mixture was friendly fired clay
waste. prepared as brick. Scanning materials in
Case a control electron the brick
Studies in mix without microscopy industry.
Constructio agriculture (SEM) study
n Materials, waste. Each confirms the
(), e00397– group porous
. containing microstructure of
doi:10.1016 three mixes the brick
/j.cscm.202 was used specimens
0.e00397 with 5 %, 10 combining RSA,
% and 15 % SBA and WSA
by weight of resulting in lower
SWTP bulk density
content. resulting in lighter
and more
economical
structures.

Effectivity
May 18, 2022
RESEARCH PAPER Date
Page No. 43 of 46
[19] Eliche- This paper Porosity First, the The results have The spent
Quesada, studies the Clay brick mineralogical shown that the earth from
D., Corpas- application Organic and chemical optimum sintering oil filtration,
Iglesias, F. of a variety wastes composition temperature is compost
A., Pérez- of waste Marble and thermal 1050 C. Below this and marble
Villarejo, L. materials in waste behaviour of temperature, at wastes
& Iglesias- the Physical the wastes 950 C, increased are
Godino, F. production and and clay open porosity was recommend
J. 2012. of mechanical were observed, which ed as raw
Recycling lightweight properties determined. decreased the materials
of sawdust, bricks: Next, compressive with a
spent earth sawdust, ceramic strength of lightening
from oil spent earth bricks were the bricks. Based effect in the
filtration, from oil fabricated on the results manufactur
compost filtration, with different obtained, the e of ceramic
and marble compost quantities of optimum amounts products.
residues for and marble. waste (0–10 of waste were 5 Use of
brick wt.% for wt.% sawdust, 10 these
manufacturi sawdust, 0– wt.% residues
ng. 20 wt.% for compost and 15 could have
Constructio marble, and wt.% spent earth practical
n and 0–30 wt.% from oil filtration implications
Building for compost and marble. as a means
Materials, and spent of recycling
34, 275- earth from and for
284. oil filtration). achieving
cost
savings in
brick
production,
since fewer
raw
materials
would
be required.
[20] Kayali, This paper fly ash, Other The bricks The
O. 2005. presents bricks, important produced were process of
High the results compressiv characteristic about 28% lighter manufactur
of testing e strength, s of than clay e of
Performan
and the lightweight, the fly ash bricks. The bricks FlashBricks
ce Bricks advantages absorption, bricks have manufactured from indicate
from Fly gained by high been fly ash possessed clearly that
Ash. this type of performanc evaluated. compressive there is
Proceedin bricks over e, tensile These strength much
gs of the conventiona strength, included higher than 40 savings to
l clay bricks. durability. MPa. This exceeds be done

Effectivity
May 18, 2022
RESEARCH PAPER Date
Page No. 44 of 46
World of absorption some of the best of during the

Coal Ash capacity, load carrying clay making of
Conferenc initial rate of bricks the bricks.
absorption, available by more These
e,
modulus of than 25% and is savings
Lexinton, rupture, bond several times arise mainly
Kentucky strength and better than from the
durability acceptable uniformity of
commercially the raw
available common material
clay bricks. and the
reduction in
firing time
as well as
from doing
away with
whole
processes
of mining,
transporting
, mixing and
grinding,
that are
necessary
in the case
of the
clay and
shale based
bricks.
[21] This study Cleaner Then, bricks The compressive Based on
Ukwatta, was construction were strength of the results
A., directed materials, fabricated biosolids amended obtained for
Mohajerani towards Biosolids, with five bricks the ETP
, A., investigatin Bricks, different ranged from 24.9 biosolids
Eshtiaghi, g the Recycling percentages to 37.0 MPa, which used in this
N., & possibility of of ETP met the study, the
Setunge, incorporatin biosolids requirements of the authors
S. (2016). g biosolids (5%, 15%, Australian recommend
Variation from 25%, 35%, Standards. the addition
in physical Melbourne's and 50%) by Moreover, bricks of up to
and Eastern firing them at with ETP biosolids 50%
mechanica Treatment a can save up to biosolids in
l properties Plant (ETP) temperature 25% of energy fired-clay
of fired- in fired clay 1020°C for 3 during the firing in bricks, as
clay bricks bricks. First, hours. The an this
incorporati the effect produced

Effectivity
May 18, 2022
RESEARCH PAPER Date
Page No. 45 of 46
ng ETP mineralogic of electric furnace, quality

biosolids. al and incorporating which is very bricks in
Journal of chemical ETP important in terms terms
cleaner composition biosolids in a of sustainable of their
production, s as well as ceramic body development. The physical
119, 76- geotechnica on the leachate and
85. l physical and analysis results mechanical
characteristi mechanical showed that the properties.
cs of the properties of concentration of Therefore,
ETP fired-bricks heavy metals the use of
biosolids was leached is ETP
and brick assessed by insignificant and biosolids
soil shrinkage, much lower than could have
were weight loss the regulatory practical
determined on ignition limits. applications
(LOI), water as a means
absorption, of recycling
density, and for
initial rate of achieving
absorption energy
(IRA), savings and
compressive sustainable
strength, developmen
efflorescence t in
, scanning manufacturi
electron ng bricks.
microscopy
(SEM), and
leachate
analysis.
[22] ASTM The main Clay bricks This It was observed Based on
Internation objective of Rice straw paper that clay bricks this
al (2009), the paper is ash discusses the containing rice analysis, it
Standard to Sugarcane physical– straw ash (RSA), can be
test investigate bagasse mechanical sugar cane established
methods of the effects ash properties bagasse ash (SBA) that
chemical of Wheat straw and the and wheat straw brick
analysis of agricultural ash micro- ash (WSA) had samples
materials. waste (rice Physical structure of lower compressive with lower
A. S. T. M. straw, and clay bricks strength doses of
C114-09; sugarcane mechanical when compared to non- RSA, SBA
10.1520/C bagasse properties incorporated RSA, SBA, and and WSA
0114-09 and wheat Microstructu with the WSA clay bricks. (i.e. 5 %
straw ral sludge of The replacement SWTP
ashes) in water 5–10 % of RSA, weight) will
clay bricks. treatment SBA and not only

