Accepted Manuscript

Free vibrations of thin rectangular nano-plates using wave

propagation approach

M.R. Ilkhani , A. Bahrami , SH. Hosseini-Hashemi

PII: S0307-904X(15)00444-8
DOI: 10.1016/j.apm.2015.06.032
Reference: APM 10663

To appear in: Applied Mathematical Modelling

Received date: 3 January 2014

Revised date: 6 May 2015
Accepted date: 25 June 2015

Please cite this article as: M.R. Ilkhani , A. Bahrami , SH. Hosseini-Hashemi , Free vibrations of thin
rectangular nano-plates using wave propagation approach, Applied Mathematical Modelling (2015),
doi: 10.1016/j.apm.2015.06.032

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 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Highlights:

 Free vibrations of graphene sheet is analyzed based on non-

local elasticity.
 Transmission and reflection matrices are found using wave
propagation method.
 A new nonlocal parameter is proposed for zigzag and armchair
graphene sheets.
 The cut-off frequency is independent of the type of the

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boundary conditions.

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 Increasing nonlocal parameter decreases cut-off frequency.

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 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Free vibrations of thin rectangular nano-plates using wave

propagation approach

M. R. Ilkhani1,a, A. Bahramib, SH. Hosseini-Hashemia,c

a
Impact Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and
Technology,Tehran, Iran.

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b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eastern Mediterranean University, Magosa, TRNC Mersin
10, Turkey

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c
Center of Excellence in Railway Transportation, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak,

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16842-13114 Tehran, Iran

Abstract

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The wave propagation approach is one of the most powerful techniques used in

vibration problems. This method gives the propagation and reflection matrix which is
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useful for the analysis of mechanical energy transmission in micro/nano devices like
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energy harvester devices. In this paper, wave propagation approach is used to analysis

the free vibrations analysis of thin rectangular macro and nano-plates. Firstly, the
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propagation and reflection matrices for thin rectangular plates are derived. Then, these

matrices are combined to provide a concise and exact approach for obtaining the
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natural frequencies of the thin rectangular plates. In the macro scale, solution obtained
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by this approach is exactly the same as those derived by classical method. In Nano-

scale, the results are compared with Molecular dynamic simulation of a graphene
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sheet. Finally, the behavior of reflection coefficients, as an index for energy

transmission, under changing the frequency for various nonlocal parameters are

studied.

1
Corresponding author. Tel: +98 77240540.
E-mail address:ilkhani@iust.ac.ir (Mohammad Reza Ilkhani).

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Keywords: Rectangular nano-plate, Propagation matrix, Reflection matrix, Vibration

analysis, Graphene sheet.

1. Introduction

In classical method, the boundary conditions are applied to the general solution of the

differential equation of motion to obtain the natural frequencies. An alternative

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method is to describe vibrations as propagating waves travelling in the structure. This

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method known as wave propagation technique is a simple, non-iterative and efficient

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method for calculating the frequency of the structures. Unlike other methods, the

wave propagation technique provides analytical expressions for transmitted, reflected

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power and energy flow of the waves in the waveguides using the derived reflection

and transmission matrix coefficients. As a result, the wave propagation method is

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useful not only for vibration analysis but also for energy transmission analysis. Wave

propagation, transmission and reflection in solids have been studied by a number of

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researchers. The majority of researches used this method to analyze the vibration of
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beams. Mace [1] considered the wave propagation approach to study the free

vibrations of Euler Bernoulli beams and Timoshenko beams [2]. Tan [3] presented the
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wave motions in an axially strained, rotating Timoshenko shaft. Also, the wave

propagation in a rotating Timoshenko shaft was considered by Argento et al. [4]. Lee
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et al. [5] used wave approach to analyze the non-uniform waveguides such as non-
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uniform bars and non-uniform Euler Bernoulli beams whose properties vary rapidly

but deterministically. Bahrami [6] used the wave approach to analyze the non-uniform

rod with exponential cross-section. Mei et al. [7] presented the wave approach for free

and forced vibrations of axially loaded cracked Timoshenko beams. Lee et al. [8]

applied the wave method in thin, uniform, and curved beams with constant curvature

to obtain the natural frequencies of the curved beams. In 2010, an exact wave-based

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analytical solution was presented by Mei [9] for obtaining the natural frequencies of

classical planar frame structures, in which the coupling effect between bending and

longitudinal vibrations was taken into account. In 2011, Mei [10] used a wave

vibration approach to study the effects of lumped end mass on bending vibrations of a

Timoshenko beam. Furthermore, Mei [11] applied the wave approach to obtain the

natural frequencies and mode shapes of single-story multi-bay planar frame

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structures. Recently, Mei [12] analyzed the vibration of single-story multi-bay planar

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frame structures using the wave approach, in which the effects of rotary inertia, shear

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deformation, and joint model on vibration characteristics were taken into account.

Bahrami et al. [13] used a modified wave approach to analysis a non-uniform Euler

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beam. Also, the wave propagation technique is used for analysis of cylindrical shells.
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Zhang et al. [14] calculated the frequencies of thin cylindrical shells using wave

approach based on Love’s shell theory. Zhang et al. used this approach for coupled
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vibration of fluid-filled shells [15], submerged shells [16] and cross-ply laminated

composite shells [17]. Li [18] investigated the free vibration of a circular cylindrical
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shell using wave propagation approach based on Flugge theory. Most of the
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mentioned references used the wave propagation approach in one dimensional

waveguides or planar frame structures, in which the waves propagate along one
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dimensional structural element and are reflected and transmitted at joints and

boundaries. To the best knowledge of the authors, there has been only one attempt to
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apply the wave approach for two dimensional uniform waveguide structures.

