University of Babylon Subject: Methods of Construction and Estimation

College of Engineering Lecture No.: 3

Department of Civil Engineering Lesson topic: Earthwork Equipment
Class: IV Year Civil Eng., 2020-2021 Lecturers: Dr. Ali Hassoon & Dr. Hassanean Salam

Earthwork Equipment
1. Importance of subject:

First of all, it’s important to highlight the term “Earthwork”, which refers to the
engineering works created through the moving or processing of parts of the earth's
surface involving quantities of soil or unformed rock and other earthen materials,
thereby these materials may be moved to (an)other location(s) with various
distances and formed into a desired shape to project needs.

In other words, earthwork involves the loosening, removal, hauling, and

depositing of earthen quantities into allocated places through construction
process.

Earthwork is one of the major elements of industrial hydro engineering,

transportation, and civil engineering construction. Moreover, any operation
involving the excavation or construction of earth embankments, or any
construction made of earth; there are much of earthworks need machine
excavation and fill or backfill.

The earthwork is usually the most-costly item in the transport construction

project, often accounting for more than half of the construction costs due to
equipment intensive use.

1.1. The principal activities in earthworks are;

a) measuring and calculation of volumes,
b) excavation which includes levelling, cut to cross-fill, U-cut and borrow
excavation,
c) loading, hauling and unloading,
d) filling, including spreading and compaction.

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University of Babylon Subject: Methods of Construction and Estimation
College of Engineering Lecture No.: 3
Department of Civil Engineering Lesson topic: Earthwork Equipment
Class: IV Year Civil Eng., 2020-2021 Lecturers: Dr. Ali Hassoon & Dr. Hassanean Salam

2. Earthwork equipment:

In this section, the most important earthwork equipment that widely used are
listed, and then described in the next subsections:

 Bulldozer.
 Shovel.
 Excavator.
 Scraper.
 Grader.
 Trucks.

2.1. Bulldozer: It is a piece of heavy construction equipment that runs mostly on

diesel fuel, and commonly founds on most construction sites especially in the
road construction projects. Also this machine is characterized by a large flat
blade on the front that can be moved and lifted with hydraulic arms, and by the
tracks that it runs on.

Generally, there are two types of Bulldozer:

A. Crawler.
B. Tier (wheel-mounted).

Skay

Bulldozer can be used to different purposes:

I. Earthmoving operations:
• The most common use for a bulldozer is moving large amounts of earth and
soil where can push/speared piles of material in front of it using its blade for
haul distance up to 100 m.
• Also, it is sometimes used in conjunction with other equipment such as
backhoes and other digging machines; for instance, the excavator lifts material

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University of Babylon Subject: Methods of Construction and Estimation
College of Engineering Lecture No.: 3
Department of Civil Engineering Lesson topic: Earthwork Equipment
Class: IV Year Civil Eng., 2020-2021 Lecturers: Dr. Ali Hassoon & Dr. Hassanean Salam

out of an excavation and sets it on the ground, and then bulldozer pushes it
away to another position.

II. Road building:

• It is a primary tool used in the building of roads where use to pushes away the
topsoil that needs to be removed because it is full of moisture and organic
material, and the road will be unstable if it is built on top of the topsoil; in order
to creating an opening for the road that can then be filled with gravel and clean
fill.

III. Construction processes:

• It can strip off surface vegetation in preparation for the digging of foundation
holes, and can move materials such as gravel, fill and topsoil from place to
place.
• It can also push waste, trash and other materials into one location for burning
or disposal.

IV. Demolition activities:

• A large bulldozer can knock a house over, saving the trouble of having to
deconstruct it piece by piece. Further, bulldozers that are used in this kind of
work are equipped with a sturdy cab over the driver's seat to prevent work
injuries.
• A bulldozer has been knocked down an old structure, and then can be used to
push all of the debris into a single pile and clean up the surrounding area.

