Olivarez College Tagaytay

E. Aguinaldo Hi-Way, Crossing Silang, Tagaytay City

GRADUATE STUDIES

Name: Ann Rachel Y. Cuadra

Subject: Educational Planning and Management
Topic: Role of Research in Educational Management
Professor: Dr. Jocelyn Contreras
Quantitative Approach
Research Methods

Research methods are specific procedures for collecting and analyzing

data. Developing your research methods is an integral part of your research
design. Education Research is an activity that is directed towards the development
of a science of behavior in educational situations. The ultimate aim of such a
science is to provide knowledge that will permit the educator to achieve his goals
by the most effective methods” J.W. Best

Two Major Approaches of Educational Research

Quantitative Approach: Phenomena should be studied objectively.

Single true reality, or reality within known probabilities. Empiricism is
emphasized through the use of numbers.
Qualitative Approach: Reality is socially constructed. Emphasis is on
language to most closely reflect participants’ perspectives.

Quantitative Approach

Quantitative research is an inquiry approach useful for describing trends

and explaining the relationship among variables found in the literature. To
conduct this inquiry, the investigator specifies narrow questions, locates, or
develops instruments using statistics. From the results of these analyzes, the
researcher interprets the data using prior predictions and research studies. The
 Olivarez College Tagaytay
E. Aguinaldo Hi-Way, Crossing Silang, Tagaytay City
GRADUATE STUDIES

final report, presented in a standard format, displays researcher objectivity, and

lack of bias.
QUANTITATIVE vs QUALITATIVE

Quantitative Designs

Experimental
The investigation of causal effects through direct manipulation of an independent
variable and control of extraneous variables.

Non-experimental
The investigation of the current state of a variable or the relationships, other than
causal, between variables.
 Olivarez College Tagaytay
E. Aguinaldo Hi-Way, Crossing Silang, Tagaytay City
GRADUATE STUDIES

Quantitative Methods

Five basic designs

Descriptive
Purpose – To describe the current status of a variable of interest to the
researcher
Examples:
 How many students drop out of school in Louisiana?
 What are the attitudes of parents, students, and teachers concerning
an extended school year?
 What kinds of activities typically occur in sixth-grade art classes,
and how frequently does each occur?
 To what extent are elementary teachers using math manipulatives?

Descriptive research investigates ‘what exists’ and includes surveys and

fact-finding enquiries of different kinds. The major purpose of DR is a description
 Olivarez College Tagaytay
E. Aguinaldo Hi-Way, Crossing Silang, Tagaytay City
GRADUATE STUDIES

of the state of affairs as it exists at present. The researcher has no control over the
variables: he can only report what has happened/happening. Methods used in DR-
survey method (comparative & correlational methods).

Correlational
Purpose – to ascertain the extent to which two or more variables are
statistically related
 This design does NOT imply causation
 Correlation between 2 variables.
 Correlation may be + or – or 0
 Varies between 0 and 1 & is expressed in terms of direction as well as the
magnitude (e.g. +0.8, -0.5)
Examples:
 What is the relationship between ACT scores and freshman
grades?
 Is a teacher’s sense of efficacy related to his/her effectiveness?
 Do no significant relationships exist between the types of activities
used in math classrooms and student achievement?

Causal-comparative

Purpose – to explore relationships among variables that cannot be actively

manipulated or controlled by the researcher. An important characteristic is that the
independent variable has already been manipulated

Examples:
 What is the effect of part-time employment on the achievement of high
school students?
 Olivarez College Tagaytay
E. Aguinaldo Hi-Way, Crossing Silang, Tagaytay City
GRADUATE STUDIES

 What characteristics differentiate students who drop out of those who do

not?
 What is the effect of attending a magnet school on student attitude?

Experimental
Purpose – to establish cause and effect relationships between variables.
The important characteristics are that the researcher manipulates the independent
variable and controls extraneous variables
Examples:
 What is the effect of teaching with a co-operative group’s strategy or a
traditional lecture approach on students’ achievement?
 What is the effect of teaching with manipulatives vs. a traditional
algorithm approach on students’ test scores?

Single-subject

Purpose – to investigate cause and effect relationships with samples of

one (1) the important characteristic is the use of specific interventions to cause
behavioral changes in low incidence populations (e.g., special education)
Examples:
 What is the effect of a behavior modification program on John’s conduct
in class?
 What is the effect of a behavioral training program on Joan’s ability to
complete her performance tasks?
 Olivarez College Tagaytay
E. Aguinaldo Hi-Way, Crossing Silang, Tagaytay City
GRADUATE STUDIES

Importance of Quantitative Approach in Educational Research

In the evaluation of the educational achievement, the instruments, and the

precise use of methods are of the most important in planning and implementing a
survey. In international projects, the precision of the measurement has increased
from study to study in all areas. The full understanding of this implies that the
skills of using both the sampling and statistical methods are at the international
level. The deep knowledge of these methods is one strength of the institute.