1

VELTECH RANGARAJAN DR. SAGUNTHALA R&D INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND COMMUNICATION

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Faculty Name : MS. DR.S.BASKAR, PROF/EEE

Subject Code & Name : 1151EE115 – LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
Year / Semester : III / VI
Degree & Branch : B.E., ( EEE)

QUESTIONBANK

SubjectCode/Subject: 1151EE115 / LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

Name : DR.S.BASKAR Designation : PROFESSOR

Dept: EEE Semester : VI

UNIT I
IC FABRICATION AND CIRCUIT CONFIGURATION FOR LINEAR IC
Advantages of Ics over discrete components – Manufacturing process of monolithic Ics –Construction of
monolithic bipolar transistor – Monolithic diodes – Integrated Resistors –Monolithic Capacitors – Inductors.
Current mirror and current sources, Current sources as active loads, Voltage sources, Voltage References, BJT
Differential amplifier with active loads, General operational amplifier stages -and internal circuit diagrams of
IC 741, DC and AC performance characteristics, slew rate, Open and closed loop configurations.

PART –A (1 MARK)
1. An ideal operational amplifier has
A) infinite output impedance B) zero input impedance
C) infinite bandwidth D) All of the above
2. Another name for a unity gain amplifier is
A) difference amplifier B) comparator
C) single ended D) voltage follower
3. The open-loop voltage gain (Aol) of an op-amp is the
A) external voltage gain B) internal voltage gain
C) most controlled parameter D) same as Acl
4. What is the output waveform?
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A) sine wave B) square wave

C) sawtooth wave D) triangle wave
5. A series dissipative regulator is an example of a
A) linear regulator B) switching
regulator
C) shunt regulator D) dc-to-dc
converter
6. What is this circuit?

A) a low-pass filter B) a high-pass filter

C) a bandpass filter D) a band-stop filter
7. A non inverting closed-loop op-amp circuit generally has a gain factor:
A) less than one B) greater than one
C) of zero D) equal to one
8. In order for an output to swing above and below a zero reference, the op-amp circuit requires:
A) a resistive feedback network B) zero offset
C) a wide bandwidth D) a negative and positive supply
9. Op-amps used as high- and low-pass filter circuits employ which configuration?
A) noninverting B) comparator
C) open-loop D) inverting
10. Decreasing the gain in the given circuit could be achieved by

A) reducing the amplitude of the input voltage

B) increasing the value of the feedback resistor
C) increasing the value of the input resistor
D) removing the feedback resistor
11. If ground is applied to the (+) terminal of an inverting op-amp, the (–) terminal will:
A) not need an input resistor B) be virtual ground
C) have high reverse current D) not invert the signal
12. An astable multivibrator is also known as a
A) one-shot multivibrator B) free-running multivibrator
C) bistable multivibrator D) monostable multivibrator

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13. With negative feedback, the returning signal

A) aids the input signal B) is proportional to output current
C) opposes the input signal D) is proportional to differential voltage gain
14. What starts a free-running multivibrator?
A) a trigger B) an input signal
C) an external circuit D) nothing
15. A portion of the output that provides circuit stabilization is considered to be
A) negative feedback B) distortion
C) open-loop D) positive feedback
16. How many leads does the TO-5 metal can package of an operational amplifier have?
A) 8, 10, or 12 B) 6, 8, or 10
C) 8 or 14 D) 8 or 16
17. If a noninverting amplifier has an RIN of 1000 ohms and an RFB of 2.5 kilohms, what is the RIN
voltage when 1.42 mV is applied to the correct input?
A) 3.5 mV B) ground
C) 1.42 mV D) 0.56 mV
18. Input impedance [Zin(I)] of an inverting amplifier is approximately equal to
A) Ri B) Rf + Ri
C) ∞ D) Rf - Ri

19. The closed-loop voltage gain of an inverting amplifier equals

A) the ratio of the input resistance to the feedback
resistance B) the open-loop voltage gain
C) the feedback resistance divided by the input
resistance D) the input resistance
20. What is the cutoff frequency of this low-pass filter?

A) 4.8 kHz B) 3.8 kHz

C) 2.8 kHz D) 1.8 kHz
Answers:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

C D B D A D B D D C B B C D A A C A C D

PART-B (2 marks)
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21. Mention the advantages of integrated circuits.