Bulldozer with rooters for:

1. Breaking rocks.
2. Pulling roots.
3. Clearing old roads.

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University of Babylon Subject: Methods of Construction and Estimation
College of Engineering Lecture No.: 3
Department of Civil Engineering Lesson topic: Earthwork Equipment
Class: IV Year Civil Eng., 2020-2021 Lecturers: Dr. Ali Hassoon & Dr. Hassanean Salam

Comparisons between operation options for two types of bulldozers:

Crawler Wheel mounted
Ability to deliver greater tractive
Higher travel speed.
force.
Elimination of hauling equipment to
Ability to travel over muddy surface.
transport the bulldozer to job.
Ability to operate in rocky formation. Greater output.
Greater flotation because lower
Ability to travel on paved highways.
pressure under tracks.

The output of Bulldozer:

Output is affected by

1- Swelling of soil.
V>1
V<1

lose
1m volume

embank
volume
1m
V=1
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣
𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 =
1 + Coefficient of swelling
Coefficient of swelling range (15-25%)
2- Time factor: 45-50 minutes per hours

start loading transportation unloading

return
plane for bulldozer trip

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University of Babylon Subject: Methods of Construction and Estimation
College of Engineering Lecture No.: 3
Department of Civil Engineering Lesson topic: Earthwork Equipment
Class: IV Year Civil Eng., 2020-2021 Lecturers: Dr. Ali Hassoon & Dr. Hassanean Salam

3- Operation trip of bulldozer is called as cycle time of bulldozer that consist of:
a. The sum of time required to push, backtrack, and maneuver into position to
push represents the complete bulldozer cycle.
b. Bulldozer trip is generally performed at slow speed around 1.5-2.0 mph.
c. Return speed is usually the maximum that can be performed in the distance
available.

Output (m3 /hr) = Volume of pushed soil (m3 ) ∗ No. of trips per hour

The actual time of operating machine in one hour

No. of trips per hour =
Cycle time of machine

Cycle time of machine (min) = 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃ℎ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀

Example 3.1:

Calculate the output of Bulldozer operating to cut and push a clayey soil that have
a swelling factor of 25%, using the following information:

1- Pushing distance 45m.

2- The blade dimensions are 3m length and 1m height.
3- Operating factor 50 min/hr.
4- Pushing velocity 3 km/hr, return velocity 6 km/hr.
5- Maneuver time = 0.4 min.
6- Side slop of pushed soil 2:1.
Solution:
Type of soil x y
Sandy soil 1 1
Clay soil 2 1

𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝ℎ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 + 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 + 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
45 45
= + + 0.4 = 1.75 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚.
1000 1000
3∗ 6∗
60 60
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University of Babylon Subject: Methods of Construction and Estimation
College of Engineering Lecture No.: 3
Department of Civil Engineering Lesson topic: Earthwork Equipment
Class: IV Year Civil Eng., 2020-2021 Lecturers: Dr. Ali Hassoon & Dr. Hassanean Salam

50
∴ 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁. 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 ℎ𝑟𝑟. = = 28.57 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡/ℎ𝑟𝑟
1.75
2∗1
∴ 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 (𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙) = 𝑉𝑉 ∗ 28.57 ∗ 8 = ∗ 3 ∗ 28.57 ∗ 8 = 685.7 𝑚𝑚3 /𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2
685.7
𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 (𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒) = = 548.5 𝑚𝑚3 /𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1 + 0.25
2.2. Front End Loader (Shovel):
Shovel is used extensively in construction work to handle and transport bulk
material, such as earth and rock, to load truck, to excavate earth as bulldozer etc.

Types and sizes:

1. Wheel-mounted.
CUT
2. Crawler type
𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
= 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 (𝑚𝑚3 )
∗ 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁. 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 ℎ𝑟𝑟

Output of shovel depend on:

1. Fixed time required to load the bucket, shift gears, turn, and dump loaded
materials.
2. Time required to travel from the loading area to dumping area.
3. Time required to return from the dumping area to loading position.
4. Actual volume of material hauled at each trip.

start fill bucket transportation dumbing

return
plane for output trip of shovel

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University of Babylon Subject: Methods of Construction and Estimation
College of Engineering Lecture No.: 3
Department of Civil Engineering Lesson topic: Earthwork Equipment
Class: IV Year Civil Eng., 2020-2021 Lecturers: Dr. Ali Hassoon & Dr. Hassanean Salam

