Sanitary and Environmental Engineering Design of Water Distribution System

Lecturer : Asst. prof. Dr. Saif Salah Alkizwini

4th class

Chapter Three: Hydraulics

3-Design of water distribution system:-
The hardy cross method and its modifications have been used in design and analysis of
water distribution system for many years. The energy loss in any element of the system
may be expressed as :

hi = ki Qix ………………………………………….(3-1)
Where : hi = energy loss in element i .

Qi= flow in that element .

Ki = constant depending on pipe diameter, length ,type ,and condition.

X = 1.85 to 2 normally , depending on equation used.

For any pipe in a loop of the system, the actual flow will difference from an assumed
flow by an element ∆ :

Qi = Qio + ∆ …………………………….………(3-2)
Where

Qi = actual flow in pipe .

Qio= assumed flow.

∆ = required correction.
Substituting Eq. (2) in (1) gives

Ki = Ki [ + ∆+……]…….…….……….(3-3)

The remaining terms in the expansion may be neglected if ∆ is small compared to Qi.
For any loop, the sum of the head losses about the loop must be equal to zero . thus, for
any loop ,

∑ ……………………………….…………..(3-4)
Where : n is the number of pipes in the loop then , from Eq . (3),

∑ =∑ ∑

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Sanitary and Environmental Engineering Design of Water Distribution System
Lecturer : Asst. prof. Dr. Saif Salah Alkizwini
4th class

Equation (5) may then be solved for the correction :

∑ ∑
∆= -
∑ ∑

3-1 The procedure may be outlined as follows :

1-Disaggregate the flow to the various blocks or other subareas of the community .

2-Concentrate the disaggregated flows at the nodes of the system .

3-Add the required fire flow at appropriate nodes .

4- Select initial pipe sizes using the criteria of :

- The size of small distribution mains is seldom less than 150 mm (6 in) with cross mains
located at intervals of not more than 180 m ( 600 ft.). In high – value districts the
minimum size is 200 mm ( 8 in ) ,with lines not less than 305 mm (12 in ) in diameter .

- line which provided only domestic flow may be as small as 100 mm (4 in) but should
not exceed 400 m (1300ft) in length if dead – ended or 600 m (2000 ft) if connected to the
system at both ends. Lines as small as 50 and 75 mm ( 2 and 3 in ) are sometimes used in
small communities .

5- Assume any internally consistent distribution of flow .The sum of the flow entering
and leaving each node must be equal to zero.

6-Compute the head loss in each element of the system . Conventionally , clockwise flows
are positive and produce positive head loss .

7- With due attention to sign , compute the total head loss around each loop :

∑ ∑ ……………………………….…………..(3-7)

8- Compute , without regard to sign , the sum

∑ ……………………………….……………….……..(3-8)

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Sanitary and Environmental Engineering Design of Water Distribution System
Lecturer : Asst. prof. Dr. Saif Salah Alkizwini
4th class

9- Calculate the correction for each loop from Eq. (6) and apply the correction to each
line in the loop. Lines common to two loops receive two corrections with due attention to
sign.

10- Repeat the procedure until the corrections calculated in step 9 are less than
stipulated maximum .The flows and pressures in the initial network are then known.

11- Compare the pressures and velocities in the balanced network to the criteria of :

- The American Water Works Association recommends a normal static pressure of

400 to 500 kpa (60 to 75 ib/in2 ) since this will supply ordinary uses in buildings up to
10 stories in height. Pressure in the range of 150 to 300 kpa ( 20 -40 ib/in2 ) are
adequate for normal use and may be used for live supply in small towns .
- Adjust the pipe sizes to reduce or increase velocities and pressures and repeat the
procedure until a satisfactory solution is obtained .

12- Apply any other fire flow conditions which may be critical and reevaluate the
velocities and pressure distribution.

Adjust the pipe sizes as necessary .

3-2 Hazen- Williams Equation:

The Hazen – Williams equation can be used in pipe – flow problems .The Hazen –
Williams equation is :

V= KCR0.63S0.54……………………………….…………..(3-9)
In which

C = A factor dependent on relative roughness , it may range from 60 to 140

K= A factor dependent on units

= 0.849 for m/s and m ;

= 1.318 for ft /s and ft .

R= The hydraulic radius ( area / wetted perimeter ) .

S= The slop of the energy grade line ( S = hf / L )

The Hazen – Williams equation can be written in other forms as shown below :

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Sanitary and Environmental Engineering Design of Water Distribution System
Lecturer : Asst. prof. Dr. Saif Salah Alkizwini
4th class

S= 0.00212 Q 1.85 . D-4.865 …….…………..(3-10)

D = 0.282 Q0.38 . S-0.205 …….……….…..(3-11)

Q = 27.84 D2.63 . S0.54 …….……………..(3-12)

EX(3-1): For the given pipes net . find flow distribution and the pressure at point A .

