Subject: ETHICS

LESSON 3

PRE-ASSESSMENT

1. Which of the following would the ethical objectivist accept?

a. Morality is determined by the guiding ideals of a society.
b. Morality is determined by personal opinion.
c. There are no moral truths at all.
d. None of the above.

2. Which of the following would a cultural relativist accept?

a. Morality is determined by the guiding ideals of a society.
b. Morality is determined by personal opinion.
c. There are no moral truths at all.
d. None of the above.

3. Which of the following is not a version of moral skepticism?

a. Moral nihilism.
b. Ethical objectivism.
c. Ethical subjectivism.
d. Cultural relativism.

4. Which of the following would a cultural relativist not accept?

a. Different societies have different moral codes.
b. Individuals can be mistaken about what is morally required of them.
c. Some societies have better moral codes than others.
d. There are no objective moral standards.

5. What does cultural relativism imply about iconoclasts who oppose the
conventional moral wisdom of a society?
a. They are always a source of moral progress.
b. They are always morally mistaken.
c. They can be morally correct but are often morally mistaken.
d. They are impossible.

6. According to subjectivism, what is the relationship between a thing being

good and someone approving of it?
a. The only reason people approve of things is because those things
are good.
b. Whether something is good is independent of whether anyone
approves of it.
c. Good people approve of good things, whereas bad people approve
of bad things.
d. Things are good only because people approve of them.

7. If cultural relativism is true, what happens when the moral code of a society
changes?
a. Such changes always indicate moral progress.
b. Such changes only rarely indicate moral progress.
c. Such changes never indicate moral progress.
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LESSON 3

d. It is impossible for a society's moral code to change, according to

cultural relativism.

8. If I say, “The death penalty is immoral,” what does this mean, according to
ethical subjectivism?
a. The death penalty is objectively morally wrong.
b. My society disapproves of the death penalty.
c. I disapprove of the death penalty.
d. This claim is meaningless, according to ethical subjectivism.

9. What is an ideal observer?

a. A fair third party who negotiates disputes.
b. An improved version of oneself who is fully informed and
perfectly rational.
c. Someone who comes to moral verdicts by using thought
experiments.
d. None of the above.

10. What is the most serious problem for ideal observer subjectivism?
a. Ideal observers would approve of things because they were
good and not vice versa.
b. It cannot account for moral disagreement.
c. It makes moral progress impossible.
d. It makes questioning one's own commitments pointless.

LEARNING TASKS

TASK 1: List down different types cultures (movies, music, social media)
present in our society. Describe in 3 sentences the different influences
of this different cultures towards your behavior.

Movies Music Social Media

In terms of movies, most In the music industry, In social media, we can
of the cultural concepts most of the music today easily access or see the
shown talk about focuses on love or cultures from different
people’s social status. affection. Love to tribes or ethnic groups
On how a person in a country, to family, love because of
certain region achieved to another person, and documentations
his or her goals from love to self. published on social
being poor until became This cultural influence networking sites.
rich. This cultural taught me that love can Social media opened
influence taught me that be shown through my mind that every
a person’s social status music. person in the world
Subject: ETHICS
LESSON 3

can be changed as long carries different culture

as that person strives to from where they came
make the best that he or from; without culture, we
she can. cannot determine what
type of person he or she
is.

Task 2: Despite the difference in this culture, specify 3 experiences you

had that showed harmony between these cultures.

Movies and music are tandem nowadays. If a movie is presenting a concept of a certain culture,
we cannot grasp the emotional, physical, economical, and social status of a group if there is no
music. As I have observed, music is always part of movies. Especially when I watch Indian
Movies movies, where having music in their movies adds beauty to the concept they want to relay.
vs.
Music

Music and social media are also a great tandem for today. A social media is
not attractive without music and music is not that attractive if it is not
embedded with social media content. Both play a beautiful role in today’s way
Music
vs.
of living with the culture.
Social
Media

Social media and movies have a great harmony too. Both are important
platforms in showing diverse cultures from different countries of the world.
Social These two platforms are the greatest source of what and how cultural from
Media
vs. different places vary.
Movies
Subject: ETHICS
LESSON 3

ANALYSIS

Identify 3 practices in your culture that you find important to be a moral

person. Explain in 1 sentence how this cultures make you a moral
person.