Example 3.2:
Find the No. of trucks that can operate with a shovel using the following
information;
a) Bucket volume of shovel is 0.6 𝑚𝑚3 ,
b) cycle time of shovel 21 sec (time for fill the bucket, dumping, and return),
c) Time of transport for truck 7 min (transport, dumping, and return).
By using
- Truck with capacity 2.4 𝑚𝑚3 .
- Truck with capacity 4.6 𝑚𝑚3 . bank or stock pile

truck
60°

4m

6m

shovel

Solution:
1- No. of buckets to fill the (2.4 𝑚𝑚3 ) truck is:
Time trip of bucket = 21 sec.
𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 2.4
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁. 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = = = 4 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 0.6
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 4 ∗ 21 = 84 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠. = 1.4 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚.
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
= 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 + 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 + 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
+ 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 + 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 1.4 + 7 + 0 = 8.4 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚.
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 8.4
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚. 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛. 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = = = 6 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 1.4

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University of Babylon Subject: Methods of Construction and Estimation
College of Engineering Lecture No.: 3
Department of Civil Engineering Lesson topic: Earthwork Equipment
Class: IV Year Civil Eng., 2020-2021 Lecturers: Dr. Ali Hassoon & Dr. Hassanean Salam

2- No. of buckets to fill the (4.6 𝑚𝑚3 ) truck is

𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 4.6

= = 7.66 ≅ 8 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 0.6
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 8 ∗ 21 = 168 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 2.8 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚.
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 7 + 2.8 = 9.8 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
9.8
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁. 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = = 3.5
2.8
𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 3 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 3 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 3 ∗ 2.8 = 8.4 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚.
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 (𝑠𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤) = 9.8 − 8.4 = 1.4 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
1.4
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = ∗ 100 = 14.3%
9.8
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = 100 − 14.3 = 85.7%

2.3. Excavator:

It is a one of heavy construction equipment consisting of a boom, dipper (or stick),

bucket and cab on a rotating platform known as the "cabin", which is a type of
mechanical shovel which used to excavate soil under the earth level that
equipment stand on.

Output (m3 /hr) = volume of bucket (m3 ) ∗ No. of trips per hour
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
= 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 + 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 + 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 + 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡

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University of Babylon Subject: Methods of Construction and Estimation
College of Engineering Lecture No.: 3
Department of Civil Engineering Lesson topic: Earthwork Equipment
Class: IV Year Civil Eng., 2020-2021 Lecturers: Dr. Ali Hassoon & Dr. Hassanean Salam

Example 3.3:
An Excavator was used to digging an irrigation canal with the section shown
below. Find the period required to finish the project and the cost of 1 𝑚𝑚3 of the
excavated soil, using the following information, bucket volume = 1.2 𝑚𝑚3 ,
operation time 45 min/hr, Daily operating = 8 hr/day, canal length = 15 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘, time
to fill the bucket = 12 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠, return time = 6 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠, lost time = 2 sec, swelling factor
= 20%.

7.5m

1 2.5m 1
1 1

2.5m

Solution:
𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 = 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉.∗ 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁. 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
45
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁. 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = = 135 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡/ℎ𝑟𝑟
12 + 6 + 2
60
𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 = 1.2 ∗ 135 = 162 𝑚𝑚3 /ℎ𝑟𝑟
𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 162 ∗ 8 = 1296 𝑚𝑚3 /𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒ℎ
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 =
𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
2.5 + 7.5
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉. 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒ℎ = ∗ 2.5 ∗ 15000 = 187500 𝑚𝑚3
2
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉. = 1.2 ∗ 187500 = 225000 𝑚𝑚3
225000
∴ 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = = 174 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1296
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 300 ∗ 103 𝐼𝐼. 𝐷𝐷./𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
∴ 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = 174 ∗ 300000 = 52200000 𝐼𝐼. 𝐷𝐷.
52200000
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 1 𝑚𝑚3 = = 278.4 𝐼𝐼. 𝐷𝐷.
187500

Note: we can rent more than one hoe to finish the job.
-9-
University of Babylon Subject: Methods of Construction and Estimation
College of Engineering Lecture No.: 3
Department of Civil Engineering Lesson topic: Earthwork Equipment
Class: IV Year Civil Eng., 2020-2021 Lecturers: Dr. Ali Hassoon & Dr. Hassanean Salam

2.4. Scraper: It is a large piece of equipment that use in construction project for
earthmoving applications, which is used in excavation and transportation of
earth and spreading earth. The rear part has a vertically moveable hopper (also
known as the bowl) with a sharp horizontal front edge.

