DEPARTMENT

OF

OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
SRM UNIVERSITY,KATTANKULATHUR

KANCHEEPURAM DISTRICT, TAMILNADU – 603203

15CH206L MECHANICAL OPERATIONS AND

FLUID MECHANICS LAB I

NAME :

REG.NO :
 SRM UNIVERSITY
(Under Section 3 of UGC Act,1956)
SRM Nagar,KATTANKULATHUR – 603203
KANCHEEPURAM DISTRICT

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Register No:

Certified to be the bonafide record of work done

by of
B.Tech Degree course in the practical
in SRM
University,Kattankulathur during the academic year

Lab Incharge

Date: Head of the Department

Submitted for University examination held in

SRM University, at Kattankulathur.

Date Examiner I Examiner II

 Name: Branch:

Class: Reg.No:

INDEX
Exp Date Title of Experiment Page Date of Remarks
.No submission
1

10

11

12
Ex.No. Date:

SIEVE ANALYSIS

AIM:

To determine the average particle size of a given mixture by different methods.

THEORY:

Sieve analysis is one of the most important methods for accessing the size of the
mineral particles. The test sieves used in the sieve analysis are made of bronze or steel
wire drawn to a very close tolerances and are woven into a screen cloth with
standardized square aperture or openings of various size. One of the standard screen
series is Tyler standard screen series. This set of screens is based on the opening of
the 200mesh screen, which is established at 0.074mm. The area of the openings in any
one screen in the series is exactly twice that of the openings in the next smaller screen
is 2 . There are different methods of plotting the sieve analysis data. The most
widely used are given below.

PROCEDURE:

 200 grams of the sample was taken after proper sampling.

 Set of sieves were arranged
 Sieves were placed in a sieve shaker.
 Sieve shaker was operated for 20 minutes by setting the time switch.
 After shaking process the particles present in each sieve were weighed.
 The results were tabulated.

FORMULAE:

Differential analysis:

1. Volume surface mean diameter , 1

x
X 
Ds 


i 1
i
Dpi 


2. Mass mean diameter , x

i1
i D pi
Dw =

1
 1
 3
 
3.diameter,
Volume mean  1 
D  
x  
V
  X
i
3 

  
Dpi  
 i 1

Cumulative analysis:

Plot a graph of 1/Dpi vs 

80% passing size =

TABLE
S. Mesh Size of Average Mass Mass Cumula xi xi .DPi xi 1
no No. screen diameter retained fraction tive Dp Dpi
Dp3
opening , Xi Mass i
, D pi fraction
i
Dpi

(mm) (mm) (g) mm mm-3 mm-1
-1
mm
1

10

2
 RESULT:

By Differential analysis

Volume surface diameter =..........................mm

Mass mean diameter =.................................mm

volume mean diameter =...............................mm

By cumulative analysis:

80% passing size =.........................................mm

Internal Assessment:

Observation(5)

Calculations(10)

Graph & result (5)

Viva(5)

************

3
 Ex.No. Date:

SCREEN EFFECTIVENESS

AIM:

To determine the screen effectiveness of the given screen.

THEORY:

Screening is the method of separating particles according to

size alone. Standard screens are used to remove particles in the size
range between 76mm and 38m. Testing sieves are made of woven
wire screen mesh, the dimensions of which are carefully standardized.
The openings are square. Each screen is identified by the number of
openings per linear inch. The actual openings are smaller than those
corresponding to the mesh numbers. One of the standard screen series
is Tyler standard screen series. This set of screens is based on the
opening of the 200mesh screen, which is established at 0.074mm.
The area of the openings in any one screen
in the series is exactly twice that of the openings in the next smaller
2 screen is .

In industrial screening the solids are dropped on, or thrown

against, a screening surface. The undersize, or fines, pass through the
screen openings, oversize, or tails, do not. Industrial screens made
from woven wire, silk or plastic cloth, metal bars, perforated or slotted
metal plates, or wires that are wedge shaped in cross section.

