Dispersion Analysis and

Material Property Identification

Tai-Ho Yu
Department of Electronic Engineering,
of a Circular Piezoelectric Ridge
Waveguide
This study investigates the dispersive properties of ridge waves that travel circumferen-
tially around piezoelectric circular ridge waveguides and investigates their resonant
modes. Based on the variable separation method and Hamilton’s principle, the displace-

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National United University,
2 Lien Da, Nan-Shih Li,
Miaoli 36063, Taiwan
e-mail: yth@nuu.edu.tw
ment of ridge waveguides is represented as the product of a cross-sectional coordinate-
dependent function and the propagator along the circumference of a circular ridge
waveguide. The dispersion curves of the flexural waves and resonant frequencies corre-
sponding to ridge waveguides are solved numerically by applying the bidimensional finite
element method (Bi-d FEM) and using the three-dimensional (3D) ANSYS package. The
estimated impedance curves are compared with the predicted dispersion curves of waves
from ridge waveguides to validate the proposed numerical approach. The elastic con-
stants of the circular piezoelectric ridge waveguide are determined through an inverse
scheme that is based on the modified simplex method. The numerical and experimental
results show that by using the modified simplex method to inverse calculate the elastic
constants and geometric parameters of the piezoelectric circular ridge waveguides, a
good degree of accuracy and sensitivity can be achieved. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4052572]

Keywords: piezoelectric circular ridge waveguide, dispersion curves, flexural waves,

bidimensional finite element method (Bi-d FEM), modified simplex method

1 Introduction ear acoustic waveguides. As the method proposed by Lagasse

could be applied to various geometric cross sections, the method
Compared with general traditional rectangular waveguides,
became a crucial tool for studying acoustic waveguides.
under the same internal scale, ridge waveguides have a longer cut-
In 1991, Omar and Schunemann [6] developed the generalized
off wavelength and a lower characteristic impedance. At the same
spectral-domain technique to analyze rectangular waveguides
time, ridge waveguides also have a wider free bandwidth under
with rectangular and circular metal inserts. In 1996, Balaji and
high modal interference. Because of these advantages, ridge
Vahldieck [7] presented a radial mode-matching analysis to calcu-
waveguides have been used as matching or transition elements in
late a rigorous TE and TM mode propagation in single-, double-,
waveguides-to-coaxial junctions, as filter elements, and as compo-
triple-, and quadruple-ridged circular waveguide structures.
nents for other special purposes in transmission lines in systems
In 1997, Fontgalland et al. [8] presented a computation of the
requiring a wide free range in the fundamental mode.
cutoff wave numbers using the boundary element method for the
In 1957, Chen [1] proposed an algebraic expression that consti-
analysis of ridged rectangular waveguides and ridged circular
tutes an approximation to Cohn’s transcendental equation for the
waveguides. In 1997, Wang et al. [9] presented a rigorous analysis
determination of the dominant-mode cutoff wavelength of ridge
combining the method of orthogonal expansion with Galerkin
waveguides.
method for higher-order eigenmodes in a circular–rectangular
In 1972, Lagasse [2] and Maradudin et al. [3] utilized numerical
waveguide.
calculation to prove that a ridge tip possessed waveguide func-
In 1998, Balaji and Vahldieck [10] describe a mode-matching
tions within a specific range of angles. Moreover, they proved that
algorithm for S-parameter computation of circular-ridged wave-
the energy of an antisymmetrical flexural guided wave that is
guide discontinuities. In 1999, Bornemann et al. [11] proposed a
propagated using a ridge tip is primarily limited to a distance
fast and efficient radial mode-matching technique to analyze and
extending the equivalent of one wavelength from the ridge tip. In
design components in circular ridge waveguide technology.
this case, the wave’s phase velocity is lower than the velocity of a
In 2000, Rong and Zaki [12] analyzed the generalized ridge
Rayleigh wave with the same wavelength.
waveguides using the mode-matching method. In 2004, Yang
In 1973, Lagasse et al. [4] stated that single-mode flexural
et al. [13] reported a high-performance 980-nm ridge waveguide
vibrations are limited by the characteristics of ridges and produce
quantum-well laser with an extremely low vertical beam diver-
traveling waves that propagate along the ridges. In this case, an
gence of 13 deg.
elliptical motion curve of the flexural waves causes the sliding
In 2005, Ruiz-Cruz et al. [14] proposed a canonical ridge wave-
block above the rectangular structure to move in the opposite
guide filter with high selectivity, wide spurious free stop band,
direction of the propagating waves.
and compact size. In 2005, Tominaga et al. [15] proposed an ultra-
In 1973, Lagasse [5] applied the variation principle and finite
sonic linear motor using ridge-mode traveling waves.
element method to examine the wave propagation behavior of lin-
In 2010, Pu et al. [16] presented an ultralow-loss coupler for
interfacing a silicon-on-insulator ridge waveguide and a single-
mode fiber in both polarizations. In 2018, Abdelaal et al. [17] uti-
Manuscript received March 16, 2021; final manuscript received September 9, lized a nonstandard dual-mode, double-ridge waveguide to design
2021; published online October 19, 2021. Assoc. Editor: Eihab Abdel-Rahman. a compact orthomode transducer. In 2018, Yu [18] proposed an

Journal of Computational and Nonlinear Dynamics DECEMBER 2021, Vol. 16 / 121004-1

