Muhammad Toufiqul Alam Tonoy

ID : 20-91557-1
Section : EMBA (A)
Subject : ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR DECISION MAKING
Semester : 1st

1. Constructing a frequency distribution table taking 45 observations, show its business

application.

Answer of the question no: 6

Salary Of 45 People is Given Below.

27000 28000 29000 30000 32000 33000 34000

33000 34000 20,000 25000 26000 27000 28000
27000 28000 29000 30000 32000 33000 34000
33000 34000 20,000 25000 26000 27000 28000
33000 34000 20,000 25000 26000 27000 28000
33000 34000 20,000 25000 26000 27000 28000
33000 34000 20,000 25000 26000 27000 28000

Higher Value Class Interval

Number Of Class Interval
34000 C = (Higher Value – Lower Value) / K
K = 1+3.3logN
K=1+3.3*LOG(45) Lower Value

5.293398986 20000 1750

6 1750
 Cumulative
Serial Salary Frequency Class Frequency Percentage
Frequency
1 (20000-22000) 6 6 0.133333333 13%
2 (22001-24000) 0 6 0 0%
3 (24001-26000) 6 12 0.133333333 13%
4 (26001-28000) 14 26 0.311111111 31%
5 (28001-30000) 6 32 0.133333333 13%
6 (30001-32000) 6 38 0.133333333 13%
7 (32001-34000) 7 45 0.155555556 16%
N 45 1 100%

We can find peoples consuming power and use it on our business and at the same time we
can target desire customer for the specific product.

Salary

10% (20000-22000)
20% 0%
(22001-24000)

20% (24001-26000)
10% (26001-28000)
(28001-30000)
(30001-32000)
20% 20%
(32001-34000)
2. Using the above frequency distribution table draw i) Pai chart And ii) Bar chart

Answer of the question no: 2

Answer:

65 65 45 12 31 64 8 13 23
12 23 15 54 21 21 31 65 45
68 68 48 15 34 67 11 16 26
15 26 18 57 24 24 34 68 48
71 71 51 18 37 70 14 19 29

Cumulative
Serial Age Group Frequency Class Frequency Percentage
Frequency
1 (08-16) 9 9 0.2 20%
2 (16-24) 8 17 0.177777778 18%
3 (24-32) 7 24 0.155555556 16%
4 (32-40) 3 27 0.066666667 7%
5 (40-48) 2 29 0.044444444 4%
6 (48-56) 4 33 0.088888889 9%
7 (56-64) 1 34 0.022222222 2%
8 (64-72) 11 45 0.244444444 24%
9 (72-80) 0 45 0 0%
N 45 1 100%

i) Pai Chart

Age Group
(08-16)
(16-24)
0%
20% (24-32)
24%
(32-40)
2% (40-48)
9% 18%
(48-56)
4%
7% (56-64)
16%
(64-72)
(72-80)
ii) Bar Chart

AGE GROUP
Series 1

30%

25% 24%

20%
20% 18%
16%
15%

10% 9%
7%

5% 4%
2%
0%
0%
(08-16) (16-24) (24-32) (32-40) (40-48) (48-56) (56-64) (64-72) (72-80)
3. Present some mathematical and statistical statement on Covid-19 Bangladesh.

Answer of the question no: 3

It is an alarm in covid-19 impact life of Bangladesh and world very badly. It is is affecting small
business first eventually it will impact on big business it is very natural it will impact our whole
economy. Even our business is off now a day. Government trying to subsidize many sectors
but government cannot subsidize all of the sector.

And we can see in this graph the impact rate is going exponentially and its indicating going up
in future as well. We need to think about long term goal of re-growing economy otherwise
every small business will fail.

Once I read an article on Wall Street journal that this coronavirus will bankrupt so many
people that day it takes about three or four years to recover all of our economy.

There are some advantages as well some sector is doing well. But it is very small like ok
medical equipment sector and medical protective equipment sector.

This pandemic is also pushing the research sector on medical. It could be next big thing. Now
there is a race on finding covid-19 medicine and vaccine. Whoever win this race it could be a
billion-dollar sector and at the same time logistic and supply chain will be part of it.