The effectiveness of a screen often called screen efficiency is a

measure of the success of a screen in closely separating oversize
material, A and undersize material,
B. If the screen functioned perfectly, all of material A would be in the
overflow and all of material B would be in the underflow.
Effectiveness based on the oversize material, EA is the ratio of
oversize material A that is actually in the overflow to the amount of A
entering with the feed. Similarly, an effectiveness based on the
undersize material, EB is the ratio of undersize material B that is
actually in the underflow to the amount of B entering with the feed.
The overall effectiveness is the product of the EA and EB.

PROCEDURE:

 A set of standard sieves were arranged serially in a stack

with the smallest at the bottom and the largest at the top.
 250g of sample was placed on the top screen and the stack
was shaken for a definite time.
 Particles retained on each screen were removed and weighed.
 The oversize and undersize particles were separated.
 The overflow analysis was performed using oversize
particles and underflow analysis was performed using
undersize particles.
 The results of sieve analysis were tabulated.
 S
cr
e
e
n
ef
fe
ct
iv
e
n
es
s
w
as
c
al
c
ul
at
e
d
b
y
u
si
n
g
fo
r
m
ul
a
a
n
d
gr
a
p
hi
c
al
ly
FORMULAE:

1. Overall screen effectiveness E= EA.EB =

EE
E x x x  x x 1  x B

B
f D
f

A B
x
D
 x 2 x f 1D xf 
B

Where,

E = Overall screen effectiveness

EA = Effectiveness based on the oversize particle

EB = Effectiveness based on the undersize particle

x f = Cumulative mass fraction of oversize particle in feed

xD = Cumulative mass fraction of oversize particle in overflow

xB = Cumulative mass fraction of oversize particle in underflow

MODEL GRAPH

5
TABLE 1:

Feed Overflow Underflow

S Mes Size Mass Mass Cum. Mass Mass Cum. Mass Mass Cum.
. h of retain fracti Mass retain fracti Mass retai fracti Mass
N No. scree ed on, fracti ed on, fracti n ed on, fracti
o n (g) xi on, (g) xi on, (g) xi on,
openi   
ng
(mm)
1
2
3
4

5
6
7
8
9
1
0

6
RESULT:

The screen effectiveness of the given screen......................mm was found to be

---------------------- and graphically …………………………..

Internal Assessment:

Observation(5)

Calculations(10)

Graph & result (5)

Viva(5)

********

7
 Ex.No. Date:

JAW CRUSHER

AIM:

To determine the size reduction ratio of particles by conducting an experiment in

a jaw crusher.

THEORY:

Crushers are slow speed machines for coarse reduction of large quantities of
solids. The main types are jaw crushers, gyratory crushers, smooth-roll crushers and
toothed-roll crushers. There are two distinct types of jaw crushers, the Blake crushers
and the dodge crusher. The Blake Jaw crusher is the commonly used crusher.

In Blake Jaw crusher feed is admitted between the two jaws, set to form a V
open at the top. One jaw, the fixed or anvil jaw is nearly vertical and does not move;
the other, the swinging jaw reciprocates in a horizontal plane. It makes an angle of 20º
to 30º with the anvil jaw. It is driven by an eccentric so that it applies great
compressive force to lumps caught between the jaws. The jaw faces are flat or slightly
bulged; they may carry shallow horizontal grooves. Large lumps caught between the
upper pacts of the jaws are broken, drop into the narrower space below, and are
recrushed the next time the jaws close. After sufficient reduction they drop out the
bottom of the machine.

In the dodge crusher the moving jaw is pivoted at the bottom .The minimum
movement is thus at the bottom and a more uniform product is obtained, but the
tendency to choke is high, so it is not mostly used.

PROCEDURE:

 500 grams of the sample was taken.

 The Average size of the feed was determined by volume displacement method.
 The sample was put into the crusher where it was crushed.
 The product from the crusher was sieved using set of sieves to find the average
product size.
 The product present in each sieve was weighed.
 The results were tabulated.
 1 / Dpi Vs  graph was plotted.
 The size reduction ratio was calculated.
 OBSERVATIONS:

Weight of sample =..................gm

No. of stones, n = ………….

