PA R T I I

C H A P T E R P
Preparation for Calculus

Section P.1 Graphs and Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282

Section P.2 Linear Models and Rates of Change . . . . . . . . . . . . 287

Section P.3 Functions and Their Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292

Section P.4 Fitting Models to Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296

Review Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297

Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300

C H A P T E R P
Preparation for Calculus
Section P.1 Graphs and Models
Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises

2. y  9  x2 4. y  x3  x
x-intercepts: 3, 0, 3, 0 x-intercepts: 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0
y-intercept: 0, 3 y-intercept: 0, 0
Matches graph (d) Matches graph (c)

6. y  6  2x 8. y  x  32

x 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

y 10 8 6 4 2 0 2 y 9 4 1 0 1 4 9

y y

10 10

6 6

4 4

2 2

x x
−6 −4 −2 2 6 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−2


10. y  x  1 12. y  x  2

x 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 x 2 1 0 2 7 14

y 2 1 0 1 0 1 2 y 0 1 2 2 3 4

y y

4 5
3
4
2
3
1
2
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1

−2 x
−5 5 10 15 20

282
 Section P.1 Graphs and Models 283

14. 16. 6
Xmin = -30
Xmax = 30
Xscl = 5 −9 9

Ymin = -10
Ymax = 40
−6
Yscl = 5
(a) 0.5, y  0.5, 2.47
Note that y  10 when x  0 or x  10.
(b) x, 4  1.65, 4 and x, 4  1, 4

18. y 2  x3  4x 20. y  x  1x2  1

y-intercept: y2  03  40 y-intercept: y  0  102  1

y  0; 0, 0 y  1; 0, 1

x-intercepts: 0  x3  4x x-intercepts: 0  x  1x2  1

0  xx  2x  2 x  1; 1, 0

x  0, ± 2; 0, 0, ± 2, 0

x2  3x
22. y  24. y  2x  x2  1
3x  12
y-intercept: y  20  02  1
02  30
y-intercept: y 
30  12 y  1; 0, 1

y  0; 0, 0 x-intercepts: 0  2x  x2  1

x2  3x 2x  x2  1
x-intercepts: 0 
3x  12 4x2  x2  1
xx  3 3x2  1
0
3x  12
1
x  0, 3; 0, 0, 3, 0 x2 
3
3
x±
3

x
3
3
; 33, 0

Note: x   33 is an extraneous solution.

26. y  x2  x 28. Symmetric with respect to the origin since

No symmetry with respect to either axis or the origin. y  x3  x
y  x3  x
y  x3  x.

30. Symmetric with respect to the x-axis since 32. Symmetric with respect to the origin since
xy2  xy2  10. xy  4  x2  0

xy  4  x2  0.
284 Chapter P Preparation for Calculus

x2
34. y 
x2  1
is symmetric with respect to the y-axis 
36. y  x  3 is symmetric with respect to the x-axis

x2 x2  
since y  x  3
since y  
x2  1 x2  1
.
y  x  3.
x
38. y    2 2
40. y  3x  1 42. y  x2  3
2
Intercepts: Intercept: 0, 3
Intercepts:
4, 0, 0, 2 0, 1,  32, 0 Symmetry: y-axis
y
Symmetry: none Symmetry: none
12
y
y
9
3 2
(0, 2)
(0, 1)
1 ( 32 , 0) (0, 3)
(4, 0) x
x −1 1 2 x
1 2 3 4 −6 −3 3 6
−1
−1
−2
−2

44. y  2x2  x  x2x  1 46. y  x3  4x 48. y  9  x2

Intercepts: Intercepts: Intercepts:
0, 0,   12 , 0 0, 0, 2, 0, 2, 0 3, 0, 3, 0, 0, 3
Symmetry: none Symmetry: y-axis
Symmetry: origin
y
Domain: 3, 3
y
5
y
4 3
6
3
5
2
(−2, 0) (0, 0) (2, 0) 4
(0, 3)
( 1
− 2, 0 ) 1
(0, 0) −3 −1 1 3
x

x −1 2
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 1
−2
x
−3 −4 − 2 −1 1 2 4
−1
(− 3, 0) −2 (3, 0)