There will be some rise and fall in the same time over the world economy and same time in
Bangladesh.
There is some more date below from different reference-

Over the most recent two decades the world had confronted three respiratory disorder
episodes brought about by Coronavirus. In spite of the fact that the wild creatures are the
essential transporters of the infection, the human populace figured out how to endure
relinquishing in excess of 16,000 lives from 2002 to 2012. Be that as it may, the present
infection episode has just taken more than 0.3 million lives since today. In the initial scarcely
any days, when the cases were being presented under light, there were no treatment for the
contamination and the released spread requests to be investigated to see the example of the
episode. This original copy expects to investigate the development guide of the COVID-19
episode under numerical development capacities and attempts to comprehend which
development design gathers the situation for the cases.

The infection has just executed in excess of 200,000 individuals and tainted more than 2.9
million out of 210 nations over the world. What will happen at last is past anybody's worry.
Truth be told, there are blended signals about the conduct of the infection. The paces of both
contamination and passing in some seriously influenced nations have eased back down
subsequent to arriving at their pinnacles. Desire is that the pattern will proceed. These nations
are presently wanting to revive their economies continuously in the midst of the WHO notice
that any ill-advised choice could prompt a resurgence of the ailment.

Where does Bangladesh stand in such an uncertain situation?

Actually, it is hard to make an assessment under the given circumstances. Compared to the
rates of infection and fatality in European and North American countries, Bangladesh and
other South Asian countries are in a better position.

A few statistics would support this fact. Eight South Asian countries have an aggregate
population of 1.82 billion. The number of Covid-19 patients in these countries is around
42,000. Europe has a population of 750 million and the number of corona-infected people is
more than 1.2 million. Similarly, North America has a population of 370 million and the
number of people infected there is estimated to be nearly 1.0 million.
Between 8 March and 11 May 2020, according to the Institute of Epidemiology, Disease
Control and Research (IEDCR) there were fifteen-thousand-six-hundred-nighty-one (15,691)
COVID-191 confirmed by rt-PCR, including two-hundred- thirty-eight (238) related death
cases (CFR 1.52%). Two-thousand-nine-hundred-nifty-two (2,902) or 18% of all reported cases
recovered. Sixty-eight (68) percent of all confirmed cases were males.

Since 4 April 2020 to date, the overall COVID-19 attack rate (the total number of cases divided
by the total population) in Bangladesh2 has been showing a steady increase. On 11 May,
Bangladesh attack rate (AR) is 92.1 per 1 million.

The highest AR was observed in Dhaka division (527.0/1,000,000). Within Dhaka division,
Dhaka city has the highest AR (874.9/1,000,000), followed by Narayanganj (356.6/1,000,000),
Munshiganj (126.4/1,000,000), Gazipur (84.0/1,000,000) and Narshingdi (65.4/1000,000).

The second highest COVID-19 Attack Rate was reported from Mymensingh division
(34.8/1,000,000). Within Mymensingh division, Jamalpur district city has the highest AR
(40.6/1,000,000), followed by Mymensingh district (38.6/1,000,000), Netrokona district
(26.6/1,000,000) and Sherpur District (24.3/1,000,000).

A rise in Chattogram division is visible since 06 May 2020 at AR of 23.3/1,000,000. Within the
division, Cox’s Bazar district reported highest AR (35.1/1,000,000) followed by Chaootgram
(29.5/1,000,000), Lakshmipur (28.9/1,000,000), Cumilla (28.6/1,000,000) and Chandpur
(19.6/1,000,000).

Barisal division reported overall AR of (14.8/1,000,000) with the highest AR in Barguna district
at (35.1/1,000,000). Although Attack Rate for Rasjsahi division is relatively low at
07.5/1,000,00, the AR for Joypurhat district is as high as 38.9.3/1,000,000.

To date, 100% (64/64) of districts and cities with the total population of 170,306,468 people
have confirmed COVID-19 cases. The latest district reporting its first COVID-19 cases was
Rangamati district in Chattogram division on 06 May 2020.
6. Write about the application of statistics in national development with one example.

Answer of the question no: 6

Dependable measurements portray the truth of individuals' regular daily existences. The job
of insights in national improvement is basic. The significance and accessibility of auspicious
and dependable insights on financial existence of a sovereign country can't be over-pushed.
For example, various objectives have gotten commonly acknowledged as the goal of financial
strategy and advancement. Development towards their fulfillment is esteemed to prompt
macroeconomic security and expanded national government assistance.