Initial volume of water =................cm3

Volume of water after adding stones =................cm3

Increase in volume of water =.................cm3

TABLE :

S. Mes Size of Averag Mass Mass Cumulativ xi / D pi 1/ D pi

N h screen e retained fraction e Mass
o No. opening diamete , fraction,
Dpi r, D pi xi 

(mm) (mm) (g) mm-1 mm-1

1

Xi = (Xi/ D pi
=

FORMULAE:
m thod:
1. Volume displacement
e Increase in
 volume of water =

4
nx x x =...............mm3
 
r3 3
 

r =................mm

Average size of the feed, Dsa =................mm

2. (i) By Differential analysis :

Product size, Dsb =xi / (xi / D pi ), mm

Where, Xi = mass fraction retained on the ith increment

D pi = average size of particle retained on the ith increment

Size reduction ratio =Average feed size /average product size

(ii) By cumulative analysis:

Plot the graph of 1 D Vs 

/ pi

Area under the curve from the graph ---------

Size reduction ratio =Average feed size /average product size

RESULT:

Product size, Size reduction ratio

(mm)

By Differential analysis

By cumulative analysis

Internal Assessment:

Observation(5)

Calculations(10)

Graph & result (5)

Viva(5)

*******
Ex.No. Date:

BALL MILL

AIM:

To determine the size reduction ratio and critical speed by conducting an

experiment in a ball mill.

THEORY:

Ball mill is a tumbling mill (grinder) type size reduction equipment. It has a
cylindrical Shell slowly rotating about a horizontal axis and filled to about half of its
volume with balls which act as a grinding medium. It can be operated batch-wise or
continuously.

In ball mill most of the size reduction is done by impact as the balls drop from
near the top of the Shell. When the mill is rotated, the balls are picked up by the mill
wall and carried nearly to the top, where they break contact with the wall and fall to
the bottom to be picked up again. Centrifugal force keeps the balls in contact with the
wall and with each other during upper movement. While in contact with the wall the
balls do some grinding by slipping and rolling over each other, but most of the
grinding occurs at the zone of impact.

If the speed of the mill is too high the balls are carried over and the mill is said to
be centrifuging. The minimum speed at which centrifuging occurs is called the critical
speed. Little or no grinding is done when a mill is centrifuging and operating speed
must be less than the critical speed.

PROCEDURE:

 About 500g of feed was weighed.

 The Average size of the feed was determined by volume displacement
method.
 The sample was put into the ball mill.
 The ball mill was then set into rotation.
 After 15 min, motor was stopped and the product was removed from
the mill.
 The product from the mill was sieved using set of sieves to find the average
product size.
 The product present in each sieve was weighed.
 The results were tabulated.
 The size reduction ratio was calculated.
 After noting the radius of the mill and the ball, critical speed of the ball mill
was calculated.
 OBSERVATION:

Weight of sample =..................gm

No.of stones, n = ………….

Initial volume of water =....................cm3

Volume of water after adding stones =...................cm3

Increase in volume of water =.....................cm3

TABLE 1.
S. Mes Size of Averag Mass Mass Cumulativ xi / D pi 1/ D pi
N h screen e retained fraction e Mass
o No. opening diamete , fraction,
Dpi r, D pi xi 

(mm) (mm) (g) mm-1 mm-1

1

Xi = (Xi/ D pi
=
FORMLAE:

1. Volume displacement method:

Increase in volume of water 4
= nx x x =................cm3
r3 3
 
 

r =................mm

Average size of the feed, Dsa =................mm

2. (i) By Differential analysis :

Product size, Dsb = 1 / (xi / D pi ), mm

Where, xi = mass fraction retained on the ith increment

pi
D = average size of particle retained on the ith increment

Size reduction ratio =Average feed size /average product size

1 g
3. Critical speed of a ball mill , nc = x
2 Rr

Where

g = Acceleration due to gravity

R= mill radius

r = ball radius
RESULT:

Product size, Size reduction

ratio
(mm)

By Differential analysis

Critical speed of the ball mill =.........................rpm

Internal Assessment:

Observation(5)

Calculations(10)

Graph & result (5)

Viva(5)

*******
Ex.No. Date:

HAMMER MILL

AIM:

To determine the size reduction ratio and power consumption by conducting

an experiment using Hammer mill.