10
50. x  y2  4 52. y 
x2  1
54. y  6  x  
Intercepts: Intercepts:
Intercepts: 0, 10
0, 2, 0, 2, 4, 0 0, 6, 6, 0
Symmetry: y-axis
Symmetry: x-axis
y
Symmetry: none
y
12 y
3 10 (0, 10)
8
(0, 2)
(0, 6)
(− 4, 0)
x
−5 −2 −1 1 4
2
(0, − 2) 2
x
−6 − 4 −2 2 4 6 (6, 0)
−3 x
2 4 6 8
 Section P.1 Graphs and Models 285

4  x2
56. x2  4y2  4 ⇒ y  ± 58. 3x  4y2  8
2
Intercepts: 4y2  3x  8
y  ± 34x  2
2, 0, 2, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1
Symmetry: origin and both axes Intercept: 83, 0
Symmetry: x-axis
Domain: 2, 2
6
2

(−2, 0) (0, 1)
(2, 0)
( 83 , 0)
−6 12
−3 3

(0, −1)
−6
−2

60. y   x  2 x  2 x  2  (other answers possible)

5 3
62. Some possible equations:

x  y2
x y 
x  y4  1
x2  y2  25

2x  13 5x  9
64. 2x  3y  13 ⇒ y  66. 5x  6y  9 ⇒ y 
3 6
7x  18
1  5x 7x  3y  18 ⇒ y 
5x  3y  1 ⇒ y  3
3
5x  9 7x  18

2x  13 1  5x 6 3

3 3 5x  9  14x  36

2x  13  1  5x 27  9x
7x  14 x3
x2 The corresponding y-value is y  1.

The corresponding y-value is y  3. Point of intersection: 3, 1

Point of intersection: 2, 3

68. x  3  y2 ⇒ y2  3  x 70. x2  y2  25 ⇒ y2  25  x2
yx1 2x  y  10 ⇒ y  10  2x
3  x  x  12 25  x2  10  2x2
3  x  x2  2x  1 25  x2  100  40x  4x2
0  x2  x  2  x  1x  2 0  5x2  40x  75  5x  3x  5
x  1 or x  2 x  3 or x  5

The corresponding y-values are y  2 and y  1. The corresponding y-values are y  4 and y  0.

Points of intersection: 1, 2, 2, 1 Points of intersection: 3, 4, 5, 0
286 Chapter P Preparation for Calculus

72. y  x  4x y  x4  2x2  1
3
74.
y   x  2 y  1  x2
x3  4x   x  2 1  x2  x4  2x2  1
x3  3x  2  0 0  x4  x2
x  1 x  2  0
2
0  x2x  1x  1
x1 or x  2 x  1, 0, 1
The corresponding y-values are y  3 and y  0. 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0
Points of intersection: 1, 3, 2, 0
y = x − 2x + 1
4 2

(0, 1)

−3 3
(−1, 0) (1, 0)

−2
y = 1 − x2

76. y  kx  5 matches (b).

Use 1, 7: 7  k1  5 ⇒ k  2, thus, y  2x  5.

y  x2  k matches (d).
Use 1, 9: 9  12  k ⇒ k  10, thus, y  x2  10.

y  kx32 matches (a).

Use 1, 3: 3  k132 ⇒ k  3, thus, y  3x32.

xy  k matches (c).
Use 1, 36: 136  k ⇒ k  36, thus, xy  36.

78. (a) Using a graphing utility, you obtain (b) 500

y  0.1283t2  11.0988t  207.1116

(c) For the year 2004, t  54 and

y  432.3 acres per farm. 0 50
0

80. (a) If x, y is on the graph, then so is x, y by y-axis symmetry. Since x, y is on the graph, then so is x, y by
x-axis symmetry. Hence, the graph is symmetric with respect to the origin. The converse is not true. For example, y  x3
has origin symmetry but is not symmetric with respect to either the x-axis or the y-axis.

(b) Assume that the graph has x-axis and origin symmetry. If x, y is on the graph, so is x, y by x-axis symmetry. Since
x, y is on the graph, then so is x,  y  x, y by origin symmetry. Therefore, the graph is symmetric with
respect to the y-axis. The argument is similar for y-axis and origin symmetry.