C 2021 by ASME
Copyright V
optimal structural design of a circular cylindrical ridge wave ultra-
sonic motor.
In 2019, Bruske et al. [19] reported on efficient neodymium-
doped titanium in-diffused ridge waveguide lasers in x-cut con-
gruent LiNbO3 under excitation at 814 nm. In 2019, Nasr and
Kishk [20] designed an ultrawideband vertical coaxial-to-single-
ridge waveguide transition to cover Ku-, K-, and Ka-bands
simultaneously.
In 2020, Khonina et al. [21] presented a significant improve-
ment of the evanescent field ratio in a ridge waveguide modified
into a dual hybrid plasmonic waveguide by tapering the middle
section of the waveguide and placing a gold layer on both sides
with a subwavelength gap. In 2020, Delcourt et al. [22] investi-
gated third-order optical nonlinear effects relying on the instanta-
neous Kerr effect in a straight chalcogenide ridge waveguide.
To describe the wave propagation behavior of ridge waves
propagated using a circular ridge waveguide, many mathematical
models have been proposed; these models have yielded consistent
experimental trends. However, the wave propagation behavior of
ridge-guided waves entails complex geometric shapes and
boundary-value problems. A precise analytical solution has not
yet been proposed, and numerical methods are currently used to
develop approximate solutions.
The simplex numerical algorithm is one of the methods of lin-
ear programing based on geometric relations, and it is still con-
stantly being improved in terms of theory and practical
applications [23–25]. This study uses the natural resonant fre-
quency of the piezoelectric circular ridge waveguide to inversely
calculate material parameters. Before the material parameters can
be inversely calculated, three procedures must first be employed:
(i) the geometric parameters of the structure must be inversely cal-
culated, (ii) the sensitivity of the structural parameter is discussed,
and (iii) the convergence condition and convergence of the pro-
gram need to be discussed. The results of the inverse calculation
will be verified and integrated from multiple references such as
literature review and theoretical framework with the expectation
that material parameters are to be provided during the stress anal-
ysis of the piezoelectric circular ridge waveguide.
2 Basic Theoretical Analysis
2.1 Constitutive Equation of Piezoelectric Material. Sche-
matic of a circular ridge waveguide with the coordinate system
presented in Fig. 1, the bottom was simply supported by a foam
rubber.
This study utilized the piezoelectric ceramic material PZT-4, a
transversely isotropic material. Piezoelectric materials produce
direct and inverse piezoelectric effects. Therefore, the application
Fig. 1 Schematic of a circular ridge waveguide
121004-2 / Vol. 16, DECEMBER 2021
of positive pressure on piezoelectric materials causes the piezo-
electric body to generate a voltage to maintain its original state by
resisting the shortening and compression of the electric dipole
moment. This phenomenon in which mechanical energy is con-
verted to electrical energy is known as the direct piezoelectric
effect. When piezoelectric materials are subjected to electric field
effects, their electric dipole moment is elongated and the piezo-
electric body changes based on the direction of the electric field.
This phenomenon in which electrical energy is converted into
mechanical energy is known as the inverse piezoelectric effect.
When a piezoelectric structure is placed in electric fields or sub-
jected to mechanical forces, the constitutive equation of the struc-
ture is as follows [26]:
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T ¼ cS  eE
(1)
D ¼ eS  es E
where T and S are the stress tensor and strain tensor, respectively;
c is the elastic stiffness matrix; e is the tensor of the piezoelectric
constants; D is the electric displacement; E is the electric field
strength; and ES is the piezoelectric constant tensor of the constant
strain. Furthermore, u and U are defined as the displacement vec-
tor and potential vector, respectively.
2.2 Hamilton’s Principle. Under boundary conditions in
which the surface traction of the circular ridge acoustic waveguide
is zero, Hamilton’s principle states that the first variation in the
total potential is zero when the elastomer approaches dynamic
equilibrium
ð t2
dðT  HÞdt ¼ 0 (2)
t1
Moreover, the first variation in all the field variables at the time
intervals t1 and t2 is zero. Here, T and H are the elastomer’s total
kinetic energy and enthalpy, respectively. The kinetic energy in
the material is expressed as
ð ð ðð
1 1
T¼ u_ H q u_ dV ¼ u_ H q u_ rdrdzd h (3)
2 vol 2 h z r
The enthalpy H that is generated in the material due to electrome-
chanical effects is defined as the difference between the strain
energy and the electric potential energy
H ¼ U  EH D ¼ SH T  EH D
ð ðð
1 (4)
¼ SH cS  SH eH E  EH eS  EH eS EÞrdrdzdh
2 h z r
We assume that q is a 3  3 diagonal matrix that represents the
density of the flexible acoustic waveguide. Here, the superscripted
H indicates the Hermitian matrix and represents the conjugate
transpose. If the material stiffness matrix c and the density matrix
q are symmetric matrices with real number values, then the strain
and kinetic energies are positive and definite. The superscripted
overdot represents the partial differentiation of time, and the
Lagrangian function L of the circular ridge waveguide system is
expressed as follows:
L¼TH
ð ðð 
1
¼ u_ H q u_  SH cS þ SH eH E þ EH eS þ EH eS E rdrdzd h
2 h z r
(5)
Hamilton’s principle indicates that under the conditions of no
external force and surface electric charge, integrating the Lagran-
gian function with time leads to
Transactions of the ASME
 ð t2 2 3
@Ni =@r 0 0
d L dt ¼ 0 (6) 6 7
t1 6 0 @Ni =@z 0 7
6 7
6 Ni =r 0 nðNi =r Þ 7 jnh
In the interval (t1, t2), the first derivative of all field variables is Bui ¼ 6
6
7e
7 (18)
zero. 6 0 jnðNi =r Þ jð@Ni =@zÞ 7
6 7
4 jnðNi =r Þ 0 jð@Ni =@r  Ni =r Þ 5
2.3 Bidimensional Finite Element Method. The finite ele- @Ni =@z @Ni =@r 0
ment method is applied to mesh the cross section of the circular  
acoustic waveguide into numerous elements that are continuous, Bu ¼ Bu1 Bu2 Bu3 Bu4 (19)
small, and discrete. The displacement and potential at any point 2 3
within an element are expressed as the product of the interpolation @Ni =@r
function and the node displacement and potential. The elements 6 7
Bui ¼ 4 @Ni =@z 5ejnh (20)
used in this study are isoparametric elements such as two-
dimensional four-node Q4 elements. jnðNi =r Þ