1st iteration

Line Assumed Q D mm Length S Hf hf/Q

m
BC +04 0.. 0.44 4544.0 +.50 45.0
CA +. 4.. 044 454400. +0.54 4500
AD -. .4. 0044 -454407 -95.7 05.4
DB -04 04. 0444 -454404. -0540 450.
∑ ∑

∑
∆= = = - 0.48 m3 / min > 0.20 m3 /min :. Not O.K
∑

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Sanitary and Environmental Engineering Design of Water Distribution System
Lecturer : Asst. prof. Dr. Saif Salah Alkizwini
4th class

Line Q ∆Q Qnet
BC +04 + -4500 75.4
CA +. + -4500 05.4
AD -. + -4500 -.500
DB -04 + -4500 -04500

2ed iteration

Line Assumed Q D Length S Hf Hf/Q

mm m
BC 75.4 0.. 0.44 4544.4 0500 45.0
CA 05.4 4.. 044 4540.0 04570 4504
AD -.500 .4. 0044 454404 -0577 0500
DB -04500 04. 0444 454400 -050. 450.
∑ ∑

∑
∆= =
∑

Line Q ∆ Qnet Hf
BC 75.4 (+) 0.002 9.522 +0500
CA 05.4 (+) 0.002 4.522 +0457.
AD -.500 (+) 0.002 -5.478 -7544
DB -04500 (+) 0.002 -10.478 -050.

hf BCA = hfBC + hfCA = 4.88 +10.93 =15.81 m

hf BDA = hfBD + hfDA = -9.00-6.83 = - 15.83 m

for safety , choose the hf=15.83 m

1m= 9.80 kpa.

pressure at A= Pa =1000-9.80*15.83 ≈845 kpa

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Sanitary and Environmental Engineering Design of Water Distribution System
Lecturer : Asst. prof. Dr. Saif Salah Alkizwini
4th class

EX(3-2): The pipes net is changed as shown in figure below, if the flow enters to pint A is
20 m3/min and flow out of point G is 9 m3/min . The diameter of the line AB is 350 mm ,
and the diameter of the line AI is 350 mm , the height at A is 600 m and at G is 597.3 m.
Find flow distribution and head loss between A and G. If the p ressure at A= 1000 kpa ,
what is the pressure at G.

1st iteration:-
)i)
LINE Q D mm Lm S Hf hf/Q
AB 04 ..4 04.4 45404.0 0.59.. 05.9..
‫ مشترك‬BH 44 4.4 0044 4544.40 .5000 0500
HI -950 .44 0444 4540000 -005000 450.70
IA -10 ..4 0444 45404.0 -045.007 054.00
∑-04540 ∑05040.

∆11= 0.801 take 0.8m3/min (Not OK)

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Sanitary and Environmental Engineering Design of Water Distribution System
Lecturer : Asst. prof. Dr. Saif Salah Alkizwini
4th class

)ii)

LINE Q D mm Lm S Hf hf/Q
‫ مشترك‬BE 05. ..4 044 4544400 0500.7 454.00
EF 0 ..4 044 45444. 05.009 45.0.0
FG 059 .44 0444 45440 054 45.00
GH -95. .44 04.4 45400 -0050440 45..
‫ مشترك‬HB -4 4.4 0044 4544.40 -.50000 05047
∑=-18.7133 ∑=.5.00
∆12= 1.823 take 1.8 m3/min (Not OK)

(iii(

LINE Q D mm Lm S Hf hf/Q
BC 05. 444 .44 4544.9. 4500.0 0570
CD 054 444 044 4544494 0540 0540
DE -45. 444 .44 4544490 -45.9.7 459090
‫ مشترك‬EB -05. ..4 044 45444000 0500.74 454.00
∑=4504.0 ∑=.57740
∆13= -0.32 take -0.3 m3/min (Not OK)
2ed iteration
)i)
LINE Q D mm Lm S hf hf/Q
AB 0450 ..4 04.4 45400.0 0050004 1.68
BH 2+0.8 -1.8=1.0 4.4 0044 4544470 054 054
HI -954 .44 0444 4540.90 -0.590.. 05707
IA -754 ..4 0444 4540 -04 05400
∑=-050.90 ∑=.59..
∆21 = 0.437 take 0.5 m3/min (Not OK)
)ii(