82. True 84. True; the x-intercept is

 2ab , 0
.
 Section P.2 Linear Models and Rates of Change 287

Section P.2 Linear Models and Rates of Change

2. m  2 4. m  1 6. m  40
3

42
8. y
10. m  2  2
2  1 12. m  0
6 41
m = −3
m=3 2
4 m= 1  y
3
3 3
2
y
(− 4, 1) m=0
1
x ( 2, 4)
−6 −5 −2 −1 1 2 4 x
1 2 3 4 5
−2 −1
(3, −2) (4, −2)
(1, 2)
2
−3
1

x
2 1 1 2

34  14 y

14. m 
78  54 3

1 8 2
 
38 3 1 ( 78 , 34 )
x
−2 −1 1

−1
( 54 , − 14 )

16. Since the slope is undefined, the line is vertical and its equation is x  3. Therefore, three additional points are 3, 2,
3, 3, and 3, 5.

18. The equation of this line is

y  2  2x  2
y  2x  2.
Therefore, three additional points are 3, 4, 1, 0, and 0, 2.

y 1 (b)
20. (a) Slope   x
x 3 10 ft

30 ft

By the Pythagorean Theorem,

x2  302  102  1000

x  31.623 feet.

22. (a) m  400 indicates that the revenues increase by 400 in one day.

(b) m  100 indicates that the revenues increase by 100 in one day.

(c) m  0 indicates that the revenues do not change from one day to the next.
288 Chapter P Preparation for Calculus

24. 6x  5y  15 26. y  1
6
y 5x 3 The line is horizontal. Therefore, the slope is m  0 and
6 the y-intercept is 0, 1.
Therefore, the slope is m  5 and the y-intercept is
0, 3.

28. x  1 30. y4 32. y  4   5 x  2

3

x10 y40 5y  20  3x  6

y y
3x  5y  14  0
5
3 y

(−1, 2) 2 (0, 4) 5
3
1 4
2 (−2, 4)
x 1
−3 −2 1
2
−1 x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 1

x
−3 −2 −1 1 2

30 4  4 8 62 4

34. m   3 36. m   2 38. m    1
1  0 1  3 4 3  1 4
y  0  3x  0 y  4  2x  1 y  2  1x  1
y  3x y  4  2x  2 y  2  x  1
3x  y  0 0  2x  y  2 xy30
y y y

5
7
( 1, 3) 3 4 (1, 4)
3 6
2
(− 3, 6)
5

x
(0, 0) −7 −6 −5 − 4 −3 1 2 3 3
x −2 2
(1, 2)
3 2 1 1 −3
1 (− 3, − 4) −4
1
−5 x
− 4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3

34  14 b
40. m  0 42. m  44. m  
78  54 a
y  2
1 8 b
  y xb
y20 38 3 a

1 8 b
 
y
5 xyb
y  x a
1 4 3 4
x
12y  3  32x  40 x y
1 1 2 3 4
 1
1 a b
32x  12y  37  0
(1, 2) (3, 2) y
3 y

4 (0, b)
3

1 ( 78 , 34 )
x (a, 0)
−2 −1 1 x
−1
( 54 , − 14 )
 Section P.2 Linear Models and Rates of Change 289

x y x y
46.  1 48.  1
23 2 a a
3x y 3 4
 1  1
2 2 a a
3x  y  2 1
1
a
3x  y  2  0
a1⇒xy1
xy10

50. x4 52. y  13x  1

x40 3y  x  3  0
y y

3 2

2 1

x
1 −3 −2 −1 3
(0, −1)
x
1 2 3 5 −2
−1
−3

−2 −4

54. y  1  3x  4 56. x  2y  6  0

y  3x  13 y   12 x  3

y y

16 4

12 2

x
−10 −8 −6 −2

x
−16 −12 −8 4 8 −4
−4

−8 −6

58. 5 4

−5 5 −6 6

−5 −4

The lines do not appear perpendicular. The lines appear perpendicular.