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Given that the flexible waves of a circular ridge waveguide are
propagated circumferentially along the circumference, a state of
resonance is maintained by the wave motion at the cross section 2.4 Dispersion Equation. The expressions of the displace-
perpendicular to the circumference. The displacement vector and ment u, strain S, electrical potential energy U, electric field E,
potential vector are, respectively, assumed to be and interpolation function of any point within a unit element in
Eqs. (15) and (16) are substituted into Eqs. (3)–(5). The values are
8 9 8 9
> ur > > ur ðr; z; tÞÞ > summed to obtain the total kinetic energy T, enthalpy H, and
>
< = < > > >
= Lagrangian function L for all the elements, as follows:
u ¼ uz ¼ uz ðr; z; tÞ ejnh (7) ð ðð
>
> > > > 1X 1X _H _
: > ; > : >
; H
uh juh ðr; z; tÞ T¼ d_ NH _
u qNu d rdrdzd h ¼ d md (21)
2 h z r 2
U ¼ U ¼ Uðr; z; tÞejnh ð ðð
(8) 1X
H¼ dH BH H H H
u cBu dþd Bu e Bu u
2 h z r
where the circumferential mode number n ¼ kR, k is a wave num- H H S
ber, j is the complex number, ejnh is the wave propagation factor, þuH BHu eBu d  u Bu e Bu uÞ rdrdzd h
(22)
and R is the distance from the circular ridge waveguide’s center to 1 X H
the centerline of the circular ridge wall. For a traveling wave, n is ¼ d kuu d þ dH kuu uþuH kuu d  uH kuu u
2
a positive real number. However, for a standing wave, n is a posi-
tive integer. The displacement component at each point within an L¼TH
acoustic waveguide element is expressed using the nodal displace- 
ment and the interpolation function in the following matrix: 1X _H _
¼ d md  dH kuu d  dH kuu u  uH kuu dþuH kuu uÞ
2
u ¼ Nu d (9) (23)

U ¼ N/ u (10) By substituting Eq. (23) into Eq. (6), we obtain the following:
( ð t2 
where 1X 
ddH € uu dþkuu u dt
mdþk
  2 t1
N u ¼ N1 N2 N3 N4 (11)
ð t2 ð t2  
H
2 3 þduH kuu dþkuu uÞdt þ d€ mþdH kuu þ uH kuu dtdd
Ni 0 0 t1 t1
6 7 jnh ð t2 
Ni ¼ 6
40 Ni 0 75e (12)  
þ dH kuu þ uH kuu dtdu ¼0
0 0 jNi t1
(24)
Nu ¼ Ni ejnh (13)
Hence, the equations of motion for the circular ridge waveguide
1 can be expressed as follows:
Ni ¼ ð1 þ nni Þð1 þ ggi Þ (14)
4 Xn o
md€ þkuu dþkuu u ¼ 0 (25)
where d is the displacement vector of a node, u is the potential
vector of a node, and n and g are dumb valuables. The strain S X
and electrical potential energy U are then expressed using the fol- fkuu dþkuu ug ¼ 0 (26)
lowing matrix: Xn T o
d€ mþdT kuu þ uT kuu ¼ 0 (27)
S ¼ Bu d (15)
X
dH kuu þ uT kuu ¼ 0 (28)
E ¼ Bu u (16)
where m, kuu, kuu, kuu, and kuu are symmetric matrices with real
where number values. Thus, Eqs. (25) and (27) are identical, as are
Eqs. (26) and (28). Combining the discretized elements to form a
  global matrix, the equations of motion for the entire system are as
Bu ¼ Bu1 Bu2 Bu3 Bu4 (17)
follows:

Journal of Computational and Nonlinear Dynamics DECEMBER 2021, Vol. 16 / 121004-3

   
M 0 €
D Kuu Kuu D 0
€ þ ¼ (29)
0 0 U Kuu Kuu U 0

If the nodal displacement has a time-harmonic factor eixt , then

D ¼ D eixt ,D€ ¼ x2 D eixt ,U ¼ U eixt , and U€ ¼ x2 U eixt
is substituted into Eq. (24) to allow the formation of a dispersion
equation that presents the relationship between the wave number k
and the angular frequency x
  
Kuu Kuu M 0 D
 x2 ¼0 (30)
Kuu Kuu 0 0 U

Equation (30) presents an eigenvalue problem, and the sufficient

condition for establishing a nontrivial solution of the system of

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equations is as follows:
 