LINE Q D mm Lm S hf hf/Q
BE 4.5+1.8-(-0.3) ..4 044 4544.04 45..4 45...0
‫مشترك‬ =6.6
EF .50 ..4 044 45440. 459.0 45090.
FG .5. .44 0444 4544.00 .500.9 0547
GH -.5. .44 04.4 454400 -005400 4544.
HB -2+1.8-0.8 =-1.0 4.4 0044 4544470 -05440 05440
‫مشترك‬
∑=-.5040. ∑ =4.9214
3
:.∆22 = 0.34 take 0.3m /min. (Not OK)

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 Sanitary and Environmental Engineering Design of Water Distribution System
Lecturer : Asst. prof. Dr. Saif Salah Alkizwini
4th class

(iii)

LINE Q D mm Lm S Hf hf/Q
BC 054 444 .44 4544.90 050709 05.907
CD 459 444 044 45440.7 45..00. 45979.
DE -450 444 .44 4544090 -4507.0 05009
EB -4.5-0.3-1.8= -6.6 ..4 044 4544.04 -45.. 45...
‫مشترك‬
∑= -459940 ∑=.50004
∆23=0.108 take 0.1 m3/min. (OK)
3ed iteration (i)

LINE Q D mm Lm S Hf hf/Q
AB 005. ..4 04.4 4540.90 0759.0 05900.
BH 1+0.5- 4.4 0044 4544049 050 05007
‫مشترك‬ 0.3=1.2
HI -05. .44 0444 45404 -045400 05000
IA -059 ..4 0444 454479 -7594. 050090
∑ = -4504. ∑= .50047
∆31 =0.055 take 0.1 m3/min (OK)
(ii(
LINE Q D mm Lm S Hf hf/Q
BE 6.8=6.6+0.3 ..4 044 454400. 4500.4 45.044
‫مشترك‬ -0.1
EF 050 ..4 044 4544. .544 4507.4
FG .50 .44 0444 4544000 050009 050000
GH -.54 .44 04.4 4544970 -757. 05747
HB -1+0.3+ 4.4 0044 4544049 -0504.0 050070
(-0.5)=-1.2 0
∑ = -050400. ∑ = .50400
3
∆32= 0.149 take 0.15 m /min (OK)
) iii(
LINE Q D mm Lm S Hf hf/Q
BC 05. 444 .44 45440.7 450790 0507
CD 450 444 044 4544090 459000 4507.0
DE -459 444 .44 45440.7 -4507900 457700
BE -6.8 = ..4 044 454400.0 -4500. 45.044
‫مشترك‬ -6.6+0.1+(-0.3)
∑ = -4540040 ∑ = .57040

∆33 = 0.034 take 0.03 m3/min . (OK)

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 Sanitary and Environmental Engineering Design of Water Distribution System
Lecturer : Asst. prof. Dr. Saif Salah Alkizwini
4th class

G ‫ و‬A ‫و إليجاد ضائع الشحنة بين‬

AIHG = 9.723+12.014+9.93=31.667 m (OK)

ABHG= 19.734+1.4036+9.93=31.064m Note:

ABEFG= 19.734+2.463+3.02+4.44=29.659 m
1m = 9.8 =10 kpa
ABCDEFG =19.734+2.19+0.7148+0.69766+3.02+4.44=30.796m P=ɣ.h h= p/ɣ

𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
Then the pressure at G = -31.667+2.7=73.07 m = 716.1 kpa
𝟗𝟖

.-. Equivalent Pipe Method :

Ex(3-3): find the equivalent pipe with length of 2000 m for the pipes system shown in
figure below :

Sol.

Assume QBD= 2 m3/min =0.0333 m3/s

3
Q= 4 m /min A 450 m B 2m3/min 600m
D= 0.282 . Q 0.38
. S -0.205
250 mm 250mm D
150mm
300m

200mm
400 m
For pipe BD C

0.25 = 0.282 (2/60)0.38 . 150 mm

700 m 250 mm
For pipe DE E 400m F

0.2 = 0.282 (2/60)0.38 ( )-0.205 = 3.91m

∑hf = 5.88 m

Then equitant diameter for the two pipes is :

D= 0.282 (2/60)0.38 (

For pipe BC

0.15 = 0.282 (2/60)0.38 (

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Sanitary and Environmental Engineering Design of Water Distribution System
Lecturer : Asst. prof. Dr. Saif Salah Alkizwini
4th class

For pipe CE

0.15 = 0.282 (2/60)0.38(

∑hf = 39.74 m

Then , the equivalent diameter for the two pipe is:

D = 0.282 (2/60)0.38 ( 39.74 / 1000)-0.205 = 0.150 m = 150 mm .