Effectivity
May 18, 2022
RESEARCH PAPER Date
Page No. 46 of 46
plants WSA by weight of reduce the

(SWTP) to SWTP into brick environmen
replace clay molding compound tal pressure
at a produces eco- but will also
50 % ratio. friendly fired clay lead to
One mixture brick. Scanning more
was prepared electron efficient and
as a control microscopy (SEM) economical
mix without study confirms the developmen
agriculture porous t
waste. Each microstructure of
group the
containing brick specimens
three mixes combining RSA,
was used SBA and WSA
with 5 %, 10 resulting in lower
% and 15 % bulk density
by weight of resulting in
SWTP lighter and more
content. economical
structures.
.

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UNIVERSITY RESEARCH AND Document No.

ORGANIC-BRICKS: ECO-FRIENDLY BRICKS USING PULVERIZED AGRICULTURAL

Keywords: Agricultural waste, pulverized, clay, brick, sustainable

Organic-Bricks: Eco-Friendly Bricks Using Pulverized Agricultural Waste | 1

Organic-Bricks: Eco-Friendly Bricks Using Pulverized Agricultural Waste | 2

Significance of the Study

Due to the excessive consumption of natural resources, engineers and researchers

According to the Science and Technology Information Network of the Philippines

Organic-Bricks: Eco-Friendly Bricks Using Pulverized Agricultural Waste | 3

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Organic-Bricks: Eco-Friendly Bricks Using Pulverized Agricultural Waste | 4

Figure 1. Rice Husk Figure 2. Corn Husk

Figure 3. Sugarcane Bagasse Figure 4. Clay Soil

Chemical Properties of Agricultural Waste

Chemical properties were determined through decomposed organic material of the

Organic-Bricks: Eco-Friendly Bricks Using Pulverized Agricultural Waste | 5

Table 1. Chemical Properties

Table 2. Proportion of bricks mixture

Organic-Bricks: Eco-Friendly Bricks Using Pulverized Agricultural Waste | 6

Testing and Evaluation

𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝐵𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑠 𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙 𝑖𝑛 𝑁

Organic-Bricks: Eco-Friendly Bricks Using Pulverized Agricultural Waste | 7

Figure 5. Compressive strength test machine

Organic-Bricks: Eco-Friendly Bricks Using Pulverized Agricultural Waste | 8

Figure 6. Digital Balance Figure 7. Oven/Incubator (Dual-use)

Organic-Bricks: Eco-Friendly Bricks Using Pulverized Agricultural Waste | 9

Figure 8. Cylindrical Basin

Figure 8. Cylindrical Basin Figure 9. Distilled Water

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Figure 10. Standard Brick

Organic-Bricks: Eco-Friendly Bricks Using Pulverized Agricultural Waste | 10

Figure 13. PRH15, PCH15, PSB15

Compressive Strength Test Result

Table 3. Compressive Strength of Tested Bricks

PCH 5 11.31 68510 0.17

Organic-Bricks: Eco-Friendly Bricks Using Pulverized Agricultural Waste | 11

PSB 5 6.67 66340 0.10

Water Absorption Test Results

Table 4. Water Absorption of Pulverized Rice Husk

PCH 5 1.078 1.270 1.078 17.81 17.81

PSB 5 0.868 1.076 0.865 24.39 23.96

Organic-Bricks: Eco-Friendly Bricks Using Pulverized Agricultural Waste | 12

Table 7. Efflorescence Test of Tested Bricks

Organic-Bricks: Eco-Friendly Bricks Using Pulverized Agricultural Waste | 13

[7] Teklehaimanot M. (2021). Manufacturing of Ecofriendly Bricks Using Microdust Cotton

Organic-Bricks: Eco-Friendly Bricks Using Pulverized Agricultural Waste | 14

Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia Volume 2021 |Article ID 8815965 |

[10] Ismail Demir (2005). An investigation on the production of construction

Organic-Bricks: Eco-Friendly Bricks Using Pulverized Agricultural Waste | 15

[19] Eliche-Quesada, D., Corpas-Iglesias, F. A., Pérez-Villarejo, L. & Iglesias-Godino, F. J. 2012.

[21] Ukwatta, A. Mohajerani, N. Eshtiaghi, S. Setunge (2016). Variation in physical and

Organic-Bricks: Eco-Friendly Bricks Using Pulverized Agricultural Waste | 16

Archie T. Cauilan recently received his Bachelor of Science in

Ronald G. Gacuan received his Bachelor’s degree in Civil

Archbie Bogs B. Urbano recently received his Bachelor’s

Justine Jerol C. Madrid recently recieved his Bachelor's

Bachelor's Degree in Civil Engineering at the University of

Organic-Bricks: Eco-Friendly Bricks Using Pulverized Agricultural Waste | 17

Figure 10. Average Compressive Strength Test Results

Figure 11. Water Absorption Test results in Percentage

Organic-Bricks: Eco-Friendly Bricks Using Pulverized Agricultural Waste | 18

Appendix B. Request Letter

Organic-Bricks: Eco-Friendly Bricks Using Pulverized Agricultural Waste | 19