THEORY:

Hammer mill contains a high speed rotor turning inside a cylindrical casing. The
shaft is usually horizontal. Feed dropped into the top of the casing is broken and falls
out through a bottom opening. In a hammer mill the particles are broken by sets of
swing hammers pinned to a rotor disk. A particle of feed entering the grinding zone
cannot escape being struck by the hammers. It shatters into pieces, which fly against a
stationary anvil plate inside the casing and break into smaller fragments. These in turn
are rubbed into powder by the hammers and pushed through a grate or screen that
covers the discharge opening.

Several rotor disks, 150 to 450 mm (6 to 18 in.) in diameter and each carrying
four to eight swing hammers, are often mounted on the same shaft. The hammers may
be straight bars of metal with plain or enlarged ends or with ends sharpened to a
cutting edge. Intermediate hammer mills yield a product of 25 mm (1 in.) to 20-mesh
in particle size. In hammer mills for fine reduction the peripheral speed of the hammer
tips may reach 110 m/s; they reduce 0.1 to 15 ton/h to sizes finer than 200 mesh.

PROCEDURE:

 The feed sample of required size was prepared by using set of sieves.
 250 g of the sample was taken.
 The sample was put into hammer mill where it was ground.
 The product from the mill was sieved using set of sieves.
 The product present in each sieve was weighed.
 The results were tabulated.
 1 / Dpi Vs  graph was plotted.
 The size reduction ratio was calculated by differential analysis and cumulative
analysis.
 OBSERVATIONS:

Weight of sample =…… gm

Average size of the feed , Dsa = …… mm

TABLE 1:

S. Mes Size of Averag Mass Mass Cumulativ xi / D pi 1/ D pi

N h screen e retained fraction e Mass
o No. opening diamete , fraction,
Dpi r, D pi xi 

(mm) (mm) (g) mm-1 mm-1

1

Xi = (Xi/ D pi
=

FORMULAE:

1. (i) By Differential analysis :

Product size, Dsb =xi / (xi / D pi ), mm
 Where, xi = mass fraction retained on the ith increment

D pi = average size of particle retained on the ith increment

Size reduction ratio =Average feed size /average product size

(ii) By cumulative analysis:

Area under the curve from the plot of 1 D Vs  = ………

pi
/

Size reduction ratio =Average feed size /average product size

.  1 1 
2. Power consumption, P  m x Kb x   , kW
 Dsb Dsa 


3. Kb = 0.3162 x Wi
.
4. 60

Wf x 1000 , ton/h
m tc
Where,

Dsa = volume surface mean diameter of feed

Dsb = volume surface mean diameter of product

KB = Bond’s law constant

.
m = feed rate, ton/hr

Wi = Work index of material, kWh/ton

Wf = Weight of feed, kg

tc = time for crushing, min

RESULT:

Product size, Size reduction

ratio
(mm)

By Differential analysis

By cumulative analysis

Power Consumption for Crushing =----------------------kW

Internal Assessment:

Observation(5)

Calculations(10)

Graph & result (5)

Viva(5)

*******
Ex.No. Date:

BATCH SEDIMENTATION

AIM:
To study the settling characteristics of slurry and to determine the area of the
continuous thickener required to concentrate the slurry from a concentration of -------
-g/l at the rate of 10,000m3/day using kynch theory.

THEORY:
The separation of slurry by gravity settling into a clear fluid and slurry of higher
solids content is called sedimentation. The mechanism of sedimentation may be best
described by observation of what occurs during a batch settling test as solids settle
from slurry in a glass cylinder. Gravity settling under hindered settling conditions is
often used to convert dilute slurry of fine particles into a clarified liquid and a
concentrated suspension. This process is carried out in large open tanks called
thickeners or clarifiers. The thickener design is generally based on measurements of
the settling rates obtained from batch tests in the laboratory.