Kuu Kuu M 0
det  x2 ¼0 (31)
Kuu Kuu 0 0

A circular ridge waveguide made from PZT-4 is considered an

example. Table 1 presents the parameters of the PZT-4. The bidi-
mensional finite element method (Bi-d FEM) allows precise and
efficient numerical calculation for ridge waves propagation of the
piezoelectric circular ridge waveguide for both the traveling wave
(n is a noninteger) and the standing wave (n is an integer). The Bi-
d FEM algorithm used in this study was written in the FORTRAN
programing language. The circular ridge waveguide was meshed
by 240 elements and 279 nodes, as shown in Fig. 2(a). Figures
2(b)–2(f) show the resonant mode shapes of the circular ridge
waveguide as calculated by the Bi-d FEM.
Comparative numerical calculations of the ridge waveguide
were carried out using the commercial code ANSYS [27] (ANSYS
Inc., Canonsburg, PA). An element type of SOLID 5 was selected,
and the ridge waveguide was meshed by 6044 elements with 7320
nodes, as shown in Fig. 3. Figure 4 illustrates that the mode shapes
and resonant frequencies of a ridge waveguide calculated by ANSYS
correspond to the axial modes m ¼ 1–3. The F(m, n) stands for the
flexural wave of a circular ridge waveguide, where m is the axial
mode number and n is the circumferential mode number. Figure 5
presents the dispersion curves for the calculated wave number k Fig. 2 Sectional mode shapes of piezoelectric circular ridge
(1/mm) and frequency x (kHz). Comparisons of the simulation waveguide as calculated by Bi-d FEM: (a) mesh map, (b) m 5 1,
(c) m 5 2, (d) m 5 3, (e) m 5 4, and (f) m 5 5
performed by using ANSYS and Bi-d FEM revealed that the two
sets of results were consistent.
Uh ¼ AUh (34)
2.5 Correction of Ridge Tip Displacement. The dispersion
equation of the circular ridge waveguide is an eigenvalue prob- where Ur , Uz , and Uh are the displacement components prior to
lem, and the obtained eigenvectors are normalized to a character- the correction, and Ur, Uz, and Uh are the displacement compo-
istic length of one. Assuming that the corrected displacement is nents after the correction.
the product of the displacement obtained through the eigenvector The kinetic energy and strain per unit time inside the circular
corresponding to the eigenvalue and the proportionality constant ridge waveguide wall are summed up and expressed as 1 unit of
A, the corrected displacement equation can be expressed as
follows:

Ur ¼ AUr (32)

Uz ¼ AUz (33)

Table 1 Parameters of the PZT-4 [26]

Elastic coefficient (GPa)

C11 C12 C13 C33 C44

139 77.8 74.3 115 25.6
Piezoelectric coefficient (C/m2) Dielectric coefficient
e15 e31 e33 e11 =e0 e33 =e0
12.7 5.6 15.1 730 635
Fig. 3 Mesh view of a piezoelectric circular ridge waveguide
Note: e0 ¼ 8:854  1012 F/m. by 3D ANSYS

121004-4 / Vol. 16, DECEMBER 2021 Transactions of the ASME

 energy. Given that the strain and kinetic energies of an elastic
wave are equal within one cycle, the sum of the two is expressed
as follows:

2ðpA2 x2 UT MUÞ ¼ 1 (35)

Here, the constant of proportionality A is as follows:

rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1 1
A¼ (36)
x 2pUT MU

Thus, the real sizes of Ur, Uz, and Uh corresponding to the unit
time and energy can be obtained. Figures 6(a) and 6(b) illustrate
the distribution of the radial displacement Ur at node “T” (as

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shown in Fig. 2(a)) before and after the correction. The horizontal
axis h/Rin in the figures represents the circular ridge waveguide’s
height-to-radius ratio. Figures 7(a) and 7(b) illustrate the distribu-
tion of the circumferential displacement Uh before and after the
correction. The figures present a significant difference prior to and
after conducting the correction.

3 Experimental Results
3.1 Electrode Design. This study utilized a PZT-4 piezoelec-
tric circular ridge waveguide that was manufactured by Eleceram
Inc., Taoyuan, Taiwan. The piezoelectric circular ridge wave-
guide’s height, outer radius, and inner radius were 12.64 mm,
13 mm, and 11 mm, respectively, yielding a thickness of 2 mm.
First, nitric acid was used to wash off the metal electrodes from

Fig. 4 Mode shapes and resonant frequencies of a piezoelec-

tric circular ridge waveguide generated by 3D ANSYS. (a) F(1, 2),
6.039 kHz, (b) F(1, 3), 16.803 kHz, (c) F(1, 4), 31.445 kHz, (d) F(1,
5), 49.314 kHz, (e) F(1, 6), 69.817 kHz, (f) F(2, 2), 9.178 kHz, (g)
F(2, 3), 22.988 kHz, (h) F(2, 4), 38.896 kHz, (i) F(2, 5), 56.912 kHz,
(j) F(2, 6), 76.977 kHz, (k) F(3, 2), 64.967 kHz, (l) F(3, 3),
70.839 kHz, (m) F(3, 4), 80.764 kHz, (n) F(3, 5), 94.893 kHz, and (o)
F(3, 6), 112.512 kHz.

Fig. 6 Radial displacement distribution of the flexural waves

Fig. 5 Dispersion curves for the frequency and wave number of the circular ridge waveguides: (a) before the correction and
of the flexural waves of the circular ridge waveguides (b) after the correction

Journal of Computational and Nonlinear Dynamics DECEMBER 2021, Vol. 16 / 121004-5