Insights is accepted to have been polished from the earliest starting point of humanity. This
unquestionably doesn't come as an amazement to many. As ahead of schedule as the third or
fourth thousand years BC India is accepted to have had a created human advancement with
the Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro developments. These human advancements brags of very
much fabricated houses, sanctuaries made of blocks and exceptionally populated urban
communities. Later in the 2000 BC, the appearance of the Aryans saw headways in farming
and water system. This kind of quick development additionally required examinations to be
led on the developing populace. In the good 'ol days Kautilya's Arthashastra recommended
the assortment of populace insights as a proportion of state approach with the end goal of
tax collection. During the hour of Akbar the Incomparable, the organization report known as
the Ain-I-Akbari included information relating to populace, industry, riches, and numerous
different attributes. It is these very investigations that took into state of the current days
Statistics, an occasional identification of a populace, regularly including the assortment of
related segment data. Evaluation finds a notice in the Scriptural chronicles at the hour of
Moses. The field of Activities Exploration started because of arranging during World War II.
Afterward, these methods discovered ubiquity with regards to business, industry and society.

Timely, complete, accurate and reliable statistics is critical for creating and sustaining an
environment which fosters strong, equitable development. Also, this is an essential ingredient
for formulation of sound economic development policies, by which the decision making and
development plans of the government becomes concentric. From the United Nations view
point, statistics is a pathfinder for solution as well as a veritable tool in assessing the extent
or level of national development of a country in a given period.

The national economic policies and complex interactions among various sectors of the
economy make it imperative for building up macroeconomic planning models. This kind of
model build-up is only possible with availability of timely and reliable statistical information.
Thus, statistics plays a vital role to attain national development goals based on the availability
of timely and reliable statistical indices such as GDP, inflation rate, poverty headcount, income
per capita, labor force, housing, schooling, health outcomes, etc.
Further, timely, accurate and reliable statistics are widely used for the design and
implementation stages of country policy frameworks. It is increasingly important to have high
quality statistics on the population and projections of the population, for policy development
and for planning and providing public services. This information is used for: central and local
finance allocation; housing and land use planning; health care planning; providing education
facilities; benchmarking other projections and as a control for smaller area projections;
looking at the implications of an ageing population and making national and international
comparisons, etc.

For instance, preparation of central and provincial government budgets mainly depends upon
statistics because it helps in estimating the expected expenditures and revenue from different
sources. And good statistics are essential to manage the effective delivery of basic services.
Good statistics also improve the transparency and accountability of policy making, both of
which are essential for good governance, by enabling people to judge the success of
government policies and to hold their government to account for those policies. For example,
if government plans to introduce a universal pension plan, statistical methods will be used to
determine the forecasted cost for planned pension scheme with using population projections
and inflation data. Hence, statistics are the eyes of administration of the state. Also, good
statistics help donors by informing aid allocation decisions and by monitoring the use of aid
and development outcomes. The Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness recognises the need
for better statistics for more effective aid.

Monitoring is a continuous process that requires data which is generated to assist in

establishing whether planned targets are likely to be achieved or not. This is another area
where statistics plays an important role. In monitoring and evaluation of ongoing economic
reform programmes, statistical data is vital, as it will provide the necessary information on
performance indicators which serve to measure the impact of policy and programmes on the
quality of life of target populations. Thus, statistics on these issues serves as monitoring
indicators which are vital for development plans.

Most low-income countries are developing national policy frameworks such as poverty
reduction strategies as part of their policy processes to reduce poverty. These policy
frameworks highlight the need for statistics to provide a strong foundation for the diagnosis
of poverty – where the poor are, why they are poor and what their lives are like – as well as
to monitor the effectiveness of policy implementation. This information provides the
evidence required to develop and monitor effective development policies. It highlights where
resources are most needed, and provides the means to track progress and assess the impact
of different policies. Hence, statistics are needed to help drive the outcomes that the policies
are aiming at.