There are several stages in the settling of a flocculates suspension and

different zones are formed as the sedimentation proceeds. Usually, the concentration
of solids is high enough that the sedimentation of individual particles or flocs is
hindered by other solids to such an extent that all the solids at a given level settle at
common velocity. At first, the solid is uniformly distributed in the liquid. After
sometime, the solids have settled to give a zone of clear liquid, zone A and a zone D
of settled solids. Above zone D is a transition layer, zone C, in which the solids
content varies from that in the original pulp to that in zone D. In zone B, the
concentration is uniform and equal to the original concentration, since the settling rate
is the same throughout this zone. The boundaries between zones D and C and between
C and B may not be distinct, but the boundary between zones A and B is usually
sharp. As settling continues, the depths of zones D and A increase. The depth of zone
C remains nearly constant, and that of zone B decreases. Eventually zone B
disappears and all the solids are in zones C and D. Meanwhile, the gradual
accumulation of solids put stress on the material at the bottom, which compresses
solids in layer D. Compression breaks down the structure of the flocs or aggregates,
and liquid is expelled into the upper zones. Sometimes liquid in the flocs spurts out of
zone D. Finally, when the weight of the solid is balanced by the compressive strength
of the flocs, the settling process stops. The entire process is called sedimentation.
BATCH SEDIMENTATION

GRAVITY THICKENER
PROCEDURE:

 Required concentration of CaCO3 slurry was prepared and kept in a measuring

cylinder which is graduated in cm.
 The slurry was stirred well.
 Stirring was stopped and the height of interface was noted, for every 2 min
time interval.
 The readings of height and time were tabulated.
 A plot of height Vs time was drawn.

MODEL GRAPH:
 TABLE

S.No Height of Time, S.No Height of Time,

interface, interface, cm
cm min min

1 21

2 22

3 23

4 24

5 25

6 26

7 27

8 28

9 29

10 30

11 31

12 32

13 33

14 34

15 35

16 36

17 37

18 38

19 39

20 40

Plot the graph of height of interface vs time

 TABLE:2

S.No Zi ZL L C0 Z 0 Zi  Z L VL
CL  VL   1   1 
Zi L   
 C C 
 L   U 

(m) (m) (Sec) (kg/m3) (m/s) (kg/m2 s)

FORMULAE:

C0 Z 0
1. Slurry concentration,  , kg/m3
C L
Zi

C0 Z 0
2. Under flow concentration,  , kg/m3
U
C Z
U
Zi  Z L
3. Settling velocity,  L, m/Sec

VL
L

4. Thickener area, A  FC0 2

VL ,m
 1 1 
C  C 
 L U 

Where,
 F = Rate of feed, m3/s

C0= Initial concentration, kg/m3

CU = under flow concentration, kg/m3

Z0= Initial height, m

ZU= final height, m

VL= Settling velocity, m/s

V
Plot  1 L 1 vs CL
 C  C 
 L U
 RESULT:

The area of the continuous thickener required to concentrate the slurry from
the concentration ---------------------g/lit at 10,000m3/day is---------------m2.

Internal Assessment:

Observation(5)

Calculations(10)

Graph & result (5)

Viva(5)

*******
Ex No. Date:

FLOW THROUGH FITTINGS AND VALVES

Aim
To calculate the loss factor Kc for sudden contraction.

Theory
Fluids are usually transported in pipe or tubing, which is circular in cross
section and available in widely varying sizes, wall thickness and materials of
construction. The methods used to join the pieces of pipe depend in part on the
properties of the material but primarily on the thickness of the wall. Thick walled
tubular products are usually connected by screwed fittings, by flanges or by welding.
Pieces of thin walled tubing are joined by soldering or by compression or flare
fittings.

A typical processing plant contains thousands of valves of many different

sizes and shapes. Despite the variety in their design, however, all valves have a
common primary purpose; to slow down or stop the flow of a fluid.

Whenever the velocity of fluid is changed, either in direction or magnitude, by

a change in the direction or the size of conduit, friction is generated in addition to the
skin friction. Such friction includes form friction resulting from vortices that develop
when the normal stream lines are disturbed and when boundary layer separation
occurs.