Fig. 7 Circumferential displacement distribution of the flexural
waves of the circular ridge waveguides: (a) before the correc-
tion and (b) after the correction
the inner and outer section of the piezoelectric circular ridge
waveguide. Subsequently, new electrodes were coated on the cir-
cular ridge waveguide surface based on the flexible wave mode
that had to be excited according to the design. Using screen print-
ing, silver glue was coated on the outer surface of the piezoelec-
tric circular ridge waveguide. The printed silver lines served as
driving electrodes for the transducer. Before the electrodes were
coated, the printing screen had to be tightly affixed to the outer
surface of the piezoelectric circular ridge waveguide, and a scrap-
ing knife was used to extrude the silver glue to allow the glue to
Fig. 8 Screen design drawing generated by using AUTOCAD.
n 5 2, n 5 3, n 5 4, n 5 5, and n 5 6.
121004-6 / Vol. 16, DECEMBER 2021
Fig. 9 Final screen layout
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pass through the electrode section of the screen. Finally, this pro-
cess requires 10 min of heating in a furnace at 120  C.
Figures 8 and 9 present the electrodes designed on AUTOCAD
(Autodesk Inc., San Rafael, CA) and the final completed layout of
the electrode, respectively. The thicker electrode in the center is
the driving electrode, and the other electrodes divided into three
segments are the sensing electrodes. Based on the different cir-
cumferential mode numbers n, the sensing electrodes are placed at
corresponding wave valleys at intervals of 180 deg, 120 deg,
90 deg, 72 deg, and 60 deg. The sensing electrodes are designed in
three stages to distinguish between the resonant frequencies corre-
sponding to the different axial modes m. Figure 10 presents a pie-
zoelectric circular ridge waveguide in which n ¼ 2 electrodes
have been arranged.
3.2 Resonant Frequency Measurement. The impedance
curve of the piezoelectric circular ridge waveguide was obtained
using a network analyzer HP8751A (Agilent Technologies, Santa
Clara, CA) on the resonance frequency measurement, as presented
in Figs. 11 and 12. The network analyzer has three functions:
function generation, signal acquisition, and analysis. During the
measurement, the bandwidth is adjusted to the corresponding res-
onant frequency range based on the result of the simulation. First,
the analyzer outputs a sine wave, amplified ten times by a broad-
band amplifier NF HAS-4051 (NF Corporation, Yokohama,
Japan), which is connected to the driving electrode. Subsequently,
the sensing electrode senses the voltage change caused by the
deformation of the piezoelectric circular ridge waveguide. In this
experiment, in order to reduce the influence of the boundary con-
ditions, the piezoelectric circular ridge waveguide is placed on
foam rubber, which is similar to the situation where the two ends
are unconstrained.
The resonant modes of the circular ridge waveguide are longitu-
dinal, torsional, and flexural modes. Longitudinal motion moves
along the axial and radial directions. In this study, the resonant
Fig. 10 Piezoelectric circular ridge waveguide in which the
electrodes have been arranged for n 5 2
Transactions of the ASME
response of the flexural mode was used as the primary circumfer-
ential wave of the ridge waveguide. Two integers (m, n) were
used to indicate the numbering and characteristics of the resonant
modes. Here, n represents the number of circumferential modes,
and m indicates the number of axial modes.
Figures 13(a)–13(o) present the experimental impedance
curves. In this study, F(m, n) is used to represent the correspond-
ing flexural modes. Although the scanning frequency range is the
same, different impedance curves are obtained due to the different
positions of the sensing electrodes. Therefore, using the modal
distribution, the sensing electrodes can be segmented to distin-
guish the frequencies of the different axial modes. Figure 14
presents a comparison between the experimental and theoretical
values obtained from the dispersion curves. The theoretical dis-
persion curve is simulated by obtaining an average of the actual
dimensions of the experimental and theoretical piezoelectric cir-
cular ridge waveguides. Table 2 presents the comparison of exper-
imental and theoretical values. Table 3 presents the difference
between the corresponding experimental and theoretical values
before the inversion calculation of structural parameters.
4 Inversion Calculation of Material Parameters
4.1 Modified Simplex Method. The modified simplex algo-
rithm is a method that can be used to find the optimized structural
parameters based on the principles of geometry [23–25]. The
basic idea is to create N-dimensional spaces with N þ 1 vertices to
seek the most likely N parameters. For example, N ¼ 2 represents
that the structure is a triangle in space, and N ¼ 3 represents a tet-
rahedron structure in space. The movement direction of the trian-
gle or tetrahedron is determined by the magnitude of each vertex
objective function value. When the value of the objective function
reaches the minimum value, the parameter at the time is the opti-
mal solution.
As shown in Fig. 15, taking N ¼ 2 as an example, three vertices
are established as two-dimensional function space, the W point
with the largest objective function value, the B point with the
smallest objective function value, and the O point with the value
of the objective function between the two points. The process of
searching for the best solution can be divided into the following
four steps:
Step 1: Establish a reflection point R based on the highest point.
Suppose that value d is the distance from the maximum value
W to the midpoint Mp of the line connecting the remaining two
points, and the WMp line extends d to the reflection point R.
When the value of the point R is between the minimum and the
maximum of the objective function value, a new vertex is estab-
lished at reflection point R, and the maximum value of point W
is replaced.
Step 2: Establish an expansion point E.
If the objective function value of the reflection point R is
smaller than the lowest point B, the WMp line segment is
extended by 2d to point E. A comparison of the objective
Fig. 11 Experimental setup
Journal of Computational and Nonlinear Dynamics
function values between point R and point E is conducted to
determine the smaller point at which the objective function
value is accepted replacing the maximum point W.
Step 3: Establish a contraction point C.
If the objective function value of reflection point R is larger
than the maximum value of point W, a contraction point C is
established at the midpoint of the WMp line segment. If the
value of the objective function at point C is smaller than the
highest point W, point W is replaced by point C.
Step 4: Shrink point O and point W to shrinkage point S.
If the value of the objective function at point C is larger than
the maximum value of point W, then point O and point W are
contracted to point S along the line segments OB and WB,
respectively, to establish a new triangular apex.
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The modified simplex method will find a point with a smaller
objective function value to replace the point with the largest
objective function value to form a new triangle. Repeat these four
steps until the smallest objective function value is found. The pro-
gram used for the material parameter inversion calculation in this
study was written using FORTRAN.
4.2 Objective Function. While performing an inversion cal-
culation of the material parameters, the most important thing is to
define the objective function. In addition to improving the accu-
racy of inverse calculation, a good objective function can save on
computation time. Usually, the objective function is based on the
difference between the experimental value and the numerical sim-
ulation result to find the parameter with the smallest error. In this
paper, the objective function is defined as the sum of squares of
the frequency difference between the experimental and theoretical
value of each flexural mode, as follows:
" #
M N  2
1 X 1 X i i
FObject ¼  f  f (37)
M j¼1 N  i¼1 Experiment Theory
i
where FObject is the objective function, fExperiment is the experimen-
tal value of the resonant frequency corresponding to each mode,
Fig. 12 Photograph of the experimental setup
DECEMBER 2021, Vol. 16 / 121004-7
 i
fTheory is the theoretical value of the resonant frequency corre-
sponding to the wave number k of each mode, N* is the experi-
mental value of the circumferential mode number, and M* is the
experimental value of the axial mode number.
4.3 Inversion Calculation of Structural Parameters.
Before inverse calculation of material parameters, the geometric
parameters of the structure must be inverse calculated. Since the
piezoelectric circular ridge waveguide used in this study is not
perfect, there may be errors in the size of the geometric parame-
ters. The distribution of the height (measured with a vernier cali-
per) of the ridge waveguide at different circumferences is about
12.55–12.73 mm, and the ridge waveguide wall thickness distribu-
tion is about 1.98–2.04 mm, which cannot completely match the
simulated uniform geometry.
It can be found from Table 3 that the differences between the
experimental values of the circumferential mode numbers n ¼ 3
and 4 and the theoretical values were much larger than those of
the other modes. Different circumferential modes correspond to