Assume hfBE = 5.88 m

Let hf1 = hf2 ( for equivalent pipe)

0.222 = 0.282 :. Q1 = 0.033 m3/s.

𝟓 𝟖𝟖
0.150 = 0.282 𝑸𝟎𝟐 𝟑𝟖 𝟎 𝟐𝟎𝟓
Q2 = 0.012 m3/s.
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎

∑Q = 0.045m/s.

Hence ,the two pipes have the same length of 1000m , therefore L is equal to
1000 m.

D = 0.282 ( 0.045)0.38 (5.88/1000)-0.205

A 250 mm B
249 mm
D= 0.249 m = 249 mm 450 mm
1000 m 250 mm
E 400 m F

Find

hfAB in the following manner :-

0.25 = 0.282 ( 0.045)0.38 (

Also 0.25 = 0.282 ( 0.045)0.38 ( ,

∑hf = 10.75 m

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Sanitary and Environmental Engineering Design of Water Distribution System
Lecturer : Asst. prof. Dr. Saif Salah Alkizwini
4th class

Then the equivalent pipe of length 2000m can be determined by the following equation :

D = 0.282 (0.045)0.38 ( )
2000 m
A F
Q=0.045 m3/sec 253 mm

EX(3-4): Find the equivalent pipe of diameter 300 mm for the pipes system in figure
below:

Sol.

At AB , assume Q= 60 L/s L/s 120 A 60 L/S 300 mm B

0.38 -0.205 700 m
D = 0.282 Q . S

250mm
400 m
475m
0.3 = 0.282 ( ) ( ) 250 mm

hf AB= 2.80 m

At BC
280mm 120 L/S
D 450m C
0.25 = 0.282 ( ) ( )

Then , the equivalent diameter for the two pipes is :

D= 0.282 ( ) ( )

At AD

0.25 = 0.282 ( )

At DC

0.28 = 0.282 ( )

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Sanitary and Environmental Engineering Design of Water Distribution System
Lecturer : Asst. prof. Dr. Saif Salah Alkizwini
4th class

Than the equivalent diameter for the two pipes is :

D= 0.282 ( )
A
For equivalent pipe hf1 = hf2 1100 M
279 MM

925 M C

262 MM

0.275= 0.282 ( )

Q1= 0.062 m3/s.

Q2= 0.060 m3/s.

∑Q = 0.122 m3 /s. = 122 L/s.

D = 0.282 Q0.38 S-0.205

For D =300mm , Q= 122 L/s

Q= 122 L/s 300 mm

𝟕 𝟏𝟕 𝟎 𝟐𝟎𝟓 A C
0.30 = 0.282 𝟎 𝟏𝟐𝟐 𝟎 𝟑𝟖 464.6 m
𝑳
:. L = 464.6 m

3-4 Types of Pipes Connection :-

hf
1- Series pipes connection:

Q = Q1 = Q2 Q
Q
hf = hf 1 + hf2
Q1 , d1 , hf1 Q2 , d2 hf2

2- Parallel pipe condition Q1 , d1 , hf1

Q = Q1 + Q2
Q Q
hf = hf 1 = hf2 hf B
A

Q2 , d2, hf2
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Sanitary and Environmental Engineering Design of Water Distribution System
Lecturer : Asst. prof. Dr. Saif Salah Alkizwini
4th class

EX(3-.): For the pipes net shown in figure below . find the diameter of pipe (DC) if the
head losses at pipe (AB), and (BC) are equal (7.5 m) and (2.5 m) respectively .

500 m 500 m
200 mm 250 mm
60 L/s C 60 L/s
A
500 m 500 m
D=?
150 mm

D
Solution :-

For line (AB):-

D= 0.282*Q0.38 * S-0.205

0.2= 0.282*Q0.38 * (

QAB= 0.042 m3/s , also QAB= QBC = 0.042m3/s , so that QAD= 0.06 – 0.042= 0.018 m3/s.

QAD = QDC = 0.018 m3/s

Then , find hf for the line (AD)

0.15 = 0.282 * 0.0180.38*S-0.205 S= 0.01268 :. hf AD= 0.01268 X 500 = 6.34 m

∑ [ hf(AB) + hf(BC) ] = ∑[hf(AD) + hf(DC)

Then , 10 = 6.34 + hf DC

hfDC = 3.66 m, QDC = 0.018 m3/s

Dia.(DC) = 0.282 * (0.018)0.38* (

Dia.(DC) = 0.1678m = 167.8 mm ≈ 168 mm.

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