For instance, as part of a long-term commitment to reduce poverty in Sri Lanka, in 2005, the
World Bank collaborated with the Department of Census and Statistics (DCS) to conduct the
country’s first official poverty mapping exercise to measure poverty incidence at the
Divisional Secretariat level. Using data from the 2001 Census of Population and Housing and
the Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) 2002, this exercise revealed
considerable spatial heterogeneity in poverty and identified areas where poverty remained
more prevalent. The poverty headcount ratio in Colombo, the country’s capital and the least
poor district, was estimated to be 6%, while the corresponding ratio in both Badulla and
Moneragala, the two poorer districts, was 37% each. Many pockets of high poverty existed
even in affluent districts, including Colombo.

The poverty map for 2002 has proved to be a powerful tool in measuring and comparing
poverty at disaggregated administrative levels. One of the most important applications of this
map was to inform policy makers during the reform of the Samurdhi transfer programme in
2005, when the Ministry of Samurdhi used the map to identify the poorest 119 DS divisions
in the country. The widespread acceptance and use of the map, which gave poverty-related
estimates at the Divisional Secretariat (DS) division level, is a testament to DCS’s success in
disseminating the results of the poverty mapping exercise throughout the government
agencies as well as to the general public. The DCS has created a new poverty map using Census
of Population and Housing-2012 and the Household Income and Expenditure Survey-2012/13.
This new poverty map, can inform policy makers whether previous pockets of poverty have
persisted and whether new pockets have emerged, which could be used to strengthen the
poverty alleviation exercise in the country.
7. Show the use of measures of central tendency in business with example.

Answer of the question no: 8

In insights, a focal propensity (or proportion of focal inclination) is a focal or run of the mill
an incentive for a likelihood dispersion. It might likewise be known as a middle or area of the
circulation. Informally, proportions of focal propensity are regularly called midpoints. The
term focal propensity dates from the late 1920s.

The most well-known proportions of focal inclination are the math mean, the middle and the
mode. A center inclination can be determined for either a limited arrangement of qualities or
for a hypothetical dispersion, for example, the ordinary circulation. Once in a while creators
utilize focal inclination to indicate "the propensity of quantitative information to group
around some focal worth.

The focal propensity of a conveyance is regularly stood out from its scattering or
inconstancy; scattering and focal inclination are the frequently described properties of
appropriations. Investigation may decide whether information has a solid or a powerless focal
inclination dependent on its scattering.

Mean

Mean is the most frequently used measure of central tendency and generally considered the
best measure of it. However, there are some situations where either median or mode are
preferred. Median is the preferred measure of central tendency when: There are a few
extreme scores in the distribution of the data.

Median

Mean is the most much of the time utilized proportion of focal propensity and by and large
thought about its best proportion. In any case, there are a few circumstances where either
middle or mode are liked. Middle is the favored proportion of focal propensity when: There
are a couple of extraordinary scores in the circulation of the information:

55 65 89 56 14 35 56 55 87 45 92

We first need to rearrange that data into order of magnitude (smallest first):

14 35 45 55 55 56 56 65 87 89 92
Our middle imprint is the center imprint - for this situation, 56 (featured in strong). It is the
center imprint in light of the fact that there are 5 scores before it and 5 scores after it. This
works fine when you have an odd number of scores, however what happens when you have a
significantly number of scores? Imagine a scenario in which you had just 10 scores. All
things considered, you basically need to take the center two scores and normal the outcome.
Along these lines, in the event that we take a gander at the model beneath:

65 55 89 56 35 14 56 55 87 45

We again rearrange that data into order of magnitude (smallest first):

14 55 45 35 55 56 65 56 87 89

Only now we have to take the 5th and 6th score in our data set and average them to get a
median of 55.5.

Mode

The mode is the most frequent score in our data set. On a histogram it represents the highest
bar in a bar chart or histogram. You can, therefore, sometimes consider the mode as being the
most popular option.

Example

The following are the annual returns on a given asset realized between 2005 and 2015.

13% 12% 11.5% 17% 9.8% 14% 16.1% 11% 13% 14%

With the help of mean, the organization will be able to find the average return of asset
between the years of 2005 – 2015.

Mean = (0.12+0.13+0.115+0.14+0.098+0.17+0.161+0.13+0.11+0.14)10=0.1314 or 13.14%