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Fig. 13 Impedance curves by measurement. (a) F(1, 2) mode, (b) F(2, 2) mode, (c) F(3, 2) mode, (d) F(1, 3) mode, (e) F(2,
3) mode, (f) F(3, 3) mode, (g) F(1, 4) mode, (h) F(2, 4) mode, (i) F(3, 4) mode, (j) F(1, 5) mode, (k) F(2, 5) mode, (l) F(3, 5)
mode, (m) F(1, 6) mode, (n) F(2, 6) mode, and (o) F(3, 6) mode.

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Fig. 14 Comparison of the dispersion curves between experi- Fig. 16 Sensitivity test of inner radius Rin
mental and theoretical values

Table 2 Comparison of experimental and theoretical values

m¼1 m¼2 m¼3

(kHz) Experimental value Theoretical value Experimental value Theoretical value Experimental value Theoretical value

n¼2 5.913 6.039 8.960 9.178 63.920 64.967

n¼3 16.260 16.803 22.265 22.988 68.903 70.839
n¼4 30.558 31.445 38.170 38.896 79.010 80.764
n¼5 48.905 49.314 56.620 56.912 94.078 94.893
n¼6 69.488 69.817 76.923 76.977 112.093 112.512

Table 3 The difference between the corresponding experimen- the size parameters of the structure are the inner radius Rin and the
tal and theoretical values before the inversion calculation of height h. Figures 16 and 17 show the comparison of the variation
structural parameters of the circumferential flexural wave dispersion curve with the the-
oretical model curve after adding 0.5 mm to the two parameters.
(Hz) m¼1 m¼2 m¼3 When Rin increases by 0.5 mm, the three dispersion curves are
n¼2 126 218 1047
shifted to the low frequency, where m ¼ 1 and 2 increases along
n¼3 543 723 1936 with the increase of k, while the offset of m ¼ 3 is similar to the
n¼4 887 726 1754 horizontal offset. Increasing the height h results in an obvious
n¼5 409 292 815 shift of m ¼ 3 curve to the low frequency, while the m ¼ 2 curve
n¼6 329 54 419 shifts only slightly to the low frequency. The m ¼ 1 curve has
almost no change.
Before the inverse calculation of the experimental measure-
different electrode positions, which are presumed to be caused by ments of the resonance frequency, the convergence condition and
uneven size distribution. In the axial mode, the difference of convergence of the program need to be discussed. Convergence
m ¼ 3 is the largest, assuming the theoretical value can infer the conditions are an important step in the whole process of the inver-
effect of uniform size. Therefore, during the first stage of this sion calculation and an important factor in determining the
study, the structural parameters are inversely calculated to obtain
the most likely uniform geometric size. After the actual geometric
shape of the circular ridge waveguide is obtained, the second stage
of the material parameters’ inversion calculation is performed.
Before performing the structural parameter inverse calculation,
the sensitivity of each structural parameter is discussed. Assuming
that the outer diameter of the circular ridge waveguide is constant,

Fig. 15 Modified simplex algorithm Fig. 17 Sensitivity test of height h

Journal of Computational and Nonlinear Dynamics DECEMBER 2021, Vol. 16 / 121004-9