*Miniaturisation and hence increased equipment
density. *Cost reduction due to batch processing.
*Increased system reliability due to the elimination of soldered
joints. *Improved functional performance.
*Matched devices.
*Increased operating
speeds.
*Reduction in power consumption.
22. Write down the various processes used to fabricate IC’s using silicon planar technology.
*Silicon wafer
preparation. * Epitaxial
growth *Oxidation.
*Photolithography.
*Diffusion.
23. What is the purpose of oxidation?
*SiO2 is an extremely hard protective coating and is unaffected by almost all reagents.
*By selective etching of SiO2, diffusion of impurities through carefully defined windows can be accomplished
to fabricate various components.
24. Why aluminium is preferred for metallization?
*It is a good conductor. *it is easy to deposit aluminium films using vacuum deposition.
*It
makes good mechanical bonds with silicon. *It forms a low resistance contact.
25. What are the popular IC packages available?
Metal can package. Dual-in-line package. Ceramic flat package.
26. Define an operational amplifier.
An operational amplifier is a direct-coupled, high gain amplifier consisting of one or more differential
amplifier. By properly selecting the external components, it can be used to perform a variety of mathematical
operations.

27. Mention the characteristics of an ideal op-amp.

* Open loop voltage gain is infinity. *Input impedance is infinity. *Output impedance is zero.
*Bandwidth is infinity. *Zero offset.
28. Define input offset voltage. [APRIL-2011]
A small voltage applied to the input terminals to make the output voltage as zero when the two input
terminals are grounded is called input offset voltage.
29. Define input offset current. (OR) State the reasons for the offset currents at the input of the op-amp.
The difference between the bias currents at the input terminals of the op-amp is called as input offset
current.
30. What are the applications of current sources? [NOV-2011]
Transistor current sources are widely used in analog ICs both as biasing elements and as load devices
for amplifier stages.

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31. Justify the reasons for using current sources in integrated circuits.
*superior insensitivity of circuit performance to power supply variations and temperature.
*more economical than resistors in terms of die area required to provide bias currents of small value.
*When used as load element, the high incremental resistance of current source results in high voltage
gain at low supply voltages.
32. What is the advantage of widlar current source over constant current source?
Using constant current source output current of small magnitude(microamp range) is not attainable due
to the limitations in chip area. Widlar current source is useful for obtaining small output currents.Sensitivity of
widlar current source is less compared to constant current source.

33.Define sensitivity. Mention the advantages of Wilson current source.

Sensitivity is defined as the percentage or fractional change in output current per percentage or
fractional change in power-supply voltage.
*provides high output resistance.
*offers low sensitivity to transistor base currents.

PART-C (16 marks)

33. What is a current mirror? Explain the working of a wilder current source.(Nov -08),(Apr-08)
34. What is slew rate? Discuss the methods of improving slew rate. (Nov -08)[APRIL-2011]
35. What is an Active load? Explain the CE amplifier with active load. (Nov -08)
36. Explain pole zero compensation and frequency compensation in op-amp. (Nov -08,Nov-06)
37. Define band gap reference? Explain in detail about the reference circuit. (Apr-08)
Briefly explain the method of using constant current bias for increasing CMRR in differential
amplifier.(Jun-09

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UNIT II
APPLICATIONS OF OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
Sign Changer, Scale Changer, Phase Shift Circuits, Voltage Follower, V-to-I and I-to-V converters, adder,
subtractor, Instrumentation amplifier, Integrator, Differentiator, Logarithmic amplifier, Antilogarithmic amplifier,
Comparators, Schmitt trigger, Precision rectifier, peak detector, clipper and clamper, Low-pass, high-pass and
band-pass Butterworth filters
PART – A (1 MARK)

38. All of the following are basic op-amp input modes of operation except
A) inverting mode B) common-mode
C) double-ended D) single-ended
39. What is the output voltage?

A) 15 V B) 5 V
C) –5 V D) –15 V
40. A circuit whose output is proportional to the difference between the input signals is considered to be
which type of amplifier?
A) common-mode B) darlington
C) differential D) operational
41. With negative feedback, the returning signal
A) is proportional to the output current
B) is proportional to the differential voltage gain C)
opposes the input signal
D) aids the input signal
42. What is the output waveform?

A) sine wave B) square wave

C) +15 V D) –15 V
43. The voltage follower has a
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A) closed-loop voltage gain of unity B) small open-loop voltage gain

C) closed-loop bandwidth of zero D) large closed-loop output
impedance
44. What is the output waveform of the circuit?