Type of scrapers

1. Crawler type.
2. Wheel-mounted type.
Uses

1. For soft earth not for rocks.

2. It is in ideal way when used for short distance transportation.
Gear Loading
change
transportation

start

spreading

End

plane of scraper trip

𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 + 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡

𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 + 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡

- 10 -
University of Babylon Subject: Methods of Construction and Estimation
College of Engineering Lecture No.: 3
Department of Civil Engineering Lesson topic: Earthwork Equipment
Class: IV Year Civil Eng., 2020-2021 Lecturers: Dr. Ali Hassoon & Dr. Hassanean Salam

Example 3.4:
Find the output of scraper used in a highway project transportation distance =
600 𝑚𝑚, scraper capacity 22 𝑚𝑚3, and transportation velocity = 19 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/ℎ𝑟𝑟, return
velocity 40 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/ℎ𝑟𝑟, fixed time2.3 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚, operating factor 0.83.

Solution:
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
= 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 + 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 + 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
0.6 0.6
= + + 2.3 = 5.1 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚.
19 40
60 60
60
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁. 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = ∗ 0.83 = 9.8 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
5.1
𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = 22 ∗ 9.8 = 215.6 𝑚𝑚3 /ℎ𝑟𝑟
𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 215.6 ∗ 8 = 1724.8 𝑚𝑚3

Example 3.5:
For a scraper of Caterpillar (627-B), use the performance chart and the following
information to:

1- The weight of the scraper (empty) is 33570 kg.

2- The weight of the soil is 21770 kg.

3- Rolling resistance is 20 kg/ton.

4- Grade is 4%.

Find the maximum speed for the scraper in the following stages:

1. Scraper is empty and moves up the grade.

2. Scraper is loaded and moves up the grade.

Solution:

Weight of scraper (empty) = 33570 kg.

- 11 -
University of Babylon Subject: Methods of Construction and Estimation
College of Engineering Lecture No.: 3
Department of Civil Engineering Lesson topic: Earthwork Equipment
Class: IV Year Civil Eng., 2020-2021 Lecturers: Dr. Ali Hassoon & Dr. Hassanean Salam

Total resistance = RR + GR = 2% + 4% = 6%.

Using performance chart → velocity = 48 km/hr (8th gear).

Weight of scraper (loaded) = 33570 + 21770 = 55340 kg.

Using performance chart → velocity = 28 km/hr (6th gear).

Example 3.6:
Using the performance chart and the following information, calculate the cost of
the project:

• Scraper capacity is 15 m3.

• Soil density (loose) is 1400 kg/m3.
• The weight of the scraper (empty) is 33570 kg.
• Fixed time is 0.47 min.
• Operating factor is 50 min/hr.
• Swelling factor of soil is 25%.
Scraper moves on straight road (level road) for a distance of 150 m, the rolling
resistance is 40 kg/ton, then moving on a road with grade 4% for a distance of 250
m and rolling resistance of 40 kg/ton then return to the starting point empty for
distance of 500 m with rolling resistance of 60 kg/ton. Find the output of the
scraper per a day and if the cost of 1 m3 of the excavation earth and transported
and spread is 500 ID/m3, the rent of two scraper and a bulldozer is 900X103 ID/day
what is the total profit that contractor can gain per each operating day?

Solution:

Weight of scraper (empty) = 33570 kg.

Weight of the soil = 15 X 1400 = 21000 kg.

Total weight = 54570 kg

Total resistance = RR + GR = 4% + 4% = 8%.