Fig. 18 Convergence test of structural parameters Rin and h
parameter accuracy of the inversion calculation. The convergence
condition in this study is defined as follows:
jXw  Xb j < 1 lm (38)
where Xw represents the parameter corresponding to the maximum
point of the difference of the objective function in each point, and
Xb represents the parameter corresponding to the minimum point
of the difference of the objective function in each point. Maxi-
mum and minimum parameter values of less than 1 lm indicate
that the points are quite close; therefore, this can be judged as
convergence.
As shown in Fig. 18, the solid points are the initial guess values,
and the hollow point is the final convergence value. The initial
guess value of each parameter is the theoretical model val-
ue  (1 6 random number (0.0–1.0)), and the theoretical model
value is Rin ¼ 11 mm and h ¼ 12.5 mm. It can be seen from Fig. 18
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Fig. 20 Comparison of the experimental results of the piezo-
electric circular ridge waveguide dispersion curves after the
structural parameters’ inversion calculation
that the ten sets of parameters that are randomly guessed converge
to the theoretical value, excluding the possibility that the objective
function has another local minimum.
Finally, the inversion calculation is performed using the experi-
mentally measured resonance frequency. The convergence is
shown in Fig. 19, value is Rin ¼ 11.01 mm and h ¼ 12.77 mm. It
can be seen from Fig. 20 that the dispersion curve obtained by the
modified shape has significantly reduced the error between
the experimental values and the simulation results, specifically for
the dispersion curve of m ¼ 3. The corrected frequency and exper-
imental values are summarized in Table 4, while in Table 5 the
differences between the frequency and experimental values are
listed.
4.4 Sensitivity Analysis of Material Parameters. The inde-
pendent coefficient of piezoelectric material contains five elastic
coefficients, three piezoelectric coefficients, and two dielectric
coefficients. Before the material coefficient is inversely calcu-
lated, the sensitivity of each coefficient is discussed.
4.4.1 The Sensitivity of Elastic Coefficients. In the case of the
elastic coefficient, the first aspect that must be discussed is the

Table 5 The differences between the theoretical values and

experimental values after the inversion calculation of structural
parameters

(Hz) m¼1 m¼2 m¼3

n¼2 98 150 102

n¼3 465 539 866
n¼4 744 439 624
n¼5 196 78 324
n¼6 44 386 715
Fig. 19 Inversion calculation results of structural parameters
Rin and h

Table 4 Theoretical values and experimental values after the inversion calculation of structural parameters

m¼1 m¼2 m¼3

(kHz) Experimental value Theoretical value Experimental value Theoretical value Experimental value Theoretical value

n¼2 5.913 6.011 8.960 9.110 63.920 64.022

n¼3 16.260 16.725 22.265 22.804 68.903 69.769
n¼4 30.558 31.302 38.170 38.609 79.010 79.634
n¼5 48.905 49.101 56.620 56.542 94.078 93.754
n¼6 69.488 69.532 76.923 76.537 112.093 111.378

121004-10 / Vol. 16, DECEMBER 2021 Transactions of the ASME

influence of the change in C11 on the dispersion curves. Figure
21(a) shows the effect of C11 on the dispersion curve when it is
changed to 120% of the target value. When C11 increases, the fre-
quency of m ¼ 1 and 2 curves increases, the frequency is further
increased as a result from the increase of wave number k. The fre-
quency of the m ¼ 3 curve is shifted to the higher frequency in an
approximately horizontal translation. The three dispersion curves
all depict significant changes.
Next, we discuss the effect of C12 changes on the dispersion
curves, as shown in Fig. 21(b). When C12 becomes larger, the
three dispersion curves are shifted to the low frequency. The reso-
nance frequency of m ¼ 1 and 2 increases with k, and there is a
tendency to shift toward lower frequencies. The resonance fre-
quency of the m ¼ 3 curve is shifted parallel to the low frequency.
Fig. 21 Sensitivity test of the elastic coefficients: (a) C11, (b) C12, (c) C13, (d) C33, (e) C44, (f) e15, (g) e31, (h)
e33, (i) e11, and (j) e33
Journal of Computational and Nonlinear Dynamics
We next observe the effect of C13 changes, as shown in
Fig. 21(c). After an increase in C13, the variation in the dispersion
curve is shifted to the lower frequency, to the same extent as the
shift with the change in C12. The amount of change caused by an
increase of C13, however, is significantly smaller than the effect of
an increase in C12, especially with regard to the dispersion curves
at m ¼ 1 and 2. Although the amount of m ¼ 3 is reduced, the
change is more apparent as compared to m ¼ 1 and 2, suggesting
that the dispersion curve of m ¼ 3 has a higher sensitivity to C13.
We then discuss the sensitivity of C33, as shown in Fig. 21(d).
When C33 is increased to 120%, there is almost no change in the
corresponding three dispersion curves. Only the dispersion curve
of m ¼ 3 rises slightly with the increase of k, while the offset to
the high frequency has a slight decrease.
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DECEMBER 2021, Vol. 16 / 121004-11