A) sine wave B) square wave

C) sawtooth wave D) triangle wave
45. The ratio between differential gain and common-mode gain is called
A) amplitude B) differential-mode rejection
C) common-mode rejection D) phase
46. The input offset current equals the
A) average of two base currents
B) collector current divided by the current gain C)
difference between two base-emitter voltages D)
difference between two base currents
47. If the gain of a closed-loop inverting amplifier is 3.9, with an input resistor value of 1.6 kilohms, what
value of feedback resistor is necessary?
A) 6240 ohms B) 2.4 kilohms
C) 410 ohms D) 0.62 kilohms
48. In an open-loop op-amp circuit, whenever the inverting input (–) is negative relative to the
noninverting input (+), the output will
A) swing negative B) close the loop
C) be balanced D) swing positive
49. With a differential gain of 50,000 and a common-mode gain of 2, what is the common-mode
rejection ratio?
A) –87.9 Db B) –43.9 dB
C) 43.9 dB D) 87.9 Db
50. If the input to a comparator is a sine wave, the output is a
A) ramp voltage B) sine wave
C) rectangular wave D) sawtooth wave
51. What three subcircuits does a phase locked loop (PLL) consist of?
A) phase comparator, comparator, and VCO B)
phase comparator, bandpass filter, and VCO
C) phase comparator, bandpass filter, and demodulator D)
phase comparator, low-pass filter, and VCO
52. The major difference between ground and virtual ground is that virtual ground is only a
A) voltage reference B) current reference
C) power reference D) difference reference
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53. If an op-amp has one input grounded and the other input has a signal feed to it, then it is operating
as what?
A) Common-mode B) Single-ended
C) Double-ended D) Noninverting mode
54. If the feedback/input resistor ratio of a feedback amplifier is 4.6 with 1.7 V applied to the
noninverting input, what is the output voltage value?
A) 7.82 V B) saturation
C) cutoff D) 9.52 V
55. The Schmitt trigger is a two-state device that is used for
A) pulse shaping B) peak detection
C) input noise rejection D) filtering
56. When a capacitor is used in place of a resistor in an op-amp network, its placement determines
A) open- or closed-loop gain B) integration or differentiation
C) saturation or cutoff D) addition or subtraction

57. What value of input resistance is needed in the given circuit to produce the given output voltage?

A) 50 B) 4 k
C) 4.08 k D) 5 k

Answers:

41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
A C C C A A B C D A D D C D A B D A B B

PART-B (2 marks )

58. Mention some of the linear applications of op – amps :

Adder, subtractor, voltage –to- current converter, current –to- voltage converters, instrumentation amplifier, analog
computation, power amplifier, etc are some of the linear op-amp circuits.
59. Mention some of the non – linear applications of op-amps:-
Rectifier, peak detector, clipper, clamper, sample and hold circuit, log amplifier, anti
–log amplifier, multiplier are some of the non – linear op-amp circuits.
60. What are the areas of application of non-linear op- amp circuits? [NOV-2011]
Industrial instrumentation
Communication
Signal processing
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61. What is the need for an instrumentation amplifier?

In a number of industrial and consumer applications, the measurement of physical quantities is usually done with
the help of transducers.
62. What do you mean by a precision diode?
The major limitation of ordinary diode is that it cannot rectify voltages below the cut – in voltage of
the diode. A circuit designed by placing a diode in the feedback loop of an op – amp is called the precision diode
and it is capable of rectifying input signals of the order of mill volt.
63. Write down the applications of precision diode.
Half - wave rectifier
Full - Wave rectifier
Peak – value detector
Clipper
Clamper
64. List the applications of Log amplifiers: [APRIL-2011]
Analog computation may require functions such as lnx, log x, sin hx etc. These functions can be performed by log
amplifiers Log amplifier can perform direct dB display on digital voltmeter and spectrum analyzer Log amplifier
can be used to compress the dynamic range of a signal
65. What are the limitations of the basic differentiator circuit?
At high frequency, a differentiator may become unstable and break into oscillations.
66. What are the applications of comparator?
Zero crossing detector

Window detector
Time marker generator
Phase detector
67. What is a Schmitt trigger?
Schmitt trigger is a regenerative comparator. It converts sinusoidal input into a square wave output. The output of
Schmitt trigger swings between upper and lower threshold voltages, which are the reference voltages of the input
waveform.