- 12 -
University of Babylon Subject: Methods of Construction and Estimation
College of Engineering Lecture No.: 3
Department of Civil Engineering Lesson topic: Earthwork Equipment
Class: IV Year Civil Eng., 2020-2021 Lecturers: Dr. Ali Hassoon & Dr. Hassanean Salam

Using performance chart:

 Velocity of scraper (loaded) moving on the straight road for a distance of 150 m
with RR = 40 kg/ton (4%) is = 40 km/hr (7th gear).

 Velocity of scraper (loaded) moving up the grade road (4%) for a distance of 250
m with RR = 40 kg/ton (4%), total (RR + GR) = 8% is = 22 km/hr (5th gear).

 Velocity of scraper (empty) return on the straight road for a distance of 500 m
with RR = 60 kg/ton (6%) is = 48 km/hr (8th gear).

Time of output trip is:

150
o 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 150 𝑚𝑚 = 1000 = 0.225 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚.
40×
60

250
o 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 250 𝑚𝑚 = 1000 = 0.682 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚.
22×
60

500
o 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 500 𝑚𝑚 = 1000 = 0.625 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚.
48×
60

o 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 0.47

The time of trip = 0.225 + 0.682 + 0.625 + 0.47 = 2 min.

50
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁. 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒ℎ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = = 25 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡.
2
15
𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 (𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒) = = 12 𝑚𝑚3 .
1.25

∴ 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 12 × 25 = 300 𝑚𝑚3 /ℎ𝑟𝑟

∴ 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑡 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 2 × 300 = 600 𝑚𝑚3 /ℎ𝑟𝑟

𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 = 600 × 500 = 300 × 103 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼/ℎ𝑟𝑟

𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 300 × 103 × 8 = 2400 × 103 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼

𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 2400 × 103 − 900 × 103 = 1500 × 103 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼

- 13 -
University of Babylon Subject: Methods of Construction and Estimation
College of Engineering Lecture No.: 3
Department of Civil Engineering Lesson topic: Earthwork Equipment
Class: IV Year Civil Eng., 2020-2021 Lecturers: Dr. Ali Hassoon & Dr. Hassanean Salam

Performance Chart
Scraper caterpillar (627-B)

- 14 -
University of Babylon Subject: Methods of Construction and Estimation
College of Engineering Lecture No.: 3
Department of Civil Engineering Lesson topic: Earthwork Equipment
Class: IV Year Civil Eng., 2020-2021 Lecturers: Dr. Ali Hassoon & Dr. Hassanean Salam

H.W. 3.1: For constructing a highway scrapers were used to excavate and
transport earth volume 16520 𝑚𝑚3 . Transportation distance was 1 km, period of
finishing the project was 4 days, scraper capacity = 20𝑚𝑚3 . Transportation speed
= 25 km/hr, return speed = 35 km/hr, fixed time= 2.4 min, operating factor=
0.85, daily operating hours= 8.
1- Find the number of scraper to finish the project?
2- How can you increase the output?
H.W. 3.2: Contractor need to fill excavation of dimensions (250*150*1.5)m ,if
the following equipment are available in the site .Suggest two methods to do the
job, what is the total cost of each method, If the profit required = 15%.

The equipment available in site:

a) Shovel with bucket of 1.6 m3,total trip time = 35 sec., daily rent= 350 *103 ID.
b) Scraper of capacity 20 m3,transporting velocity=45km/hr, return
velocity=65km/hr., fixed time=5 min., transporting distance=900m,and daily
rent=500*103 ID.
c) Trucks of capacity=16m3 used to carry the soil, its time trip=25 min. lost
time=10 min., and daily rent=200*103 ID..
d) Swelling of the soil=22%,period required to finish the project= 31 days, time
factor=50min./hr., and daily working hours=8 hr..
e) assume any data you need.

H.W. 3.3: It is required to fill the truck by using a loading shovel according to the
figure of Example 3.2, find the time of trip of the shovel and the time required to
fill the truck from the following information:

1. Capacity of truck = 12 m3
2. Fixed time for loading the shovel = 0.5 min.
3. Forward speed = 5 km/hr.
4. Return speed = 6 km/hr.
5. Volume of bucket = 1.5 m3

- 15 -