When the cross section of the conduit is suddenly reduced, the fluid stream
cannot follow around the sharp corner and the stream breaks contact with the wall of
the conduit. A jet is formed, which flows into the stagnant fluid in the smaller section.
The jet first contracts and then expands to fill the smaller cross section, and down
stream from the point of contraction the normal velocity distribution eventually is
reestablished. The cross section of minimum area at which the jet changes from a
contraction to an expansion is called vena contracta. The friction loss form sudden
contraction is proportional to the velocity head in the smaller conduit and can be
calculated by the equation,

PROCEDURE
 Note the following system details:
i) Length and breadth of the collection tank
ii) Diameter of the pipe
iii) Diameter of the enlarged pipe
  Switch on the motor of the pump and allow water to flow through the
pipe.
 Note the manometer reading.
 Close the outlet valve of the collection tank.
 Note the time taken for 10cm rise of water in the collection tank.
 Repeat the same procedure for the different flow rates.

FORMULAE
Contraction loss:
2
Kc Vb
h fe  2g
c
 Sb 
K c  α1  S 
 a 
Q
V
SF
 ρm  ρf 
h f  ΔH 
 ρf 

i) ΔHf  ρ m  ρ f  ΔHm
ρf
ΔHf  pressuredrop,( in meter of water)
ΔHm - manometerdifference, m
3
ρf - Density of water,kg/m
ρ m  density of mercury,kg/m3

(ii)
LBH
Q
t
L - lenght of thecollection tank,m
B - Breadth of thecollection
tank,m H - Rise in waterlevel, m
Q
(iii) Vb 
A
(iv) Pc  gRm m   f 

Pc  Dropin pressure
Rm  Difference in manometerlevel

(v) h Pc
fc  
f
h fc  Lossduetofriction

(iv) N DVbρf
 μ
Re

MODEL GRAPH

hfC

Slope,KC

2
V a /2gC
OBSERVATION

TABLE .1
S. Manometer Reading(m) Time for Qa Vb NRe Drop in Loss
10cm pressure due to 2
No. V b /2gc
rise of Pc friction

(m)
Left Right Difference
water (s) hfc

(s) ( m3/s) ( m/s) ( N/m2) (J/kg)

30
RESULT
The loss factor Kc for sudden contraction , Kc

Internal Assessment:

Observation(5)

Calculations(10)

Graph & result (5)

Viva(5)

*******

31
Ex No. Date:

FLOW MEASUREMENT USING VENTURIMETER

AIM
To determine the coefficient of discharge of venturimeter.

THEORY
The venturimeter is a flow measuring device very widely used in industry. It
operates on the same principle as that of the orifice meter. It differs from the orifice
meter by the fact that there is a gradual variation in the cross-section so as to reduce
losses due to turbulence. The head loss in the orificemeter at the same conditions as
the venturimeter is many times greater. The power loss is proportionally greater and
when an orifice is inserted in a line that is carrying fluid continuously for a long
period of time, the cost of this power loss is more than the saving in the first cost. The
venturimeter are however used only for permanent installations. The venturimeter
consists of tapering sections inserted in the pipeline with the taper smooth and
gradual. At a point in the line and at the throat of the venturimeter, tapings are
provided which has to be connected with a manometer. The venturimeter itself is
connected across the pipes for which the fluid flow is to be determined.

PROCEDURE
 Note the following system details:
iv) Length and breadth of the collection tank
v) Diameter of the pipe at the entrance
vi) Diameter of the pipe at the throat
 Switch on the motor of the supply pump.
 Open the delivery valve of the pipe.
 Note the manometer reading.
 Close the outlet valve of the collection tank.
 Note the time taken for 10cm rise of water in the collection tank.
 Repeat the same procedure for 5 different flow rates.

FORMULAE :

The coefficient of discharge is then calculated using the following formulae.

 ρ (1 β 4 )
Cd  V o f
2g(ρm  ρ f )Hm

Where

Q = volumetric flow rate of fluid m3/s

Ao = Area of cross-section of venturi throat. m2

Uo = Velocity of fluid at the venturi in m/s

ΔHm = Height difference in manometer in , m

β = Ratio of diameter of venture to diameter of pipe.