68. What is a multivibrator?

Multivibrators are a group of regenerative circuits that are used extensively in timing applications. It is a
wave shaping circuit which gives symmetric or asymmetric square output. It has two states either stable or quasi-
stable depending on the type of multivibrator.
69. What do you mean by monostable multivibrator?
Monostable multivibrator is one which generates a single pulse of specified duration in response to each external
trigger signal. It has only one stable state. Application of a trigger causes a change to the quasi-stable state.An
external trigger signal generated due to charging and discharging of the capacitor produces the transition to the
original stable state.

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PART-C (16 marks)

70. Explain the operation of a Schmitt trigger circuit (Nov-08)[APRIL-2011]

71. Explain the log and anti log amplifier (Nov-08)
72. Design a second order low pass filter (Nov-08)
73. Explain the working of full precision rectifier (Nov-08)
74. (i)Design a differentiator to differentiate an input signal that varies in frequency from 10Hz to about
1Khz (Apr-08)
(ii)If a sine wave of 1v peak at 1000Hz is applied to the differentiator, draw its output waveform

(iii)Give the basic differentiator frequency response

75. With circuit diagram discuss the following applications of op-amp(Dec-03)
(i) Voltage to current converter
(ii)Precision rectifier
76. Design a Schmitt trigger for UTP =0.5v and LTP=-0.5V (Dec-04)

UNIT III
ANALOG MULTIPLIER AND PLL
Analog Multiplier using Emitter Coupled Transistor Pair - Gilbert Multiplier cell – Variable transconductance
technique, analog multiplier ICs and their applications, Operation of the basic PLL, Closed loop analysis, Voltage
controlled oscillator, Monolithic PLL IC 565, application of PLL for AM detection, FM detection, FSK modulation
and demodulation and Frequency synthesizing.

PART – A (1 MARK)

77. The common-mode voltage gain is

A) smaller than differential voltage gain B) equal to voltage gain
C) greater than differential voltage gain D) None of the above
78. How many logic states does an S-R flip-flop have?
A) 2 B) 3
C) 4 D) 5

79. An output that is proportional to the addition of two or more inputs is from which type of
amplifier?
A) differentiator B) difference
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C) summing D) analog subtractor

80. In a PLL, to obtain lock, the signal frequency must
A) come within the lock range B) be less than the capture frequency
C) come within the capture range D) be greater than the capture frequency
81. An ideal amplifier should have
A) high input current B) zero offset
C) high output impedance D) moderate gain
82. A differential amplifier has a common-mode gain of 0.2 and a common-mode rejection ratio of 3250.
What would the output voltage be if the single-ended input voltage was 7 mV rms?
A) 1.4 mV rms B) 650 mV rms
C) 4.55 V rms D) 0.455 V rms
83. The magnitude of closed-loop voltage gain (Acl) of an inverting amplifier equals
A) the ratio of the input resistance to the feedback resistance B)
the open-loop voltage gain Aol
C) the feedback resistance divided by the input resistance D)
the input resistance
84. What is the difference between common-mode and differential-mode input signals?
A) phase relationship B) voltage
C) current D) apparent power
85. A circuit that uses an amplifier with passive filter elements is called a(n)
A) relaxation oscillator B) signal generator
C) differential amplifier D) active filter
86. Calculate the output voltage for this circuit when V1 = 2.5 V and V2 = 2.25 V

A) –5.25 V B) 2.5 V
C) 2.25 V D) 5.25 V
87. When using an OTA in a Schmitt-trigger configuration, the trigger points are controlled by
A) the Iout B) the IBIAS
C) the Vout D) both Iout and IBIAS
88. The primary function of the oscillator in an isolation amplifier is to
A) convert dc to high-frequency ac B) convert dc to low-frequency ac
C) rectify high-frequency ac to dc D) produce dual-polarity dc voltages for the input to the
demodulator
89. An instrumentation amplifier has a high
A) output impedance B) power gain

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C) CMRR D) supply voltage

90. Circuits that shift the dc level of a signal are called

A) limiters B) clampers
C) peak detectors D) dc converters
91. In the classic three-op-amp instrumentation amplifier, the differential voltage gain is usually
produced by the
A) first stage B) second stage
C) mismatched resistors D) output op-amp
92. What is the level of the output voltage of a ladder-network conversion?
A) The analog output voltage proportional to the digital input voltage
B) The digital output voltage proportional to the linear input voltage
C) A fixed digital value Vref
D) A fixed analog value Vref
93. Which of the following is not a linear/digital IC?
A) Phase-locked loop B) Voltage-controlled oscillator
C) Passive filter D) Comparator
94. A 339 IC is an example of a fourteen-pin DIP that can be made to function as a ________.
A) comparator B) 555 timer
C) D to A converter D) ladder network
95. What is the minimum number of conversions per second of a clock rate of 1 MHz operating a 10-
stage counter in an ADC?
A) 1000 B) 976
C) 769 D) 697

