SECTION A

(a) Derive the relationship between α and β.

(b) An operational amplifier has a differential gain is 103 and common mode
gain is 100, input voltages are 120μV and 80μV, and determine output voltage.
(c) Give the advantages of digital instruments over analog instruments.
(d) Differentiate between Avalanche and Zener breakdown.
(e) List the characteristics of an ideal op-amp.
(f) What is ripple factor? What is the value of RF for half wave and full wave
rectifier?
Ans:- The ripple factor is the ratio between the RMS value of the AC voltage (on the
input side) and the DC voltage (on the output side) of the rectifier.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM Ripple factor

Half-Wave Rectifier 1.21
Center-Tap Full Wave
0.48
Rectifier
Bridge-Type Full Wave
0.48
Rectifier
(g) Draw forward and reverse characteristics of a PN junction diode.
(h) Why BJT is called current controlled device?
(i) What is Doping? What is the need of Doping?

Ans:- When an impurity is added to an intrinsic semiconductor, its conductivity changes.

This process of adding impurity to a semiconductor is called Doping.

To increase the conductivity of semiconductor.

(j) A Lissajous pattern on an oscilloscope is stationary and has 4 horizontal
and 3 vertical tangencies. The horizontal frequency is 50 Hz, find vertical
frequency.
 SECTION B

(a) What do mean by clipper? Sketch output voltage of the circuit shown below:
(b) Draw the Structure of Depletion type N-MOSFET. Explain its operation with
characteristic graph.
(c) With help of neat circuit diagrams, explain the working of a full wave bridge
rectifier.

Ans:-
(d) Find the output voltage for the following circuits:
(e) Draw the block diagram of DVM and explain each block in detail.
 SECTION C

(a) Define Voltage Multiplier. Draw the circuit and explain the working of voltage
Tripler and Quadrupler circuit.

Ans:- Voltage-multiplier circuits produce a dc output voltage that is some

multiple of the peak ac input voltage to this circuit.
(b) Draw the general block diagram of CRO and explain each block.
(a) Derive an expression for operating point and stability factor for collector
to base biasing if a transistor.
(b) Draw the general block diagram of DSO and explain each block.
(a) Draw and explain the working of Integrator and Differentiator using OPAMP.
(b) (i) Determine the output voltage of an OPAMP for the input voltage of V1=150μV
and V2=140μV. The amplifier has differential gain Ad=4000 and CMRR is 100.
(ii) Determine the output of the following circuit.
Given V1=V2=0.15V
(a) Explain the Transition capacitance and diffusion capacitance.
(b) Describe the construction of a npn bipolar junction transistor. Draw well
labeled input and output characteristics of a npn transistor in Common Emitter
Configuration. Also mark all the regions of operation.
(a) Explain the following:-
(i) Tunnel Diode
(ii) LED
Tunnel Diode;
 Tunnel diode is very highly doped diode.
 The doping of Tunnel diode is 1000 times greater than
simple diode.
 So, depletion layer is very narrow and is of the order of
10 nm.
Working principle:
 In p-n junction a potential barrier exists. According to classical
mechanics an electron can pass the barrier if it has an energy equal
or greater than energy of potential barrier.
 If doping is very high then according to quantum mechanics a
electron with energy less than barrier energy can penetrate the
barrier or cross the barrier, This effect is called tunneling effect and
such diode are called Tunnel diode.
V-I characteristics of Tunnel diode:
 Point A to B: Current increases till
point B at very low voltage due to
tunnelling effect.
 Point B to C: Current decreases till
point C. At point C current is minimum
and diode shows negative resistance.
 After point C: Tunnel diode woks
as normal diode.
Light Emitting Diode (LED):
 Light emitting diode (LED) is a special diode which give light, when
forward biased. Materials like gallium, phosphorus and arsenic are
used for the manufacturing of LED.
Working principle:
 When LED is forward biased then hole in p-type and electron in n-
type start to cross the junction and recombine with each other.
 Simple diode (Si or Ge) produce heat in recombination process. But
LED produce light in recombination.
(b) Define the following terms:
(1) CMRR (2) Slew Rate