BIOLOGY UNIT BIOLOGY 2 SB025

KOLEJ MATRIKULASI SEMESTER 2

MELAKA SESSION 2019/2020

CHAPTER 11:
IMMUNITY
11.1 IMMUNE RESPONSE
11.2 DEVELOPMENT OF IMMUNITY
CHAPTER 11: BIOLOGY 2 SB025
SEMESTER 2
IMMUNITY
SESSION 2019/2020

11.1 IMMUNE RESPONSE

Learning outcomes

a) Define immunity and state the types of immunity

b) Describe the general structure of antibodies and state the
classes based on its structure.
c) State the roles of lymphoid organs in immunity such as:
thymus, spleen, tonsil, lymph nodes, bone marrow
d) State the various types of antigen and antibody
interactions: neutralization, opsonization and activation of
complement system and pore formation
 IMMUNITY

DEFINITION:
Ability of organism to resist illness / infections
caused by pathogens or foreign substances
OVERVEW OF IMMUNITY

This will be discussed more in 22.2

 ANTIBODY/ IMMUNOGLOBULIN (Ig)

DEFINITION:
A protein secreted by plasma cells that bind to a
particular antigen // produced by immune system
due to the presence of antigen.
 STRUCTURE OF ANTIBODY

 The monomer consists of

4 polypeptide chains:
- 2 identical light chains
(short polypeptides
chain)
- 2 identical heavy chains
(long polypeptides
chain)

 Held together by disulfide

bridges

 In Y-shaped
 STRUCTURE OF ANTIBODY

 Each chain has :

- Constant region (C)
- Variable region (V)

 Amino acid sequences in

variable region varies
extensively from one
antibody to another
 STRUCTURE OF ANTIBODY

 The variable region of

both heavy & light
chains combined
forming antigen-binding
site

 This antigen binding site

binds with specific
antigens
 STRUCTURE OF ANTIBODY

Each antibody is specific for particular antigen

(due to the presence of variable region)
 CLASSES OF ANTIBODY

 IgG

 IgM

 IgA

 IgD

 IgE
 CLASSES OF ANTIBODY

CLASS STRUCTURE PRIMARY IMPORTANCE

IgM • Involved in primary immune
response

• Acts as receptors on
lymphocyte surface

• Bind many antigen at once/

effective in clumping viruses or
bacteria
(Promote agglutination reaction)
 CLASSES OF ANTIBODY

CLASS STRUCTURE PRIMARY IMPORTANCE

IgA • Prevent bacteria & viruses from
attaching to mucus membranes
(act as mucosal antibody)

• Passive immunity on nursing

infants (found in breast milk)

• Act as first line of defense

(found in saliva, mucus, tears)
 CLASSES OF ANTIBODY

CLASS STRUCTURE PRIMARY IMPORTANCE

IgD • Act as receptor for antigen on
B cell surface

• Involves in activation on
lymphocyte B cells

• Involves lymphocyte
proliferation & differentiation
into memory B cells & plasma
cells
 CLASSES OF ANTIBODY

CLASS STRUCTURE PRIMARY IMPORTANCE

IgE • Involve in allergic reaction/
involve in hypersensitive
reaction that produces allergies

• Trigger the release of histamine

from mast cells and basophils
 CLASSES OF ANTIBODY

CLASS STRUCTURE PRIMARY IMPORTANCE

IgG • Act as markers that stimulate
phagocytosis by macrophages/
promotes phagocytosis

• Involves in secondary immune

response

• Protects against bacteria/

viruses/ toxin
LYMPHOID ORGANS
 PRIMARY LYMPHOID ORGANS
Bone marrow
 Site of stem cells divide and differentiate into
lymphocyte.
 Site for B cells maturation.
- Lymphocytes that mature in bone marrow
develop as B cells.
Thymus
 Small organ in thoracic cavity of vertebrates

 Site for T cells maturation

- Lymphocytes from bone marrow migrate
through blood to thymus
- And mature into T cells.
DEVELOPMENT OF LYMPHOCYTE B & T
 SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS
Spleen  The largest mass of
lymphoid tissues.

 To filter blood by
removing the worn out
erythrocytes and
platelets.

 As reservoir of
lymphocytes and
plasma cells.
 SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS
Tonsil  Non-encapsulated
masses in mouth or
pharynx.

 Protect against
bacteria and other
foreign agents
entering from nose &
mouth
 SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS
Lymph nodes
 An organ located along a lymph vessels.

 To filter lymph because contain cells that attack

against viruses and bacteria.
 ANTIGEN
DEFINITION:
Foreign substances that trigger / induces
specific immune response.
 Usually are proteins, polysaccharides &
glycoproteins.
 Located on the surface of pathogens (bacteria @
virus)
 May exist as free molecules
 ANTIGEN

 Involve response from B cells & T cells.

 Foreign antigen (non-self) : bacteria, virus,
fungus, parasites
 Self antigens: MHC (Major Histocompatibility
Complex)
 Detailed explanation will be discussed later
ANTIGEN

Epitope @
 ANTIGEN RECEPTOR SPECIFICITY

Different antibodies can recognize distinct

epitopes on the same antigen
ANTIGEN RECEPTOR SPECIFICITY
 ANTIGEN
= Foreign substances that trigger / induces specific
immune response.
1) Foreign antigen (non-self) :
Bacteria, virus

 Usually are proteins,

polysaccharides &
glycoproteins.
 Located on the
surface of pathogens
(bacteria @ virus) or
2) Self antigens: MHC (Major
may exist as free
Histocompatibility Complex)
molecules
 HOTS QUESTION

The antigen receptor specificity involve a highly

specific binding between antigen and receptor. How
this similar to an enzyme-substrate interaction?
 TYPES OF ANTIGEN & ANTIBODY
INTERACTIONS

3 types:
 Neutralization
 Opsonization
 Activation of complement system and pore
formation.
 1) NEUTRALIZATION
• Antibodies attach to
binding sites of virus.

• To prevent the binding

of virus to host cell /
coats the bacteria and
making them
ineffective.

• Antigen-antibody
complex is engulfed by
macrophage
 2) OPSONIZATION
• Antibody bound to antigen on
pathogen are readily
recognized by macrophage or
neutrophils which will promote
phagocytosis
3) ACTIVATION OF COMPLEMENT
SYSTEM AND PORE FORMATION

1. Antibodies bind 2. The binding of

to antigens antibodies to
forming antigen- antigens activate
antibody the complement
complex proteins.
3) ACTIVATION OF COMPLEMENT
SYSTEM AND PORE FORMATION

4. Formation of pores in
3. Activated
plasma membrane of
complement
bacteria.
proteins generate
a membrane 5. Water & ions enter the cell
attack complex. results in the swell and
lysis of bacteria
 TYPES OF ANTIGEN & ANTIBODY INTERACTIONS
1) NEUTRALIZATION 2) OPSONIZATION
• Antibodies attach • Antibody
to binding sites of bound to
virus/bacteria. antigen on
• Coats them  pathogen.
ineffective & • Macrophage
cannot bind with or neutrophils
host cell.  promote
• Antigen-antibody phagocytosis
complex is
engulfed by
macrophage.
Complex activate Activated complement
proteins generate Water & ions enter
3) ACTIVATION  swell & lysis
OF
COMPLEMENT
SYSTEM AND
PORE Antigen-antibody
complex
FORMATION