96. Which of the following is (are) the results of improvements built into a comparator IC?
A) Faster switching between the two output levels B) Noise immunity
C) Outputs capable of directly driving a variety of loads D)All of the above

Answers:

80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99
A C C C B C C A D D D A C B A A C A B D

PART-B (2 marks )

97. Mention some areas where PLL is widely used.

*Radar synchronisation *satellite communication systems *air borne navigational systems
*FM communication systems *Computers.
98. List the basic building blocks of PLL
*Phase detector/comparator *Low pass filter *Error amplifier *Voltage controlled
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oscillator
99. What are the three stages through which PLL operates?[APRIL-2011]
*Free running *Capture *Locked/ tracking
100. Define lock-in range of a PLL
The range of frequencies over which the PLL can maintain lock with the incoming signal is called the lock-in
range or tracking range.It is expressed as a percentage of the VCO free running frequency.
101. Give the classification of phase detector
*Analog phase detector *Digital phase detector

102. What is a switch type phase detector?

An electronic switch is opened and closed by signal coming from VCO and the input signal is chopped at a
repetition rate determined by the VCO frequency.This type of phase detector is called a half wave detector since the
phase information for only one half of the input signal is detected and averaged.
103. What are the problems associated with switch type phase detector?
*The output voltage Ve is proportional to the input signal amplitude.This is undesirable because it makes phase
detector gain and loop gain dependent on the input signal amplitude.
104. What is a multivibrator?
Multivibrators are a group of regenerative circuits that are used extensively in timing applications. It is a wave
shaping circuit which gives symmetric or asymmetric square output. It has two states stable or quasi- stable depending
on the type of multivibrator.
105. What do you mean by monostable multivibrator?[APRIL-2001]
Monostable multivibrator is one which generates a single pulse of specified duration in response to each external
trigger signal. It has only one stable state. Application of a trigger causes a change to the quasi-stable state.An
external trigger signal generated due to charging and discharging of the capacitor produces the transition to the
original stable state.
106. Give the classification of tuned amplifier
(i) Small signal tuned amplifier
*Single tuned *Double tuned *Stagger tuned (ii) Large signal tuned amplifier.

PART-C (16 marks)

107. Draw a neat sketch showing a second order OTA(operational Tran conductance amplifier) based
filter and derive an expression for it’s Transfer function(Dec-03)[APRIL-2011]
108. Explain how the operations of division can be carried out using a multiplier IC(Dec-04)
109. Explain the working of a Four quadrant multiplier(May-05)
110. With circuit diagram describe the working of Gilbert multiplier cell. Explain how a Frequency doubler
can be realized using this cell.(Jun-06)
111. Explain the working of a general purpose voltage controlled oscillator(May-03)
112. Discuss the Working principles of Frequency synthesizer(May-03)
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113. Explain the working of PLL. Explain in detail FSK demodulation using TLL(May-04)

.
UNIT IV
ANALOG TO DIGITAL AND DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTERS
Analog and Digital Data Conversions, D/A converter – specifications - weighted resistor type, R-2R Ladder type,
Voltage Mode and Current-Mode R 2R Ladder types -switches for D/A converters, high speed sample-and-hold
circuits, A/D Converters –specifications - Flash type - Successive Approximation type - Single Slope type – Dual
Slope type - A/D Converter using Voltage-to-Time Conversion - Over-sampling A/D Converters.

PART – A (1 MARK)

114. What is the first phase of the dual-slope method of conversion?

A) Connecting the analog voltage to the integrator for a fixed time
B) Setting the counter to zero
C) Connecting the integrator to a reference voltage
D) All of the above

115. What is the maximum conversion time of a clock rate of 1 MHz operating a 10-stage counter in an
ADC?
A) 1.024 s B) 102.3 ms
C) 10.24 ms D) 1.024 ms
116. On which of the following does the conversion depend in ladder-network conversion?
A) Comparator B) Control logic
C) Digital counter D) Clock
117. The voltage-controlled oscillator is a subset of the "test bench" function generator
A) True B) False
118. Which application best describes this 555 timer circuit?