Recently, Bahrami et al. [19] used the wave approach for uniform circular membranes

and sectorial membranes to obtain the natural frequencies of these structures. There

have been no attempts to apply the wave approach for analyzing other two

dimensional waveguide structures such as plates.

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In recent years, the great potential of nano-structures has attracted researchers’

attention. They concentrate on the prediction of physical behavior of them to improve

the performance of nano-scale devices. The graphene sheet is the main body in the

nano-structures area because all the carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and fullerene are

formed graphene sheets. Also, they are used as resonators and sensors in so many

electromechanical devices. So, analyzing their behavior helps engineers to improve

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their systems performance. The main computational tools used for analysis of the

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nano structures are categorized into three groups: molecular mechanics, hybrid

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atomistic-continuum mechanics and continuum mechanics. Among these groups, the

continuum mechanics is a reliable, simple and computationally non-expensive method

compared to the other two. US

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The main assumption in the classical continuum mechanics is that the stress at a point

is a function of strain at that point. But, in the nano-scale, the spaces in the molecular
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lattices are comparable with the dimensions of such structures. So, the continuum

theories need some appropriate changes to consider the size effects. In the 90’s, some
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efforts were made to consider this effect on continuum model by Mindlin and Eshel
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[20], Green and Rivlin [21] and Mindlin [22-23] which because of their multiplicity

of unknowns were so complex. In recent years, Eringen [24] considered the size effect
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and proposed a new nonlocal elasticity theory. In the nonlocal elasticity, stress at a

point is a function of strain on all point of the body. So many researchers analyze the
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mechanical behavior of nano-structures, especially nanotubes using this theory.

Various analytical and semi-analytical methods like generalized differential

quadrature (GDQ), finite element and Molecular simulation beside Euler or

Timoshenko nonlocal beam theory are used to analyze the free vibration of single or

double wall CNTs [25-32]. Also, wave propagation and dispersion in the CNTs has

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been studied by some researchers. Wang el al. [33-35] studied the longitudinal and

flexural wave propagation in the CNTs. Narendar et al. [36] studied nonlocal scale

effect on the wave propagation in multi-walled CNTs. Wang et al. [37] analyzed wave

propagation in the CNT under axial load and elastic matrix.

Dynamic behavior of graphene sheets have been investigated by so many researchers,

too. The free vibration of single layer and double layers nano-plates have been studied

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by Pradhan and his co-workers [38-41]. They used nonlocal thin plate theory and

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molecular dynamics simulator for their analysis. Ansari el al. [42] used MD

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simulation and presented a scale factor for free vibration analysis of graphene sheets

in nonlocal Mindlin plate theory. Arash and Wang [43] studied free vibration of single

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and double layer graphene sheets using nonlocal thin plate theory and generalized
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differential quadrature method. Ansari el al. [44] investigated vibration characteristics

of embedded multi-layered graphene sheets with nonlocal elasticity. An excellent

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review on the application of nonlocal theories in the nano-scale structures were made

by Arash and Wang which can be used as a good reference for any research [45].
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Also, Hashemi et al. [46] studied free vibrations of nano-plates using first order shear
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deformation nonlocal plate theory and an exact approach. The behavior of nano-plates

under longitudinal wave propagation was investigated by Wang et al. [47]. Also, the
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effects of nonlocal scale on the sound wave dispersion of monolayer graphene sheets

were studied by Narendar et al. [48]. It should be mentioned that the wave
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propagation phenomenon which is considered by so many researchers in literature for

both macro scale and nano-scale, have a big difference with the wave propagation

technique. The wave propagation technique is a method which uses propagation and

reflection matrices to find the behavior of the bodies. But, wave propagation analysis

is based on the investigation of a body response to a specific type of incident wave.

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So, according to a beneficial literature review and to the best of the authors'

knowledge, there is no literature for analysis of the free vibration of macro/nano

plates using wave propagation technique. In the present paper, an attempt is made to

present another method to analyze free vibration of macro/nano plate using wave

approach for levy type combinations of boundary conditions. The propagation and

reflection matrices presented will be helpful for future work correlated with wave

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power transmissions or reflections in the nano-plates as the power harvester devices.

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The natural frequencies obtained by this method are compared with the molecular

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dynamic simulation results in the literature and a nonlocal scale factor is presented for

graphene sheet with better accuracy compared to other researches. A benchmark

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results are presented for any combination of classical boundary conditions in a
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practical range of scale factors. Finally, the effect of changing the frequency on the

modulus of reflection matrices under various boundary conditions for different

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nonlocal parameters is studied.

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2. Mathematical formulations
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I. EQUATION OF MOTION
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Based on nonlocal theory presented by Eringen [19], the stress at a reference point x
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in an elastic medium depends on the strain at every point of the body. According to

this theory, the stress at a point is defined as:

 ij     x  x , a  Cijkl  kl ( x)dV ( x) (1)

Where  ij and  kl are stress and strain tensors, Cijkl is fourth order elastic modulus

tensor,   x  x ,   is nonlocal kernel which weights the classical strains with x

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around the volume V and α is the material constant. The material constant is defined

as e0 a / l where a is internal characteristic length which depends on lattice parameter,

granular size and C-C bonds, l is external characteristic length and e0 is a constant

correlated by material type. The parameter e0 a is known as small scale. A certain

value for small scale is not available and for any type of analysis this will be found by

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comparing the results of continuum modeling with atomistic ones.

