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Pablo, John Paul Christopher P.

Rev. Fr. Roehl Baldonado
Research and Methodology

RESEARCH

Research is defined as a “scientific and systematic search for knowledge particularly on a

designated topic and also known as art of scientific investigation”. (Kothari, 1) Also, “it
is the process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data in order to understand a
phenomenon.” (qtd. in Williams, 65)

There are multiple types of research:

a. Quantitative research – this method asks questions such as ‘how long’, ‘how
many’ or ‘the degree to which’. It also seeks to quantify data and make a
conclusion from a specific sample being studied. It also measures the incidence of
various views and opinions in a chosen sample for example or aggregate results.
(MacDonald et al, 8)

b. Qualitative research – this method is concerned with the quality of information.

This method attempts to gain an understanding of the underlying reasons and
motivations for actions and establish how people interpret their experiences and
the world around them. It also provides insight into the setting of a problem,
generating ideas and/or hypotheses. (MacDonald et al, 8)

c. Mixed methods research – this method involves collecting both quantitative and
qualitative data. It integrates the two forms of data to formulate a comprehensive
analysis. The core assumption of this type of inquiry is that the combination of
qualitative and quantitative approaches provides a more complete understanding
of a research problem than either approach alone. (Creswell, 32)

Kothari, C.R. “Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques.” Second Revised Edition. New Age International
Publishers, India, 2004, p. 1. https://ia800102.us.archive.org/15/ items/ResearchMethodology_201801/ Research
%20Methodology.pdf.

Williams, Carrie, “Research Methods.” Journal of Business & Economic Research, Volume 5, Number 3, March
2007, p. 65. https://clutejournals.com/index.php/JBER/article/download/2532/2578/0

MacDonald, Stuart, et al. “Research Methods Handbook: Introductory guide to research methods for social
research.” Centre for Local Economic Strategies, United Kingdom, p. 8. https://www.cles.org.uk/wp-
content/uploads/2011/01/Research-Methods-Handbook.pdf.

Creswell, John. “Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches.” Sage Publications
Inc., USA, p. 32. http://fe.unj.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Research-Design_Qualitative-Quantitative-and-
Mixed-Methods-Approaches.pdf.
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Below are the different parts of research according to a published work in The International
Journal of Research and Review (de Figueiredo, 23-25):

 Title.
The title describes in a logical, rigorous, brief and grammatically sound way the
essence of the paper. Sometimes it is made up of two parts, the title and a sub-title,
separated by a colon. The name of the author (or authors) is given below the title,
followed by the indication of the institution to which the author belongs.

 Abstract.
The abstract usually does not exceed 200 words, and clarifies very concisely:
1. The work the authors did, which is described in the paper,
2. How the authors did it, if relevant (the method),
3. The key results (numerically, if possible),
4. The relevance and impact of those results.
The abstract is not an introduction to the research, but rather a description of its
whole in a concise way that highlights all the relevant points. It is written discursively,
rather than as a list of topics, and gets into the subject straight off, with no fill-in
expressions and must not include any references.

 Keywords.
To facilitate searching for papers on a topic or set of topics, it is helpful if a
research includes a short list of the keywords, or index terms, that better describe the
matters being discussed.

 Introduction.
The introduction characterizes the context of the proposal presented in the
research and describes:
1. The nature of the problem being addressed,
2. The aim of the research,
3. The methods used to solve the problem, and
4. The structure of the research, describing briefly its successive sections.

de Figueiredo, Antonio Dias, “Writing a Research Paper: From the Parts to the Whole.” The International Journal
of Research and Review, Volume 4, March 2010, pp. 23-25.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228257975_Writing_a_Research_Paper_From_the_Parts_to_the_Whole
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 Body of the paper.

The body of the paper is the description, through various sections and paragraphs,
of all the relevant points of the work explained in the paper.

 Conclusions.
The conclusions states what has been achieved with the research, stressing its
novelty and relevance. It also involves an assessment of the advantages and limitations of
the proposals that has been presented. It may also include description of possible
applications and implications of the results presented and recommendations for future
work.

 Acknowledgement.
A good research often results from the commitment of many people beyond the
authors (members of the research team and friends who contributed one way or the
other), and this commitment should be properly acknowledged.

 References.
The references correspond to the list of papers, book chapters, books, and other
bibliographic elements that have been referenced throughout the research paper.

de Figueiredo, Antonio Dias, “Writing a Research Paper: From the Parts to the Whole.” The International Journal
of Research and Review, Volume 4, March 2010, pp. 23-25.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228257975_Writing_a_Research_Paper_From_the_Parts_to_the_Whole