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A) Monostable multivibrator B) Astable multivibrator

C) Bistable multivibrator D) Free-running multivibrator
119. Which of the following applications include a phase-locked loop (PLL) circuit?
A) Modems B) Am decoders
C) Tracking filters D) All of the above
120. Determine the free-running frequency when R3 is set to 2.5 k .

A) 19.7 kHz B) 32.5 kHz

C) 116.39 kHz D) 212.9 kHz
121. What is the function of a ladder network?
A) Changing an analog signal to a digital B) Changing a linear signal to a digital
C) Changing a digital signal to an analog D) None of the above
122. Which of the slope intervals of the integrator does the counter in the analog-to-digital converter
(ADC) operate?
A) Positive B) Negative
C) Both positive and negative D) Neither positive nor negative
123. A 311 IC is an example of an eight-pin DIP that can be made to function as a ________.
A) comparator B) 555 timer
C) D to A converter D) ladder network
124. What is (are) the level(s) of the input voltage to a ladder-network conversion?
A) 0 B) Vref
C) 0 V or Vref D) None of the above

125. At which of the following period(s) is the counter advanced (incremented) in dual-slope
conversion?

A) During the charging of the capacitor B) During the discharging of the capacitor
C) During both the charging and discharging D) None of the above
126. How many Vcc connections does the 565 PLL use?
A) 0 B) 1
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C) 2 D) 3
127. What is (are) the input(s) to the comparator in the ladder-network conversion of an ADC?
A) Staircase voltage B) Analog input voltage
C) Both staircase and analog input voltage D) None of the above
128. This circuit is an example of a ________.

A) comparator B) 555 timer

C) D to A converter D) ladder network
129. Which of the following best describes limitations for the 566 VCO?
A) 2KΩ ≤ R1 ≤ 20KΩ B) 0.75V+ ≤ VC ≤ V+
C) fo < 1 MHz D) All of the above
130. How many comparators does a 339 IC contain?
A) 4 B) 3
C) 2 D) 1
131. When is the counter set to zero in the dual-slope method of conversion?
A) Prior to the charging of the capacitor B) While the capacitor is being charged
C) At the end of the charging of the capacitorD) During the discharging of the capacitor
132. The 555 timer IC is made up of a combination of linear comparators and digital flip-flops
A) True B) False
133. Which of the following devices is (are) a component of a digital-to-analog converter (DAC)?
A) Integrator B) Comparator
C) Digital counter D) All of the above

Answers:

117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136
A D A A A D C C C A C B C C D D A C A D

PART-B (2 marks )
134. List the broad classification of ADCs.
1. Direct type ADC. 2. Integrating type ADC.
135. List out the direct type ADCs.
1. Flash (comparator) type converter 2. Counter type converter 3. Tracking or servo converter 4.
Successive approximation type converter

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136. List out some integrating type converters.

1. Charge balancing ADC 2. Dual slope ADC
137. What is integrating type converter?
An ADC converter that perform conversion in an indirect manner by first changing the analog I/P signal to a linear
function of time or frequency and then to a digital code is known as integrating type A/D converter.
138. Explain in brief the principle of operation of successive Approximation ADC.
The circuit of successive approximation ADC consists of a successive approximation register (SAR), to find the
required value of each bit by trial & error.With the arrival of START command, SAR sets the MSB bit to 1. The O/P
is converted into an analog signal & it is compared with I/P signal. This O/P is low or High. This process continues
until all bits are checked.
139. What are the main advantages of integrating type ADCs?
i. The integrating type of ADC’s do not need a sample/Hold circuit at the input.
ii. It is possible to transmit frequency even in noisy environment or in an isolated form.
140. Where are the successive approximation type ADC’s used?
The Successive approximation ADCs are used in applications such as data loggers & instrumentation where
conversion speed is important.
141. What is the main drawback of a dual-slop ADC?
The dual slope ADC has long conversion time. This is the main drawback of dual slope ADC.
142. State the advantages of dual slope ADC: [APRIL-2011]
It provides excellent noise rejection of ac signals whose periods are integral multiples of the integration time T.
143. Define conversion time.
It is defined as the total time required to convert an analog signal into its digital output. It depends on the conversion
technique used & the propagation delay of circuit components.
144. Define accuracy of converter.
Absolute accuracy:
It is the maximum deviation between the actual converter output & the ideal converter output.
Relative accuracy:
It is the maximum deviation after gain & offset errors have been removed. The accuracy of a converter is also
specified in form of LSB increments or % of full scale voltage.
145. What is settling time? [APRIL-2011]
It represents the time it takes for the output to settle within a specified
band ±½LSB of its final value following a code change at the input (usually a full scale change). It depends upon the
switching time of the logic circuitry due to internal parasitic capacitance & inductances. Settling time ranges from
100ns. 10µs depending on word length & type circuit used.
146. Explain in brief stability of a converter:
The performance of converter changes with temperature age & power supply variation . So all the relevant parameters
such as offset, gain, linearity error & monotonicity must be specified over the full temperature & power supply ranges
to have better stability performances.
147. What is meant by linearity?
The linearity of an ADC/DAC is an important measure of its accuracy & tells us how close the converter output is to
its ideal transfer characteristics. The linearity error is usually expressed as a fraction of LSB increment or percentage
of full-scale voltage. A good converter exhibits a linearity error of less than ±½LSB.
DR.S.BASKAR / PROF / EEE --LIC
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148. What is monotonic DAC?