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The nonlocal kernel function was defined by Eringen [19]:

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 x.x 
  x , a   (2 l 2 a 2 )1 K 0   (2)
 la 

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Where K 0 is modified Bessel function. By integrating equation (1) using (2) the

constitutive equation will be obtained as:

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(1  (e0 a)2 2 )σ  C : ε (3)

Where  2 is Laplacian operator. The only difference between the macro and nano
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scale analysis is the above relation between stress and strain tensors which should be
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considered in the mathematical models of nano-structures just like as nano-plates.

A single layer plate with dimensions l1  l2 and thickness h as shown in Figure (1) is
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considered. A Cartesian coordinate system is attached to left corner of the plate. The
displacement fields according to the elasticity theory are considered as:
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 w
u ( x, y, z )   z x

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 w
v ( x, y , z )   z (4)
 y
 w( x, y, z )  w


Where u, v and w are the displacement functions in the x , y and z directions,

respectively.

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By substituting relations (4) into strain definition of the elasticity theory the strain

relation is found:

2w
 xx   z ,  xz  0
x 2
2w
 yy  z 2 ,  yz  0 (5)
y
2w
 zz  0,  xy  2 z
xy

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According to the relation (5), relation (3) is simplified to the below form for an

isotropic material:

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 E( z) 
E( z)
0 
 xx   1 2 1 2   xx 
   E( z)  
(1  (e0 a) 2  2 )  yy   
 xy  
   0

1 2
E( z)
1 2
0
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0   yy 
  
2G   xy 

(6)
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In order to find the equation of motion, Hamilton principle is used. So, the potential
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strain energy (U), and Kinetic energy (T) considering rotary inertia are considered as

below:
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l1 l2 h / 2 l1 l2 h / 2
1 1
2 0 0  h/ 2 2 0 0  h/ 2
U ( ij ij )dV  ( xx xx   yy yy   xy xy )dxdydz
(7)
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 12 w 2w 2 2w 2
l l h /2 l l h /2
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T      (V .V )dV     [( ) 2  z 2 (( ) ( ) )]dxdydz
2 0 0  h /2 2 0 0  h /2 t xt yt
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In which  is the density of material and V is the velocity vector of an element of the

plate. Using equations (4), (5), (6) and applying the Hamilton principle to the kinetic
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and strain energy of an isotropic nano-plate, the equation of the motion for thin

rectangular nano-plates is found as:

 2w  4w  4 w 
D4 w  (1  (e0 a)2  2 ) m0 2  m2  2 2  2 2   (8)
 t  x t y t  

Where ∇4 is known as the biharmonic operator:

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2 2 2 2 4 4 4
 4   2 2  (  )(  )   2  ,
x 2 y 2 x 2 y 2 x 4 x 2y 2 y 4
h/2 h/2
m0  
h / 2
 dz, m2  
h / 2
 z 2 dz (9)

Eh3
D
12(1  2 )

According to the equation of motion, three types of classical boundary condition can

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be classified as:

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Free Simply supported Clamped

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(W )  0
Mx  0 (W )  0
W (10)
Vx  0 (M x )  0 ( )0
x

  2W  2W 
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Where according to nonlocal elasticity, the moments and shear forces are:
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M x (1  (e0 a ) 2  2 )   D  2   
 x y 2 
  W  2W 
2
M y (1  (e0 a ) 2  2 )   D  2   
 y x 2 
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 2W
M xy (1  (e0 a) 2  2 )   D(1  )
xy
M xy
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(11)
Vx (1  (e0 a ) 2  2 )  Qx 
y
M xy
V y (1  (e0 a ) 2  2 )  Q y 
x
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 2
Qx (1  (e0 a)  )   D  W
2 2
x

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Qy (1  (e0 a) 2  2 )   D  2W
y

The general solution for the Levy type solution of equation (8) is considered as below
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in a separated form:

 
W ( x, y , t )  A cos( x)  B sin( x) C
m 1 n 1
n n eit
m cos( 1 y )  Dm sin( 1 y )  Em cosh( 2 y )  Fm sinh( 2 y ) (12)

In which  is the frequency,  ,  1 and  2 are wave numbers and t is time. By

substituting Eq. (12) into Eq. (8), and equating the coefficients of its two terms (

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An cos( x)  Bn sin( x) Cm cos(1y)  Dm sin(1y)  eit and An cos( x)  Bn sin( x) Em cosh( 2 y)  Fm sinh( 2 y)  eit ) on

both sides of Eq. (8), these two equations are found:


( D  m2 (e0 a)2  2 )( 2   12 )2  m0 2  m2 2  m0 (e0 a)2  2 ( 2   12 ) 
(13)
( D  m2 (e0 a)2  2 )( 2   22 )2  m0 2  m  2
2
 m0 (e0 a)2  2  ( 2
  22 )

Because of the existence of four unknown in the Eq. (13), another two equations

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should be found to solve the problem. These two equations will be found using wave

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propagation and reflection matrices in the next section.