Saying “PO” or “opo” Another is, avoid lying. Lastly, to be a morally

before their names is an To be a morally embedded person put
important cultural embedded person, you your faith in God.
practice that I believe is have to be honest at all Having faith in God is a
important to be a moral times to maintain the powerful thing because
person. Whenever you goodness and it strengthens your soul,
talk with someone older cleanliness of your mind, and heart.
than you, always put or conscience or guilt.
utter respectful words to
maintain a harmonious
relationship with each
other.

Discuss in 3 sentences how you can influence others the moral values
you have discuss above.

I can influence others by To avoid lying is to I can influence others

saying “PO” or “opo” by promote honesty. I can with the moral value I
saying it during common influence other people have such as putting
communication. For with this moral value I faith in God by
them to realize that have through, telling counseling a friend who
being respectful is a what is the truth. is in times of trouble.
good thing to hear, and Being truthful doesn’t They need more
everyone should mean you are weak, but strength to put their faith
possess it to maintain a it only means you are in God to avoid anxiety
harmonious relationship strong enough to say thoughts. If we put our
with each other. the truth. faith to God, we are
more than a warrior,
because we can
conquer all.
Subject: ETHICS
LESSON 3

ABSTRACTION

How do culture mend you to be a better person to family, society, and to

yourself? Explain in 3 sentences each.

Family Society Self

Culture mend me to be Embracing culture Culture mend me as a
a better person inside amidst changing society holistic and mature
our family through is very challenging. person. Upon
applying the learning of Things are changing, determining the different
what my parents and so culture is. cultures of different
learned from their Culture mend me as a people in the society, I
parents from their grand better person in society can say that the culture I
parents too. The by respecting and have learned, helped
cultures such as accepting other people’s me to become a better
respecting the elderly, culture, through it, I can person that is ethical
being thoughtful and be a better person and respectful to other’s
polite are the cultural because of the respect cultures.
characteristics I have that I have learned.
learned from my family
that honed me to be a
better person.

What are practices in other cultures that you would like to integrate on
your own culture? What hinders you from practising this culture?
Answer in 5 sentences.

The practice in other cultures that I would like to be integrated into my

culture is the hunting of animals culture. Throughout Europe, there exist
different hunting methods, traditions, and cultures. However, as much as I
want to experience hunting culture, what hinders me to do this is the legal
rights or republic acts that are imposed here in the Philippines. Acts and laws
that protect wild animals in our environment. Though I would love to try it,
concerning the law here in our society, I will avoid it.
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LESSON 3

APPLICATION

Task 3. Create a portfolio showing the 5 different cultures of our

municipality and show the best values they have to offer. Use pictures
and provide description for each culture. Paste the pictures on the
space provided.

In our municipality, we celebrate the season of Christmas

which has been part of the culture since then. The values
that this culture has given to us are the spirit of love,
unity, and forgiveness. During the Christmas season,
families are united. In unity there is love, and within love,
there is forgiveness that mends the broken souls.

Another is the Bayanihan system which has been

part of our beautiful culture at all times. Modern
Bayanihan brought us good things in society.
Bayanihan is one-of-a-kind unity. Bayanihan is
done today through tagbo, general community
cleaning, and reach-out activities to far-flung
areas that aimed to help poor people.

Showing respect to elders is another beautiful culture

that brings the best value to our society. Respecting

elders show that you are a thoughtful and polite

person. It also shows love and concern to them.

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LESSON 3

Family feasting is another beautiful culture in our

society. This culture has been practiced before,
until now amidst changing society. This culture
strengthens family ties. This culture taught us that
no matter who or what character a family member
possesses, he or she is always accepted in the
family.