A monotonic DAC is one whose analog output increases for an increase in digital input.

PART-C (16 marks )

149. Explain the working of a Weighted resistor D/A converter(May-03)

150. Explain successive approximation A/D converter(May-03)
151. Explain the working of a dual slope A/D converter(May-04)[APRIL-2011]
152. Explain the working of a Voltage to Time converter(May-04)
153. Explain the working of a counter type A/D converter and state it’s important feature(Dec-04)
154. Explain the working of a Voltage to Frequency converter(May-05)
155. Explain the working of a high speed sample and hold circuit(May-05)

UNIT V
WAVEFORM GENERATORS AND SPECIAL FUNCTION IC
Sine-wave generators, Multivibrators and Triangular wave generator, Saw-tooth wave generator, ICL8038 function
generator, Timer IC 555, IC Voltage regulators – Three terminal fixed and adjustable voltage regulators - IC 723
general purpose regulator -Monolithic switching regulator, Switched capacitor filter IC MF10, Frequency to Voltage
and Voltage to Frequency converters, Audio Power amplifier, Video Amplifier, Isolation Amplifier, Opto-couplers
and fibre optic IC.

PART – A (1 MARK)

156. Which of the following circuits is (are) linear/digital ICs?

A) Comparators B) Timers
C) Voltage-controlled oscillators D) All of the above
157. Which of the following best describes the output of a 566 voltage-controlled oscillator?
A) Square-wave B) Triangular-wave
C) Both square- and triangular-wave D) None of the above
158. What is the voltage resolution of an 8-stage ladder network?
A) Vref /128 B) Vref /256
C) Vref /512 D) Vref /1024
159. The timing components for a PLL are 15 k and 220 pF. Calculate the free-running frequency.
A) 90.91 kHz B) 136.36 kHz
C) 156.1 kHz D) 181.8 kHz
160. Which of the following frequencies is associated with the 565 frequency-shift keyed decoder?
A) 1070 Hz B) 1270 Hz
C) Both 1070 Hz and 1270 Hz D) None of the above
161. The voltage gain of a basic instrumentation amplifier is set by a(n)
DR.S.BASKAR / PROF / EEE --LIC
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A) diode. B) capacitor
C) resistor D) inductor
162. A basic ________ amplifier is formed by three op-amps and seven resistors
A) instrumentation B) isolation
C) log D) antilog
163. Instrumentation amplifiers are normally used to measure
A) small differential signal voltages
B) signals superimposed on a common-mode voltage often much larger than the signal voltage
C) both of the above
D) none of the above