Reynold’s number :

NRe = doVoρ / µ

where

do = diameter of venturi, m

ρ = density of fluid, kg/ m3

µ = viscosity of fluid used, kg/m.s

1) β = do/D

do = diameter of venturi, m

D = diameter of pipe, m

2) Venturi cross sectional Area, A = πd2o

3) Volumetric flow rate, Qact = LBH

t

L - length of collecting tank, m

 B - breath of collecting tank, m

H - Height of liquid rise, m

t - Time taken for a rise through ‘H’, s

4) Velocity, Vo = Q/Ao
5) Co-efficient of discharge of venturimeter,

ρ (1 β 4 )
Cd  V o f
2g(ρm  ρ f )Hm

ΔHm - difference in height of manometer fluid, m

Model Graph:
Qact
Cd

Slope,

Cd = Qact/Qt

Qt
NRe
OBSEREVATION

TABLE

S. Manometer Reading(m) Time for Pressure Actual Coefficient NRe

10cm rise of head discharge, of discharge,
No. water (sec) difference, Cd
Qact
m of H2O
m3/s

Left Right Difference,

ΔHm

35
RESULT

The venturi coefficient was calculated and required graphs were plotted. The
venturi coefficient was found to be .

Internal Assessment:

Observation(5)

Calculations(10)

Graph & result (5)

Viva(5)

*******

36
Ex. No. Date:

FLOW MEASUREMENT USING ORIFICEMETER

AIM

To determine the coefficient of discharge of orifice meter.

THEORY:

The orifice meter is an extremely simple device used to measure the flow rate of
fluids and hence widely used in practice. It normally consists of a plate with a
centrally drilled hole. The drilled plate is inserted perpendicular to the direction of
flow. Pressure taps are provided before and after the orifice plate and are connected to
a manometer. Whenever a constriction is introduced into the fluid stream, there is a
reduction in the pressure of the fluid coming through the constriction and an increase
in the velocity. A manometer is used to measure the reduction in pressure due to the
constriction between the tapings. Bernoulli’s equation provides a basis for correlating
the increase in the velocity head with a decrease in the pressure head. The equation
governing the flow in an orifice meter is :

2g(ρm  ρf ) ΔH
V0  Q  C m
Ao
d ρ f (1 β4 )

where

Q = Volumetric flow rate in m3/s

Ao = area of orifice in m2

Vo = velocity of fluid at the orifice in m/s

Cd = coefficient of discharge

β = Ratio of diameter of orifice to diameter of pipe.

ρ m= density of manometer fluid in kg/m3

ρ f = density of fluid in pipe in kg/m3

ΔHm = height difference in manometer in m.

PROCEDURE :

 Note the following system details:

vii) Length and breadth of the collection tank
viii) Diameter of the pipe at the entrance
ix) Diameter of the pipe at the throat
 Switch on the motor of the supply pump.
 Open the delivery valve of the pipe.
 Note the manometer reading.
 Close the outlet valve of the collection tank.
 Note the time taken for 10cm rise of water in the collection tank.
 Repeat the same procedure for 5 different flow rates.

Since Q = Ao C 2g(ρm  ρf ) ΔH
d m
ρ f (1β4 )

A plot of Qact against Qt and Cd Vs NRe are made

FORMULAE:

1) β = d/D

d = diameter of

orifice D =

diameter of pipe.

2) Venturi cross sectional Area, Ao = πd2

3) Volumetric flow rate, Q = LBH

t

L - length of collecting tank

B - breath of collecting tank

H - Height of liquid rise.

t - Time taken for a rise through ‘H’

4) Velocity at orifice (Vo) = Q/Ao

 5) Co-efficient of discharge,

ρ (1 β 4 )
Cd  V o f
2g(ρm  ρ f )Hm

ΔHm - difference in height of manometer fluid.