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II. PROPAGATION MATRICES

From a wave standpoint, vibration waves propagate in any object and reflect at

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boundaries. We describe them in matrix form, so-called propagation and reflection
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matrices. In order to find the propagation and reflection matrices, the general solution

(12) should be rewritten in a separated general wave form in the x and y directions as
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below:

wn ( x)  E1ei x  E2 ei x
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(14)
wn ( y )  F1ei1 y  F2 ei1 y  F3e 2 y  F4 e 2 y

Where E1,2 and F1,2,3,4are arbitrary constants. By defining the positive- and negative-
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going waves as (15), the relation (14) can be rewritten as (16):

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  h   F2 ei1 y
 hy  ( y )   1
  y
 g x  ( x)  E2 ei x  h2  F4 e 2
x direction  ; y direction  (15)
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 i x
 g x ( x)  E1e    h1  F1ei1 y
 yh ( y )     y
 h2  F3e 2

wn ( x)  g x  ( x)  g x  ( x)
(16)
wn ( y)  h1 ( y )  h1 ( y )  h2 ( y )  h2 ( y )

Now, consider two points on a flexural vibrating plate along the x-direction at a

distance l1 apart; denoting the positive- and negative-going wave vectors at these

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points as a + , a- , b + , b- , as shown in Figure(1). Also, consider two points on the

flexural vibrating plate along the y-direction at a distance l2 apart; denoting the

positive- and negative-going wave vectors at these points as c+ , c- , d + , d- respectively

as shown in Figure (1). These wave vectors are related together by [1]:

b +  f x + (l1 )a +
a-  f x - (l1 )b -
(17)

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d +  f y + (l2 )c +

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c-  f y - (l2 )d -

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Where f x + is known as the propagation matrix in the positive direction (+x), f x - is

known as the propagation matrix in the negative direction (-x), fy + is known as the

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propagation matrix in the positive direction (+y) and f y - is known as the propagation
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matrix in the negative direction (-y).

Where from (15):

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a +   E2 e i 0  , a-   E1ei 0 
   
b +   E2 e i l1  , b-   E1ei l1 
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   
 F ei 1 0   F1ei 1 0 
c+   2  , c -
   0  (18)
 F4 e  2 0   F3e 2 
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 F e i1 l2   F ei 1 l2 

d+   2  , d-   1 
 F4 e 2 l2   F3e 2 l2 
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By considering expression (17) and (18), the following propagation matrices are
found:
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f x + (l1 )  eil1 
 
f x - (l1 )  eil1 
 
e i 1l2 0 
f y + (l2 )    (19)
 0 e  2l2 
e i 1l2 0 
f y - (l2 )   
 2l2
 0 e 

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III. REFLECTION MATRICES

The reflection matrices are dependent on the boundary conditions. So, the reflection

matrices according to the each boundary condition should be calculated, separately. In

general, the incident wave as g+ gives rise to reflected wave g−, which are related by a

reflection matrix r, just like below:

g  = rg 

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(20)

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As the Levy type solution is used here, two opposite sides of the plate have simply

supported boundary at x  0, l1 . Appling simply support conditions of (10) to the

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equations (16), gives:

g x  g x  0
 2 ( g x   g x  )  0 US (21)

The solution of the equations (21) is: g x    g x  .So, by comparing (21) with (20), the
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reflection matrix is a scalar as:

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rx   1 (22)

For two other opposite sides of the plate, three types of boundary conditions are
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considered:

Simply supported boundary at y  0, l2 :

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Applying simply supported conditions of (10) into (16) gives:

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h1  h2  h1  h2  0

(23)
 12 (h1  h1 )   22 (h2  h2 )  0
AC

Rewriting equations (23) in matrix form yields

 1 1   h1 

  1 1   h1 


 2 2  
    0 (24)
  1  2  h2    12  22  h2 

After rearranging equation (24) just like (20), the simply supported reflection matrix

can be defined as:

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 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

 1 0 
rSS    (25)
 0 1

Clamped boundary at y  0, l2 :

Applying clamped condition of (10) into (16) gives:

h1  h2  h1  h2  0

(26)
i 1h1  i 1h1   2 h2    2 h2   0

Rewriting relation (26) in matrix form gives

T
IP
 1 1   h1 

  1 1   h1 


 i         0 (27)
 1  2  
h2   i 1  2  
h2  

CR
After rearranging equation (27) as (20), the clamped reflection matrix can be defined

as:

rCC
 i 2   1
 i  

2 1
2i 2 
i 2   1 

US (28)
AN
 2 1 i 2   1 
 
 i 2   1 i 2   1 
M

Free boundary at y  0, l2 :
ED

Applying free condition of (10) into (16) gives:

 12 (h1  h1 )   22 (h2  h2 )  v 2 (h1  h1  h2  h2 )  0

(29)
PT

i 13 (h1  h1 )  i 23 (h2  h2 )  (2  ) 2 (i 1h1  i 1h1   2 h2   2 h2 )  0

Equation (29) can be written in matrix form as

CE

  12  v 2  22  v 2  h1 

   12  v 2  22  v 2  h1 


 3       0 (30)
 
i( 1   1 (2  ) )  2   2 (2  )  
2 3 2
h2   i( 1   1 (2  ) )  2   2 (2  )  
3 2 3 2
h2  
AC

By comparing (30) with (20), the free reflection matrix can be defined as:

 ( 1  i 2 )(2i 1 2 (1  ) 2   2 ( 2 (2  )   22 )   12 ( 2   2 2 )) 2i 2 ( 4 (2  )  2 2 2 2   2 4 ) 