164. A(n) ________ amplifier is a differential voltage-gain device that amplifies the difference between
the voltages existing at its two input terminals
A) instrumentation B) isolation
C) operational transconductance D) log
165. The main purpose of an instrumentation amplifier is to amplify ________ signals that are riding
on
________ common-mode voltages
A) small, small B) small, large
C) large, small D) large, large
166. A log amplifier may use the ________ junction of a BJT in the feedback loop
A) base-collector B) base-emitter
C) emitter-collector D) emitter-ground
167. A current-to-voltage converter produces a
A) constant output voltage for a variable input
current B) variable output voltage for a constant
input current
C) proportional output voltage for a variable input
current D) proportional output current for a variable
input voltage
168. A log amplifier has ________ in the feedback loop
A) a diode B) a BJT
C) a resistor D) either a diode or a BJT
169. What is (are) the principal area(s) of application for isolation amplifiers?
A) medical B) power plant
C) automation D) all of the above
170. A constant-current source delivers a load current that
A) remains constant when the load resistance changes B) varies with load resistance
C) varies inversely with load resistance D) varies inversely with input voltage
171. The operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) is primarily a ________ -to- ________
amplifier
A) current, voltage B) voltage, current
C) current, resistance D) resistance, current
DR.S.BASKAR / PROF / EEE --LIC
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172. The main difference between the isolation amplifier and an instrumentation amplifier is
A) an instrumentation amplifier has an input
stage. B) an instrumentation amplifier has an
output stage.
C) an instrumentation amplifier has a differential stage
D) the input, output, and power supply stages of an isolation amplifier are all electrically isolated from each
other
173. An antilog amplifier has a ________ in series with the input.
A) BJT B) diode
C) diode or BJT D) resistor
174. The process known as signal compression is used with a(n) ____ amplifier.
A) log B) antilog
C) instrumentation D) isolation
175. Transconductance is the ratio of the output
A) current to the input voltage B) current to the input current
C) voltage to the input voltage D) voltage to the input current

Answers:

159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178
D C B A C C A C A B B C D D A B D C A A

DR.S.BASKAR / PROF / EEE --LIC

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PART-B (2 marks)
176. Mention some applications of 555 timer:
*Oscillator *pulse generator *ramp and square wave generator *mono-shot multivibrator
*burglar alarm *traffic light control.
177. List the applications of 555 timer in monostable mode of operation:
*missing pulse detector *Linear ramp generator *Frequency divider *Pulse width modulation.
178. List the applications of 555 timer in Astable mode of operation:
*FSK generator *Pulse-position modulator
179. What is a voltage regulator?
A voltage regulator is an electronic circuit that provides a stable dc voltage independent of the load current,
temperature, and ac line voltage variations.
180. Give the classification of voltage regulators:
*Series / Linear regulators *Switching regulators.
181. What is a switching regulator?
Switching regulators are those which operate the power transistor as a high frequency on/off switch, so that
the power transistor does not conduct current continously.This gives improved efficiency over series regulators.
182. What are the advantages of IC voltage regulators?
*low cost *high reliability *reduction in size *excellent performance
183. Give some examples of monolithic IC voltage regulators: [NOV-2011]
78XX series fixed output, positive voltage regulators
79XX series fixed output, negative voltage regulators
723 general purpose regulator.
184. Define load regulation. [APRIL-2011]
Load regulation is defined as the change in output voltage for a change in load current. It is expressed in
millivolts or as a percentage of the output voltage.
185. What is meant by current limiting?
Current limiting refers to the ability of a regulator to prevent the load current from increasing above a
preset value.
186. Give the drawbacks of linear regulators:
*The input step down transformer is bulky and expensive because of low line frequency. *Because
of low line frequency,large values of filter capacitors are required to decrease the ripple.
*Efficiency is reduced due to the continous power dissipation by the transistor as it operates in the linear
region.
187. Mention the advantages of opto-couplers: [April-2011]
*Better isolation between the two stages. *Impedance problem between the stages is eliminated.
*Wide frequency response. *Easily interfaced with digital circuit. *Compact and light weight.
*Problems such as noise, transients, contact bounce,.. are eliminated.

DR.S.BASKAR / PROF / EEE --LIC

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188. What is an isolation amplifier?

An isolation amplifier is an amplifier that offers electrical isolation between its input and output terminals.
189. Give the classification of tuned amplifier:
(i) Small signal tuned amplifier
*Single tuned *Double tuned *Stagger tuned

(ii) Large signal tuned amplifier.

PART-C (16-marks)

190. Explain the operations of Mono stable Multivibrator using 555 timer(May-03).
191. Explain about power amplifier and video amplifier(May-02)
192. Draw and Explain the functional block diagram of the LM-317 three terminal adjustable
regulator(Dec-03)
193. Explain the working of a timer circuit (May-04)
194. Design an Astable Multivibrator using 555 Timer to produce 1Khz square wave form for duty
cycle=0.50(Dec-04)
195. Draw an explain the Functional block diagram of a 723 Regulator (Dec-04)
196. Explain the working of Voltage regulator (May-05)
197. Explain the working of Frequency to voltage converter(Dec-05)
198. Explain the working of Frequency to voltage converter(Dec-05)

BEST OF LUCK

DR.S.BASKAR / PROF / EEE --LIC