6) NRe = dVoρ / µ

where

do = diameter of venturi

ρ = density of fluid

µ = viscosity of fluid used

Specifications :

Orifice meter size = 80 x 40 mm

Orifice tank size = 100 x 100 cm

MODEL GRAPH:

Slope,Cd = Qact/Qt
Qact
Cd

NRe

Qt
NRE
OBSERVATIONS

Table
S. Manometer Reading(m) Time for Pressure Actual Coefficient NRe
10cm rise of head discharge of
No. water (s) difference, discharge,
Qact
Cd
m of H2O m3/s

Left Right Difference,

ΔHm

40
RESULT :

The orifice coefficient was calculated and required graphs were plotted. The
orifice

coefficient was found to be (graphically)

Internal Assessment:

Observation(5)

Calculations(10)

Graph & result (5)

Viva(5)

*******

41
Ex.No: Date:
FLOW MEASUREMENT USING ROTAMETER

AIM
To determine the coefficient of discharge of rotameter.

THEORY

The most important area meter is rotameter. It consists of a gradually tapered

glass tube mounted vertically in a frame with the large end up. The fluid flows
upward through the tapered tube and suspends freely a float. The float is the
indicating element, and the greater the flow rate, the higher the float rides in the tube.
The entire fluid stream must flow through the annular space between the float and the
tube wall. The tube is marked in divisions, and the meter is read from the scale
reading at the edge of the float. Rotameters are used for both liquid and gas flow
measurements.

PROCEDURE
 The motor is switched on.
 The water is allowed to flow through the inlet valve.
 The flow rate of water is fixed using the float present in the rotameter.
 Collect the outlet water in the collection tank and note the time taken
for 10cm rise of water level in the collection tank.
 Repeat the same procedure for different flow rates.

FORMULAE

1.Actualdischarge,Q volumeof watercollected LBH

act  time taken  t

L = Length of the collection tank,m

B = breadth of the collection tank,m

H = Rise of water in the collection tank,m

t = Time taken for the rise of water,s

2. Theoretical discharge, Qth = Rotameter reading

Qact
3. Coefficient of discharge, Cd =
Q
th
TABLE

Rotameter Time Volume Theoretical Actual Coefficient of

S.No reading, taken for of water discharge, discharge, discharge, Cd
10cm rise collected, Qth, Qact,
of water
level,s

(m) (s) (m3) (m3/s) (m3/s)

 MODEL GRAPH

Slope,Cd = Qact/Qt

Qact
Cd

NRe Qt

RESULT

The discharge coefficient of rotameter was calculated and required graphs

were plotted. The

discharge coefficient,Cd was found to be (graphically)

Internal Assessment:

Observation(5)

Calculations(10)

Graph & result (5)

Viva(5)

*******
Ex. No. Date:

EFFLUX TIME

AIM
To determine the efflux time of a tank through an orifice at its bottom.

THEORY

The theory describing the efflux time of a tank has been derived by Crosby
and by Bird,Stewart, and Lightfoot , and further extended to systems with the installed
fittings by Hanesian. Consider a vertical tank that contains a Newtonian liquid up to
the level h above the bottom of the tank. The top of the tank as well as the bottom of
the drain pipe are exposed to the atmosphere. Thus, the liquid drains from the tank
under the influence of gravity. An opening in a tank through which the liquid flows is
an orifice. The liquid approaching the orifice gradually converges towards it from a
cross section called vena contracta. Let it be assumed that, it is a constant head(h).
From Bernoulli’s equation, if the orifice is small compared to h, the velocity V 2 may
be considered to be constant across the equation of continuity.
Q = s1v1 = s2v2

s1 = cross sectional area of the tank

s2 = cross sectional area of the jet

FORMULAE

2 ATH1 H 2
Theoretical draining time =
Ao2gC d

AT = area of tank

Ao = area of orifice

% error theoretical drainingtime  actualdrainingtime

theoretical drainingtime x100
=

PROCEDURE

 Switch on the motor

 Allow the height of water level to reach around 70-80cm
 Note the initial height and note the time taken for every 10cm decrease in
height.
 Calculate the %error.
GRAPH

TABLE

H1 H2 Time taken Actual Theoretical Percentage

draining draining error
(m) (m) (s) time (s) time (s)
RESULT

The efflux time of a tank through an orifice was measured and the percentage
error was found to be . A graph was plotted between theoretical
draining time vs actual draining time.

Internal Assessment:

Observation(5)

Calculations(10)

Graph & result (5)

Viva(5)

*******