Referencing

Topic 1: In text Citation

What is an in-text citation?
When referencing in APA style, you need to include an in-text citation every time you quote or
paraphrase a source in your work. In-text citations go in the body of your writing, and briefly
acknowledge the source of the information you have used. Each in-text corresponds to a full
reference list entry on a separate page at the end of your document.
In-text citations typically include:

 The author's surname (or the corporate author's name)

 The date of publication

 A page number (or paragraph number)

Narrative citations
This form of citation includes the author's name directly in the 'narrative' of your writing, with
the year and page/para. number in separate sets of parentheses. You will typically use this style
when introducing a direct quotation, but it can also be used when paraphrasing. For example:
According to the American Psychological Association (2020), "the guidelines for APA style are
meant to be applied to manuscripts being submitted for publication or to student papers"  (p.
xxii).
Molina (2019) argues that the last century has brought significant changes to spiritual practice (p.
50). 

Parenthetical citations
This form of citation include the author's name, date, and page/para. number all in one set of
parentheses at the end of a sentence containing secondary material. You will likely use this form
of citation with paraphrased information, though it can also be used for direct quotations. For
example:
The Publication Manual is intended as a guide for both published works and student assignments
(American Psychological Association, 2020, p. xxii).
It may, however, be argued that "spirituality has gone through a transition in the modern and
postmodern periods" (Molina, 2019, p. 50).
Sample Paragraph
The following paragraph shows what a passage of text looks like with
both narrative and parenthetical citations (red used for emphasis):
The American Psychological Association (APA, 2020) defines plagiarism as “the act of
presenting the words, ideas, or images of another as your own” (p. 254). To avoid plagiarism,
students should give proper credit to the sources from which they have gathered information,
whether they are quoting the material directly or paraphrasing (APA, 2020). Pulver and Adcock
(2010) remind students that “quotations must begin and end with quotation marks” (p. 18). Some
sources such as websites can be difficult to reference correctly; to help, Kelly (2000) advocates
the use of a referencing guide.