The lines are perpendicular because their slopes 2 and  12 are negative reciprocals of each other.
You must use a square setting in order for perpendicular lines to appear perpendicular.
290 Chapter P Preparation for Calculus

60. x  y  7 62. 3x  4y  7
y  x  7 y   34 x  74
m  1 m   34

(a) y  2  1x  3 (a) y  4   4 x  6

3

y  2  x  3 4y  16  3x  18
xy10 3x  4y  2  0
(b) y  2  1x  3 (b) y  4  3 x  6
4

y2x3 3y  12  4x  24
xy50 4x  3y  36  0

64. (a) y  0 66. The slope is 4.50.

(b) x  1 ⇒ x  1  0 Hence, V  4.5t  1  156

 4.5t  151.5

68. The slope is 5600. Hence, V  5600t  1  245,000

 5600t  250,600

70. 6

(0, 3)
(3, 0)
−9 9

−6

You can use the graphing utility to determine that the points of intersection are 0, 3 and 3, 0. Analytically,
x2  4x  3  x2  2x  3
2x2  6x  0
2xx  3  0
x  0 ⇒ y  3 ⇒ 0, 3

x  3 ⇒ y  0 ⇒ 3, 0.
The slope of the line joining 0, 3 and 3, 0 is m  0  33  0  1. Hence, an equation of the line is
y  3  1x  0
y  x  3.

6  4 10
72. m1  
70 7
11  4 7
m2  
5  0 5
m1  m2

The points are not collinear.

 Section P.2 Linear Models and Rates of Change 291

74. Equations of medians: y

c
y x
b
( b −2 a , 2c ) (b, c)
c
y x  a
3a  b ( a +2 b , 2c )
x
c (− a, 0) (0, 0) (a, 0)
y x  a
3a  b

Solving simultaneously, the point of intersection is

b3, 3c .
 b2
b3, 3c  to b, a 
2
76. The slope of the line segment from is:
c

a2  b2c  c3 3a2  3b2  c23c 3a2  3b2  c2

m1   
b  b3 2b3 2bc

b3, 3c  to 0, a  b2  c2

2
The slope of the line segment from is:
2c

a2  b2  c22c  c3 3a2  3b2  3c2  2c26c 3a2  3b2  c2

m2   
0  b3 b3 2bc
m1  m2

Therefore, the points are collinear.

78. C  0.34x  150. If x  137, C  0.34137  150  $196.58

80. (a) Depreciation per year: 1000

875
5  $175
y  875  175x
where 0 ≤ x ≤ 5. 0
0
6

(b) y  875  1752  $525

(c) 200  875  175x
175x  675
x  3.86 years

82. (a) y  18.91  3.97x x  quiz score, y  test score (c) If x  17, y  18.91  3.9717  86.4.
(b) 100 (d) The slope shows the average increase in exam score
for each unit increase in quiz score.

(e) The points would shift vertically upward 4 units. The

new regression line would have a y-intercept 4 greater
0
0
20
than before: y  22.91  3.97x.

84. 4x  3y  10  0 ⇒ d 
42  33  10
 7 86. x  1  0 ⇒ d 
16  02  1
 7
42  32 5 12  02

88. A point on the line 3x  4y  1 is 1, 1. The distance from the point 1, 1 to 3x  4y  10  0 is

d
3  4  10
 9.
5 5
292 Chapter P Preparation for Calculus

90. y  mx  4 ⇒ mx  1y  4  0 8

d Ax1  By1  C  m3  11  4

A2  B2 m2  12
−9 9
(−1, 0)

 
3m  3  −4
m2  1

The distance is 0 when m  1. In this case, the line y  x  4 contains the point 3, 1.

y
92. For simplicity, let the vertices of the quadrilateral be
0, 0, a, 0, b, c, and d, e, as shown in the figure. The (d, e)
( b +2 d , c+e
)
2
midpoints of the sides are (b, c)

ab c bd ce ( d2 , 2e )

 a
2
,0 ,
2
, ,
2 
2
,
2
d e
, and , .
2 2    (a +2 b , 2c )
x
The slope of the opposite sides are equal: (0, 0)
( a2 , 0) (a, 0)

c ce e
0 
2 2 2 c
 
ab a bd d b
 
2 2 2 2
e c ce
0 
2 2 2 e
 
a d ab bd ad
 
2 2 2 2

Therefore, the figure is a paralleogram.