 
 ( 1  i 2 )(2i 1 (1  ) 2    ( (2  )   2 )   1 (    2 )) ( 1  i 2 )(2i 1 2 (1  ) 2   2 ( 2 (2  )   2 2 )   12 (  2   2 2 )) 
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
rFF  
 2 1 ( (2  )  2  1   1 )
4 2 2 4
(  i 2 )(2i 1 2 (1  ) 2   2 ( 2 (2  )   22 )   12 ( 2   2 2 )) 
 1 (31)
 (  i )(2i  2 (1  )   2 ( 2 (2  )   2 )   2 ( 2   2 )) ( 1  i 2 )(2i 1 2 (1  ) 2   2 ( 2 ( 2  )   2 2 )   12 (  2   2 2 )) 
 1 2 1 2 2 1 2

IV. VIBRATION ANALYSIS USING WAVE APPROACH

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The derived propagation and reflection matrices calculated in the previous section are

combined to provide a concise and systematic approach for vibration analysis of the

plates. The incident and reflected waves are shown in Figure (1), schematically. The

incident and reflected waves at boundaries A, B are denoted by a∓ ,b∓respectively.

Also, the incident and reflected waves at boundaries C, D are denoted by

c∓ ,d∓respectively. The relationship between these waves vectors are described by the

T
IP
derived propagation and reflection matrices in the previous section. The relationships

between the wave vectors in the x direction are described by:

CR
b + = f x + (l1 )a +
a- = f x - (l1 )b - (32)
b  = rx b 
a + = rx a- US
AN
The relationships between the wave vectors in the y direction are described by
d + = f y + (l 2 )c +
c- = f y - (l 2 )d - (33)
M

c + = ry C c-
d - = ry D d +
ED

In order to find the natural frequencies of the rectangular plate, the relation (32) and

(33) between two opposite sides should be written in a matrix form as:
PT

-I1×1 rx 0 0  a+ 
f +  
0   a- 
CE

0 -I1×1 (34)
 x  0,
 0 -I1×1 0 f x -  b + 
  
 0 0 rx -I1×1   b - 
AC

-I 22 ryc 0 0   c+ 

 +   (35)
 fy 0 -I 22 0   c- 
0
 0 -I 22 0 f y -  d + 
  
 0 0 ry D -I 22   d - 

For a non-trivial solution, it follows that

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-I1×1 rx 0 0
fx + 0 -I1×1 0
0 (36)
0 -I1×1 0 fx-
0 0 rx -I1×1

-I 2×2 ryc 0 0
fy + 0 -I 2×2 0
0 (37)
0 -I 2×2 0 fy -
0 0 ry D -I 2×2

T
IP
By Substituting equations (19) and (22) into (36) and setting the real and imaginary

CR
parts of equation (36) to zero, one obtains one of the four unknown as:

n (38)
 , n  1, 2,3,..
l1
US
Also, by substituting relation (19) and appropriate reflection matrices ryC ,ry D from
AN

relations (25, 28 and 31) into determinant (37) and setting the real and imaginary parts
M

of equation (37) to zero simultaneously, one can get another equation which should be

solved simultaneously with (13) to obtain the other three unknowns  1 ,  2 ,  .In
ED

solving a set of nonlinear equations, the initials values of the unknowns are very

important and should be appropriately determined for convergence of the solution. To avoid
PT

such a problem, relation (13) can be solved analytically for real solutions of  1 ,  2 which
CE

results in two cases:

AC

Case I )

2
1 2  1 
2    k 2   4 2   4   2  k 2 
12  12 
 (n ) 2
 1 2 2 2
2 1    k 
 12 

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 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

2
1 2  1 
2    k 2   4 2   4   2  k 2  (39)
1 12  12 
1  (n )2 
l1  1 
2 1   2 2 k 2 
 12 

2
1  1 
  2   2  k 2   4 2   4   2  k 2 
1 12  12 
2   (n )2
l1  1 2 2 2
2 1    k 
 12 

T
Case II)

IP
2
1 2  1 
2    k 2   4 2   4   2  k 2 
   

CR
12 12
 (n ) 2
 1 2 2 2
2 1    k 
 12 

2 
1 2  1 
  k 2   4 2   4   2  k 2 
US 2
AN
1 12  12 
1   (n )2 (40)
l1  1 2 2 2
2 1    k 
 12 
M

2
1  1 
  2   2  k 2   4 2   4   2  k 2 
1 12  12 
2   (n )2
ED

l1  1 2 2 2
2 1    k 
 12 
PT

l2 e0 a
Where   ,   l12  h / D , k  ,  h are some non-dimensional
l1 l1 l1
CE

parameters which are used in the next section for generality and convenience. It is

noticeable that the case (II) represents one solution of the plate defined by relation
AC

(12) and case (I) is for the other solution of the plate defined by:

 
W ( x, y, t )   A cos( x)  B sin( x)  C
m 1 n 1
n n m cosh( 1 y )  Dm sinh( 1 y )  Em cosh( 2 y )  Fm sinh( 2 y ) eit

(41)

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 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Based on the appropriate case I or II for the domain of  , these two parameters from

(39), (40) are substituted into (37) to determine the single unknown  . In case I, the

 1 parameter should be changed into i 1 in all the derived propagation and reflection

matrices in relations (19), (25), (28) and (31) to represent the derived propagation and

reflection matrices for the other solution (41).

T
3. Results and discussion

IP
For brevity, a thin plate is described by symbolism defining the boundary conditions

CR
at their edges, for example, SCSF indicates that the edges x  0 , y  0 , x  l1 and

y  l2 are simply-supported, clamped, simply-supported and free, respectively. Values

US
n and m show that the vibrating mode has n and m half-waves in the x and y
AN
directions, respectively. In this study, a graphene sheet with the material properties

which are listed in Table 1 is considered and the Poisson’s ratio is assumed to be 0.3
M

in all of the calculations.