Playing traditional games, or the so-called larong

lahi is wonderful culture every Filipino child must
experience. The values that are being taught here
are to be respectful, maintain sportsmanship,
accept defeat and just enjoy the game.
Subject: ETHICS
LESSON 3

Task 4: Specify 2 old cultural practices that you think that are unethical. Expound in
5 sentences on how you would change this practices and how it will promote
wellness in our society.

UNETHICAL PRACTICES

“Filipino Time”

Many Filipinos have recognized this unfavorable stereotype and are

making attempts to change it, but our society is still quite known for
running on what is known as ‘Filipino time’. When Filipinos agree on a
specific time, it is, more often than not, understood to mean around 15
minutes to half an hour after the agreed-upon time. To change this
unethical practice, we should be mindful and practice time management.
Let’s be time conscious to avoid activity delay.

“Birthday blowouts”

It makes people dread the day of their birth because they are coerced by
peer pressure and social expectations to throw an all-expense paid party
or dine-out meal for friends. Birthdays should instead be celebrated with
friends chipping in to give the celebrant an all-expense-paid treat. To
change this unethical practice, we should be honest about what we are
going to do with birthday celebrations. If the celebrator has no blowout,
then, we should respect that especially if that celebrator has no budget.
Respect the decision and be happy that he or she is still celebrating his or
her existence even without great meals.
Subject: ETHICS
LESSON 3

REFLECTION

I have learned that cultures vary substantially in both moral judgments and
moral behaviors. Cultures vary because of many factors to consider in our
society, such as include religion, social ecology (weather, crop conditions,
population density, pathogen prevalence, residential mobility), and regulatory
social institutions such as kinship structures and economic markets

I have realized that there are unethical practices in our society that should be
changed a long time ago, but people have chosen not to. As a person who is
eager to change those unethical practices, I will try my very best to change
the practices we used to think are right.

I will apply what I have learned and realized in this lesson. I will change
unethical practices to avoid misunderstanding. I will try my best to influence
others to change their unethical practices too.
Subject: ETHICS
LESSON 3

POST ASSESSMENT

1. According to Benedict, the best cases for illustrating the range of cultural diversity
are
a. those where an abnormality of one culture is the foundation of
another.
b. found when two cultures collide, as in war.
c. found by looking at a single culture across time.
d. those where one group within a culture disagrees with another.

2. Benedict describes a society in northwest Melanesia that

a. kills children for fun.
b. eats their pets.
c. treats another's food as deadly poison.
d. plays games with feces.

3. Benedict notes that the Kwakiutl

a. treat death as an affront to be wiped out by the death of another
person.
b. treat death as a welcome relief to be celebrated.
c. treat birth as an affront to be wiped out by the death of another person.
d. treat birth as a tragedy to be mourned.

4. According to Benedict, a people's ethics depends upon

a. universal truths.
b. a selection among the possible behavior traits.
c. expressions of their attitudes.
d. their religion.

5. Benedict defines “normality” as

a. the socially elaborated segment of human behavior in any culture.
b. the activities sanctioned by familial arrangements.
c. the norms implicitly adopted within a societal structure.
d. none of the above.

6. Benedict claims that morality is

a. a branch of psychology.
b. a convenient term for socially approved habits.
c. a useful fiction.
d. a term that should be banished from textbooks.

7. On Benedict's view, _____________ and ____________ are synonymous.

a. morally good; habitual
b. morally right; socially acceptable
c. justice; mores
d. injustice; socially sanctioned

8. According to Benedict, individuals whose characteristics are not congenial to the

selected type of human behavior in a community are considered
a. renegades.
b. deviants.
c. trend-setters.
d. evil.
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LESSON 3

9. Benedict claims that any conclusions about the behavior found in Western
civilization
a. is rendered invalid by psychology itself being a Western practice.
b. must await the collection by trained observers of psychiatric data
from other cultures.
c. is always underdetermined by data.
d. none of the above.

10. Benedict asserts that all our local conventions of moral behavior
a. are without absolute validity.
b. could be shared by the whole human race.
c. both a and b.
d. neither a nor b.