94. If m1  1m2, then m1m2  1. Let L3 be a line with 96. False; if m1 is positive, then m2  1m1 is negative.
slope m3 that is perpendicular to L1. Then m1m3  1.
Hence, m2  m3 ⇒ L2 and L3 are parallel. Therefore, L2
and L1 are also perpendicular.

Section P.3 Functions and Their Graphs

2. (a) f 2  2  3  1  1 4. (a) g4  424  4  0

(b) f 6  6  3  9  3 (b) g32   32  2  4  94 52    458
2 3

(c) f c  c  3 (c) gc  c2c  4  c3  4c2

(d) f x  x  x  x  3 (d) gt  4  t  42t  4  4
 t  42t  t3  8t2  16t

54  sin54   2 2

6. (a) f   sin  0 (b) f

23  sin23 
3
(c) f
2

f x  f 1 3x  1  3  1 3x  1

8.    3, x  1
x1 x1 x1

f x  f 1 x3  x  0 xx  1x  1

10.    xx  1, x  1
x1 x1 x1
 Section P.3 Functions and Their Graphs 293

12. gx  x2  5 14. ht  cot t

Domain:  ,  Domain: all t  k, k an integer
Range: 5,  Range:  , 

2
16. gx 
x1
Domain:  , 1, 1, 
Range:  , 0, 0, 

2xx  2,2, xx >≤ 11
x x54,, xx >≤ 55
2 
18. f x  2
20. f x  2

(a) f 2  22  2  6 (a) f 3  3  4  1  1

(b) f 0  02  2  2 (b) f 0  0  4  2
(c) f 1  12  2  3 (c) f 5  5  4  3
(d) f s2  2  2 s2  2 
2
2s4  8s2  10 (d) f 10  10  52  25
(Note: s2  2 > 1 for all s) Domain: 4, 
Domain:  ,  Range: 0, 
Range: 2, 

24. f x  2 x3  2
4 1 y
22. gx  y
x
Domain:  , 
8
6

Domain:  , 0, 0,  4

6

2 Range:  ,  4
Range:  , 0, 0,  x
2 4 6 x
−6 −4 2 4 6

26. f x  x  4  x2 y
28. h   5 cos y

4
2 5
Domain: 2, 2 3
Domain:  , 
4
(0, 2) 3

Range: (− 2, 0( 2
Range: 5, 5 1
x θ
2, 22  2, 2.83 −4 −3 −2
−1
1 2 3 4 −2 π 2π

−2
y-intercept: 0, 2 −3
−4 −5
x-intercept:   2, 0

30. x2  4  y  0 ⇒ y  x2  4 32. x2  y2  4

y is a function of x. Vertical lines intersect the graph y  ± 4  x2

at most once.
y is not a function of x. Some vertical lines intersect
the graph twice.

x2
34. x2  y  4 ⇒ y  4  x2 36. x2y  x2  4y  0 ⇒ y 
4
x2
y is a function of x since there is one value of y for y is a function of x since there is one value of y for
each x. each x.
294 Chapter P Preparation for Calculus

38. p1x  x3  x  1 has one zero. p2x  x3  x has 2

P1
three zeros. Every cubic polynomial has at least one zero.
Given px  Ax3  Bx2  Cx  D, we have p →   as −3 3
x →   and p →  as x →  if A > 0. Furthermore, P2
p →  as x →   and p →   as x →  if A < 0.
−2
Since the graph has no breaks, the graph must cross the
x-axis at least one time.

40. The function is f x  cx. Since 1, 1

4 satisfies the 
42. The function is hx  c x . Since 1, 3 satisfies the
equation, c  14. Thus, f x  14x. equation, c  3. Thus, hx  3 x . 
20 1
44. The student travels  mimin during the first 46. (a) A
40 2
500
4 minutes. The student is stationary for the following
62 400
2 minutes. Finally, the student travels  1 mimin
10  6 300

during the final 4 minutes. 200

100

t
10 20 30 40 50

(b) A15  345 acresfarm

48. (a) gx  f x  4 y

(b) gx  f x  2 y

4 4
g6  f 2  1 3 Shift f left 2 units 3
2 2
g0  f 4  3 (6, 1) (0, 1)
1
x x
−1 1 2 3 5 6 7 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −1 1
Shift f right 4 units
−2 −2