ED

At first, a comparison is made between the results of the present method and two

other references, Lim [49] and Leissa [50], as variational and analytical methods. By
PT

considering nonlocal parameter as zero, the six lowest natural frequency parameters,

β, are obtained for a square rectangular macro-plate. It can be seen from Table 2 that
CE

the results of the present method are in good agreement with the results of the two
AC

other references.

Also, to demonstrate the accuracy and reliability of the present solution for the nano-

plates, a comparison study is provided for graphene sheet. In tables 3 and 4, the

fundamental natural frequencies of single layer square graphene sheet obtained by the

present method are compared with molecular dynamic simulation and GDQ results

from literature [42] for various side lengths. Table 3 and 4 provide the results for

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zigzag and armchair arrangement, respectively. It can be deduced from Table 3 and 4

that there is a very good agreement between the present results and MD simulation for

all cases. The wave approach as an analytical method shows better accuracy respect to

the numerical method of literature [42]. Also, it can be concluded from tables 3 and 4

that the zigzag arrangement is stiffer in respect to the armchair one. As it is indicated

in the tables, the nonlocal parameters used here have different values in respect to the

T
literature. To determine the value of nonlocal parameter e0a as the optimization

IP
variable, nonlinear least-square fitting procedure is used to minimize the total error

CR
which is the Euclidean norm of the difference between the frequencies obtained

directly from the MD simulations and the ones calculated by nonlocal elasticity plate

US
model. It can be observed from both Tables 3 and 4 that the wave method results are
AN
closer to the MD simulation results due to its lower total error.

Table 5 presents a benchmark results for the variation of fundamental natural

M

frequency parameter of nano-plate in respect to nonlocal parameter for various

ED

boundary conditions and side length ratios. The thickness to length ratio is set to be

δ=0.1. As it is expected, the natural frequencies have a decreasing behavior by

PT

reducing the fixed degrees of freedom of the edges. Also, by increasing the value of

the nonlocal parameter the natural frequencies decrease. So, it can be deduced here
CE

that increasing the nonlocal parameter increases the flexibility of the structure.
AC

Figure 2 shows how the non-dimensional natural frequencies can be found using the

present method for a plate with SCSC boundary conditions, δ=0.1, k=1, η =1.0 and

n=1. In the wave approach, for obtaining the natural frequencies, the real and

imaginary curves should meet zero simultaneously as shown in Figure 2.The defined

root shown in Figure 2is the fundamental natural frequency and has the value of

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 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

5.9247. There is another root around three but, it is the cut-off frequency in which the

type of wave motion is changed from case I to case II. At the cut-off frequency, there

is no sign change in both real and imaginary curves, unlike the natural frequencies as

shown in Figure 2.

It is possible to calculate the reflected powers using the reflection coefficients. The

power carried in a propagating wave is proportional to the square of the wave

T
amplitude. Thus, the power reflected per unit incident power can be calculated by the

IP
square of the reflection coefficients |r|2. As a result, knowing the behavior of the

CR
reflection coefficients is the first essential step towards calculating the reflected

powers. The values of the reflection coefficients defined by Equations (25, 28, and

US
31) depend on the type of the boundary condition whether it is simply supported,
AN
clamped or free boundary condition. For simply supported boundary condition, the

reflection coefficients are constant; however, the situation is different in the cases of
M

clamped and free boundary conditions. For clamped boundary condition, the

reflection coefficients depend on the value of four parameters which are β, k, δ and n.
ED

In other words, the reflection coefficients depend on the non-dimensional frequency

PT

parameter of the incident wave, non-dimensional nonlocal parameter, thickness to

length ratio and number of half waves in x direction. In case of free boundary
CE

condition, the reflection coefficients depend on the value of five parameters which are

β, k, δ, n, ν. In other words, they depend on the non-dimensional frequency parameter

AC

of the incident wave, non-dimensional nonlocal parameter, thickness to length ratio,

number of half waves in x direction and Poisson’s ratio. It is noticeable that the values

of the natural frequencies are dependent on the location of the boundary conditions

while the values of the reflection coefficients are independent of the location of the

boundary condition.

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The variations in the modulus of reflection coefficients are presented in Figure (3, a-

d) for clamped and Figure (4, a-d) for free boundary conditions. It is clearly seen from

all the figures that each reflection coefficient experiences a sharp jump or drop at a

finite cut-off frequency, due to changes in the types of wave motion. The cut-off

frequency is dependent on three parameters (k, δ, n) and is independent of the type of

the boundary conditions which can be calculated by setting 1 to zero. It can be seen

T
from all the figures that the cut-off frequency shifts to the lower frequencies as the

IP
non-dimensional nonlocal parameter k increases. For clamped boundary conditions,

CR
the behavior of the modulus of the reflection coefficient r11 is exactly the same as the

behavior of the modulus of the reflection coefficient r22 as shown in Figures (3-a,3-d).

US
Figure (3-a) shows the variations in the reflection coefficient r11 in case of a clamped
AN
boundary condition. As the frequency increases, the modulus of the reflection

coefficient r11 decreases till it reaches a region defined by its cut-off frequency, in
M

which the modulus of r11 is independent of the non-dimensional nonlocal parameter k

and becomes unity as shown in Figure (3-a). Figure (3-b) shows the variations in the
ED

reflection coefficient r12 in case of a clamped boundary condition. As the frequency

PT

increases, there is a reduction in the modulus of the reflection coefficient r12 in both

regions and it asymptotes to zero in the high frequency region in case of nonzero
CE

nonlocal parameter k while it asymptotes to 2 in case of macro scale k=0. Figure (3-

c) shows the variations in the reflection coefficient r21 in case of a clamped boundary
AC

condition. As the frequency increases, the modulus of the reflection coefficient r21

decreases and approaches zero till it reaches the cut-off frequency. Then, there is an

increase till it asymptotes to the value of two in the high frequency region in case of

nonzero nonlocal parameter k while it asymptotes to 2 in case of macro scale k=0.

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For free boundary conditions, the behavior of the modulus of the reflection

coefficientr11 is exactly the same as the behavior of the modulus of the reflection

coefficientr22 as shown in Figure (4-a) and Figure (4-d). Figure (4-a) shows the

variations in the reflection coefficient r11 in case of a free boundary condition. For

frequencies higher than the cut-off frequency, the modulus of the reflection

coefficient r11 is independent of the non-dimensional nonlocal parameter k and

T
becomes unity as shown in Figure (4-a).These frequencies shift to lower frequencies

IP
as the non-dimensional nonlocal parameter k increases. Figure (4-b) plots the

CR
variations in the reflection coefficient r12 in case of a free boundary condition. When k

is less than 0.3793, there are frequencies in which the modulus of the reflection

US
coefficient r12 is zero. These frequencies shift to higher frequencies as the non-
AN
dimensional nonlocal parameter k increases. In addition to the cut-off frequencies,

there are frequencies below the cut-off frequency in which the modulus of the
M

reflection coefficient r21 is zero which can only be observed in case of free boundary

conditions as shown in Figure (4-c).This critical non-dimensional nonlocal parameter

ED

(k=0.3793) in case of free boundary conditions defines two different behaviors for all
PT

the reflection coefficients (r11, r12, r21, r22). When k is less than 0.3793, there is a

sharp jump in the reflection coefficients (r11, r21, r22) while the values higher than
CE

0.3793 lead to a sharp drop in the reflection coefficients (r11, r21, r22) at the cut-off

frequencies.
AC

These hints can be used in the calculation of the required power for industrial

applications if the environment behaves like a thin rectangular plate. The derived

exact solution by the proposed wave approach can be extended to non-uniform or

stepped rectangular plates for future work to obtain analytical expressions for

transmitted, reflected power and energy flow of the waves in these waveguides.

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4. Conclusion

This paper uses wave propagation techniques and nonlocal thin plate theory to present

an exact solution for free vibration analysis of nano-plates with different

combinations of free, simply supported and clamped boundary conditions. In the

macro scale, the proposed method shows excellent accuracy. Also, a comparison

study is provided for graphene sheet which shows the reliability and accuracy of the

T
present solution for the nano-plates.A new nonlocal parameter is proposed for

IP
graphene sheet and it is shown that among the zigzag and armchair arrangements, the

CR
zigzag arrangement is stiffer. A comprehensive solution is presented in table 5 which

shows that the stiffness of nano-plate is reduced by increasing the nonlocal parameter

US
value. Finally, a general study is made on the behavior of wave reflection at the
AN
boundaries.

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ED

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Figure. 1. Configuration of the plate and reflected waves at the boundaries

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2
Real part
Imaginary part
1.5

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Determinant

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0.5

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0

-0.5
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AN
-1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Frequency parameter
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Figure 2. Variation of real and imaginary parts of determinant (37) against frequency
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parameter  in case of SCSC boundary conditions, δ=0.1, k=1.0, η =1.0 and n=1
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7 7

6 k=0.0 6 k=0.0
k=0.2 k=0.2
k=0.4 k=0.4
5 k=0.6 5 k=0.6
Clamped Modulus (1,1)

Clamped Modulus (1,2)

4 4

3 3

2 2

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1 1

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0 0
5 10 15 20 5 10 15 20
Frequency parameter Frequency parameter
a. b.

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7 7

5
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k=0.0
k=0.2
k=0.4
k=0.6
6

5
k=0.0
k=0.2
k=0.4
k=0.6
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Clamped Modulus (2,1)

Clamped Modulus (2,2)

4 4

3 3
M

2 2

1 1
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0 0
5 10 15 20 5 10 15 20
Frequency parameter Frequency parameter
c. d.
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Figure 3. Variation of Clamped reflection matrix coefficients with respect to frequency parameter β for

various nonlocal parameters k in case of n=1, δ=0.1.(a) r11, (b) r12, (c) r21, (d) r22.
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7 7

6 k=0.0 6 k=0.0
k=0.2 k=0.2
k=0.4 k=0.4
5 k=0.6 5 k=0.6
Free Modulus (1,1)

Free Modulus (1,2)

4 4

3 3

2 2

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1 1

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0 0
5 10 15 20 5 10 15 20
Frequency parameter Frequency parameter
a. b.

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7 7

5
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5
k=0.0
k=0.2
k=0.4
k=0.6
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Free Modulus (2,2)
Free Modulus (2,1)

k=0.0
4 k=0.2 4
k=0.4
k=0.6
3 3
M

2 2

1 1
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0 0
5 10 15 20 5 10 15 20
Frequency parameter Frequency parameter
c. d.
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Figure 4. Variation of free reflection matrix coefficients with respect to frequency parameter β for various

nonlocal parameters k in case of n=1, δ=0.1. (a) r11, (b) r12,(c) r21,(d) r22.
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Table 1. Graphene sheet mechanical properties.