(0, −3) (− 6, −3) −3

−4 −4

(c) gx  f x  4 y

(d) gx  f x  1 y

6 2
(2, 5)
Vertical shift upwards 5 Vertical shift down 1 unit 1 (2, 0)
4 units 4
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 2 3
x

(− 4, 1) 1 −3
x −4
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 (− 4, − 4)
−5
−2 −6

(e) gx  2f x y

(f) gx  2 f x
1 y
(2, 2)
2
g2  2 f 2  2
2
1 g2  12 f 2  12 1
(2, 12 )
x x
g4  2f 4  6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
g4  12 f 4   32 −5 −4 −3
−1
1 2 3

−2
−3
(− 4, − 32 ) −3
−4 −4
−5
(− 4, − 6 ) −5
−6 −6

50. (a) hx  sinx  2  1 is a horizontal shift 2 units to the left, followed by a vertical shift 1 unit upwards.

(b) hx  sinx  1 is a horizontal shift 1 unit to the right followed by a reflection about the x-axis.
 Section P.3 Functions and Their Graphs 295

52. (a) f g1  f 0  0 54. f x  x2  1, gx  cos x

(b) g f 1  g1  0  f  gx  f gx  f cos x  cos2 x  1
(c) g f 0  g0  1 Domain:  , 

(d) f g4  f 15  15 g  f x  gx 2  1  cosx 2  1

(e) f gx  f x2  1  x2  1 Domain:  , 

(f) g f x  g x    x   1  x  1 x ≥ 0 No, f  g  g  f.

2

1
56.  f  gx  f  x  2  
x  2

Domain: 2, 

g  f x  g 1x   1x  2  1 x 2x

You can find the domain of g  f by determining the intervals where 1  2x and x are both positive, or both negative.
+ + + − − + + + +
x
−2 −1 − 1 0 1 2
2

Domain:   ,  12, 0, 

58. (a) 25 60. f x   3 x  f x

3 x   

Odd

0 100
0

(b) H1.6x  0.0021.6x2  0.0051.6x  0.029

 0.00512x 2  0.008x  0.029

62. f x  sin2x  sinx sinx  sin xsin x  sin2x

Even

64. (a) If f is even, then 4, 9 is on the graph. (b) If f is odd, then 4, 9 is on the graph.

66. f x  a2nx2n  a2n2x2n2  . . .  a2x2  a0

 a2nx2n  a2n2x2n2  . . .  a2x2  a0
 f x

Even

68. Let F x  f xgx where f is even and g is odd. Then

F x  f xgx  f x gx  f xgx  F x.

Thus, F x is odd.
296 Chapter P Preparation for Calculus

70. (a) Let F x  f x ± gx where f and g are even. Then, F x  f x ± gx  f x ± gx  F x.
Thus, F x is even.
(b) Let F x  f x ± gx where f and g are odd. Then, F x  f x ± gx  f x  gx  F x.
Thus, F x is odd.
(c) Let F x  f x ± gx where f is odd and g is even. Then, F x  f x ± gx  f x ± gx.
Thus, F x is neither odd nor even.

y2 02
72. By equating slopes,  74. True
03 x3
6
y2
x3
6 2x
y 2
x3 x  3,

L  x2  y2  x  x 2x 3 .
2
2

76. False; let f x  x2. Then f 3x  3x2  9x2 and 3f x  3x2. Thus, 3f x  f 3x.

Section P.4 Fitting Models to Data

2. Trigonometric function 4. No relationship

6. (a) 20 8. (a) s  9.7t  0.4

(b) 5

0 20
0
−1 45
No, the relationship does not appear to be linear. −1

(b) Quiz scores are dependent on several variables such as The model fits well.
study time, class attendance, etc. These variables may
change from one quiz to the next. (c) If t  2.5, s  24.65 meterssecond.

10. (a) Linear model: H  0.3323t  612.9333 12. (a) S  180.89x 2  205.79x  272
(b) 600 (b) 25000

0 1300 0 14
0 0

The fit is very good. (c) When x  2, S  583.98 pounds.

(c) When t  500,

H  0.3323500  612.9333  446.78.