Young Modules (E) 1 TPa

Density (ρ) 2250 Kg/m3

Thickness (h) 0.34 nm

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Table 2. The lowest six natural frequency parameters β of a square rectangular macro-
plate =1.

BCs Results Mode number

1 2 3 4 5 6

SCSC Present 28.9509 54.74311 69.327 94.58532 102.2161 129.0955

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Lim[49] 28.9509 54.74312 69.327 94.58532 102.2162 129.0955

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Leissa [50] 28.9509 54.743 69.32 94.584 102.213 129.086

SCSS Present 23.6463 51.6743 58.6462 86.1345 100.2698 113.2189

CR
Lim[49] 23.6463 51.6743 58.6464 86.1345 100.2698 113.2281

Leissa [50] 23.646 51.674 58.641 86.126 100.259 113.217

SSSS Present

Lim[49]
19.7392

19.7392
49.3480

49.3480
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49.3480

49.3480
78.9567

78.9568
98.6960

98.6960
98.6960

98.696
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Leissa [50] 19.739 49.348 49.348 78.957 98.696 98.696

SCSF Present 12.6870 33.0651 41.7022 63.0150 72.3980 90.6111

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Lim[49] 12.687 33.065 41.702 63.015 72.398 90.611

Leissa [50] 12.69 33.06 41.7 63.01 72.4 90.61

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SSSF Present 11.6850 27.7561 41.1965 59.0661 61.8610 90.2942

Lim[49] 11.685 27.756 41.197 59.066 61.861 90.294

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Leissa [50] 11.68 27.76 41.2 59.07 61.86 90.29

SFSF Present 9.6310 16.1343 36.7260 38.9421 46.7380 70.7401

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Lim[49] 9.631 16.135 36.726 38.944 46.738 70.74

Leissa [50] 9.631 16.13 36.72 38.94 46.74 70.75

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Table 3. Natural frequencies (THz) of simply-supported zigzag single-layered square

graphene sheets.

GDQ results [42]

Side Length of SLGS Molecular Dynamics Present wave
δ=1.0 (nm) [42] e0 a  1.41 approach e0 a  1.31

10 0.0587725 0.0584221 0.0586441

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15 0.0273881 0.0282888 0.0277069

20 0.0157524 0.0164593 0.0159519

25 0.0099840 0.0107085 0.0103235

30 0.0070655 0.0075049 0.0072133

35 0.0052982 0.0055447 0.0053195

40 0.0040985 0.0042608 0.0040827

45 0.0032609 0.0033751 0.0032313

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50 0.0026194 0.0027388 0.0026205

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Total Error ----- 0.0015053 0.0005447

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Table 4. Natural frequencies (THz) of simply-supported armchair single-layered
square graphene sheets.

Side Length of SLGS

δ=1.0 (nm)
Molecular Dynamics
US GDQ results [42]
Present wave
e0 a  1.14
AN
[42] e0 a  1.34 approach

10 0.0595014 0.0592359 0.0594419

M

15 0.0277928 0.0284945 0.0278941

20 0.0158141 0.0165309 0.0160151

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25 0.0099975 0.0107393 0.0103502

30 0.0070712 0.0075201 0.0072264

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35 0.0052993 0.0055531 0.0053266

40 0.0041017 0.0042657 0.0040869

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45 0.0032614 0.0033782 0.0032339

50 0.0026197 0.0027408 0.0026222

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Total Error ------ 0.0013957 0.0004522

Table 5. Variations of non-dimensional natural frequency parameter of nano-plate for

different boundary conditions (m=n=1).

Nonlocal
parameter 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
(k)

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BCs δ=0.6   l12  h / D

SCSC 66.8466 39.5396 22.9741 15.8351 12.0219 9.6729

SCSS 49.7365 30.2634 17.7755 12.2882 9.3397 7.5189

SSSS 36.7190 23.2632 13.9127 9.6687 7.3640 5.9344

SCSF 18.5572 16.2246 12.5262 9.7701 7.8956 6.5870

SSSF 14.4275 12.2562 9.0132 6.7712 5.3339 4.3722

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SFSF 9.5099 8.3105 6.3542 4.8834 3.8933 3.2127

δ=0.8

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SCSC 40.6986 27.5030 16.9294 11.8635 9.0652 7.3168

CR
SCSS 31.7226 21.8069 13.5511 9.5247 7.2869 5.8851

SSSS 25.0284 17.6465 11.1413 7.8735 6.0373 4.8813

SCSF

SSSF
14.4691

12.5860
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12.4812

10.7098
9.3909

7.8926
7.1576

5.9358
5.6838

4.6784
4.6805

3.8360
AN
SFSF 9.5588 8.3125 6.3124 4.8315 3.8434 3.1677

δ=1.0
M

SCSC 28.6900 20.8537 13.4004 9.5240 7.3196 5.9247

SCSS 23.4412 17.2334 11.1618 7.9553 6.1213 4.9610

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SSSS 19.5788 14.6356 9.6013 6.8767 5.3026 4.2990

SCSF 12.6409 10.8476 8.0937 6.1337 4.8544 3.9896

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SSSF 11.6394 9.91400 7.3156 5.5059 4.3411 3.5602

SFSF 9.5983 8.3141 6.2794 4.7907 3.8045 3.1325

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