 Review Exercises for Chapter P 297

14. (a) t  0.00271s2  0.0529s  2.671 16. (a) T  2.9856  104 p3  0.0641 p2  5.2826p  143.1
(b) 21 (b) 350

20 100 0 110
0 150

(c) The curve levels off for s < 20. (c) For T  300F, p  68.29 pounds per square inch.
(d) t  0.002s2  0.0346s  0.183 (d) The model is based on data up to 100 pounds per
21
square inch.

0 100
0

The model is better for low speeds.

18. (a) Ht  84.4  4.28 sin 6t  3.86 (c) 100

One model is

Ct  58  27 sin 6t  4.1. 0

0
13

(b) 100
(d) The average in Honolulu is 84.4.

The average in Chicago is 58.

(e) The period is 12 months (1 year).

0 13
0
(f) Chicago has greater variability 27 > 4.28.

20. Answers will vary.

Review Exercises for Chapter P

2. y  x  1x  3
x  0 ⇒ y  0  10  3  3 ⇒ 0, 3 y-intercept

y  0 ⇒ 0  x  1x  3 ⇒ x  1, 3 ⇒ 1, 0, 3, 0 x-intercepts

4. xy  4 6. Symmetric with respect to y-axis since

x  0 and y  0 are both impossible. No intercepts. y  x4  x2  3

y  x4  x2  3.
298 Chapter P Preparation for Calculus

8. 4x  2y  6 10. 0.02x  0.15y  0.25 12. y  x6  x

y  2x  3 2x  15y  25 y

2
y   15 x  53
10
Slope: 2
8
2
y-intercept: 3 Slope:  15 6
5
y y-intercept: 3
4

1 2
y
x x
−2 2 4 8
−2 −1 2 3
3
−1

−2
1
−3
x
−4 4 8 12
−1

−2

14. y  x  4  4   16. y  8 
3 x  6 18. yx1
y x  1  x2  7
Xmin = -40
Xmax = 40 0  x2  x  6
x
−1 2 3 4 5 6 Xscl = 10
−1
No real solution
−2 Ymin = -40
No points of intersection
−3 Ymax = 40
The graphs of y  x  1 and
−4 Yscl = 10
−5 y  x2  7 do not intersect.
−6

20. y  kx3

(a) 4  k13 ⇒ k  4 and y  4x3 (b) 1  k23 ⇒ k   18 and y   18 x3

(c) 0  k03 ⇒ any k will do! (d) 1  k13 ⇒ k  1 ⇒ y  x3

3  1 36
22. y
24. 
3  t 3  8
14
12 (7, 12) 4 3
10 
8
3  t 11
6
4 44  9  3t
2
x 53  3t
−2
1 2 3 4 5 6 (7, −1)
53
t
3
The line is vertical and has no slope.
 Review Exercises for Chapter P 299

26. y  6  0x  2 28. m is undefined. Line is vertical.

y  6 Horizontal line x5

y y

8 6
(−2, 6) 4
(5, 4)
4 2

2 x
−4 −2 2 4 6 8
x −2
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−2 −4

−4 −6

2
30. (a) y  3   x  1 32. (a) C  9.25t  13.50t  36,500
3
 22.75t  36,500
3y  9  2x  2
(b) R  30t
2x  3y  11  0
(b) Slope of perpendicular line is 1. (c) 30t  22.75t  36,500
7.25t  36,000
y  3  1x  1
t  5034.48 hours to break even.
yx2
0xy2
43
(c) m 1
21
y  3  1x  1
yx2
0xy2
(d) y3
y30

34. x2  y  0 36. x  9  y2
Function of x since there is one value for y for each x. Not a function of x since there are two values of y for
some x.
y

y
6

5 4

4
2
3 1
2 x
−12 −9 −6 −3 3 6 12
−1
1
−2
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−4

38. (a) f 4  42  2  18 (because 4 < 0) 40. f x  1  x2 and gx  2x  1

 
(b) f 0  0  2  2 (a) f x  gx  1  x2  2x  1  x2  2x
(c) f 1  1  2  1 (b) f xgx  1  x22x  1  2x3  x2  2x  1
(c) g f x  g1  x2  21  x2  1  3  2x2