Fig. 21 Continued
Finally, the effects of the changes in C44 on the dispersion
curve are discussed, as shown in Fig. 21(e). When C44 is changed
to 120%, the three dispersion curves shift slightly to high frequen-
cies. When k increases, the frequency also increases slightly; how-
ever, the variation of the three curves is not particularly obvious.
The degree of influence of C44 and C13 is different, while the latter
has a greater influence on the m ¼ 3 curve. As a result, C44 is
ranked after C13 when calculating priority inversions.
4.4.2 The Sensitivity of Piezoelectric Coefficients. With
respect to the piezoelectric coefficients, the effects e15, e31, and
e33 are discussed. Figures 21(f)–21(h) depict corresponding dis-
persion curves shifted slightly to higher frequencies when e15, e31,
and e33 increase to 120%. However, the offset of each dispersion
curve is not obvious; in particular, the dispersion curve corre-
sponding to e33 exhibits almost no change.
4.4.3 The Sensitivity of Dielectric Coefficients. With respect
to the dielectric coefficients, the dispersion curves corresponding
to the increase of e11 and e33 to 120% are shown in Figs. 21(i) and
21(j), respectively. The change for e11 results in almost no change
in the dispersion curve. The change for e33 results in an unnotice-
able change in the dispersion curve; however, all three dispersion
curves shift slightly to low frequencies.
The above discussions of the effects of the elastic coefficients,
piezoelectric coefficients, and dielectric coefficients indicate that
the elastic coefficients affect the variation of the dispersion curves
to a greater degree than the piezoelectric coefficients and the
dielectric coefficients. This indicates a greater sensitivity by the
elastic coefficients, especially C11 and C12, followed by C13. The
dispersion curve of m ¼ 3 has a high sensitivity to C13, while it
121004-12 / Vol. 16, DECEMBER 2021
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has lower sensitivity to the other coefficients. As a result, in this
study, the only material coefficients discussed are the elastic coef-
ficients, and the priority of the inversion calculation is as follows:
C11 > C12 > C13 > C44 > C33.
4.5 Inversion Calculation of Material Parameters. Before
the inversion calculation of the material coefficients is performed,
the convergence condition and convergence of the program are
discussed. The material coefficient inverse calculation conver-
gence condition is defined as follows:
jCwij  Cbij j < 1 MPa (39)
where Cwij represents the material coefficient corresponding to the
maximum point of the difference between the objective functions
in each point, and Cbij represents the material coefficient corre-
sponding to the minimum point of the objective function differ-
ence in each point. When the difference between the two material
coefficients is less than 1 MPa, it is judged to be convergent.
In the convergence test of the inverse calculation program,
three methods m ¼ 1, m ¼ 1 and 2, and m ¼ 1, 2, and 3 are used to
discuss the number of coefficients that can reach convergence.
The initial value in the inverse calculation process is the material
coefficients  (1 6 random number (0.0–0.3)) in Table 1.
4.5.1 Inverse Calculation Using m ¼ 1 Dispersion Curve.
Figures 22(a)–22(d) show the convergence of two coefficients and
three coefficients using only the m ¼ 1 curve. Figure 22(a) shows
that if only two coefficients are inversely calculated using the
m ¼ 1 curve, the ten sets of randomly given material coefficients
Transactions of the ASME
will converge to the theoretical value. In the case of the inverse
calculation of the three coefficients, Figs. 22(b)–22(d) show that
only seven of the ten sets of material coefficients randomly given
will converge to the theoretical value. The final convergence of
C11 is between 135.28 and 144.15 GPa, that of C12 is between
71.63 and 85.45 GPa, and that of C13 is between 73.65 and
75.89 GPa, so the determination does not converge.
4.5.2 Inverse Calculation Using m ¼ 1 and 2 Dispersion
Curves. Figures 23(a)–23(j) show the convergence of two to four
coefficients using the m ¼ 1 and 2 curves. Figure 23(a) shows the
convergence of the two coefficients in the inverse calculation. As
in the previous state where only the m ¼ 1 curve was used, the ten
sets of coefficients all converge to the theoretical value. Figures
23(b)–23(d) show the convergence of the three coefficients. The
effect is better than when only m ¼ 1, and the ten sets of coeffi-
cients all converge to the theoretical value. Figures 23(e)–23(j)
show the convergence of the four coefficients. Only seven sets of
the randomly given coefficients converge to the theoretical value.
The convergence results of the remaining three points establish
final convergence of C11 between 135.27 and 140.39 GPa, C12 is
between 74.19 and 79.14 GPa, C13 is between 68.88 and
76.18 GPa, while C44 is between 25.48 and 25.97 GPa. Although
the distribution range of C44 is quite close to the theoretical value
of C44, the convergence values of the other three material coeffi-
cients are quite different from the theoretical values, so it is deter-
mined that there is no convergence.
4.5.3 Inverse Calculation Using m ¼ 1, 2, and 3 Dispersion
Curves. If the m ¼ 1, 2, and 3 curves are used, the convergence of
two to five coefficients is discussed separately, and the test results
are shown in Figs. 24(a)–24(t). Figures 24(a)–24(j) show the
Fig. 22 Convergence test results of inversely calculated by m 5 1 dispersion curve. (a) Two elastic coeffi-
cients C11 and C12, (b) three elastic coefficients (C11–C12 plane), (c) three elastic coefficients (C11–C13 plane),
and (d) three elastic coefficients (C12–C13 plane).
Journal of Computational and Nonlinear Dynamics
convergence results of the two to four coefficients of the inverse
calculation and show that the ten sets of random coefficients can
converge to the theoretical value. Figures 24(k)–24(t) show the
convergence of the five coefficients. C11 is between 13.18 and
145.14 GPa, C12 is between 70.23 and 83.82 GPa, C13 is between
57.51 and 87.09 GPa, C44 is between 25.24 and 26.30 GPa, and
C33 is between 83.29 and 139.46 GPa. The results of each conver-
gence point are widely dispersed, and there are only two points
close to the theoretical value. The reason for this situation is that
the sensitivity of C33 is very low, and it is not suitable for inverse
calculation. In summary, the method of inversion calculation
using three dispersion curves is deemed superior as it is capable
of triggering the largest number of the coefficients to converge.
As a result, when the material coefficient is inversely calculated,
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three dispersion curves will be used for the inversion calculation.
Based on the measured values of the resonant frequency, the
two elastic coefficients and the three elastic coefficients are,
respectively, inversely calculated, and the results are shown in
Figs. 25(a)–25(d). The differences between the convergence val-
ues and the reference values are listed in Tables 6 and 7. The ref-
erence value used is the material coefficient of PZT-4 [26], and
the inversion calculation result is very close to the reference
value. Additionally, the results of the inversion calculation with-
out structural parameters are shown in Fig. 26 and Table 8.
Clearly, it is necessary to first inversely calculate the
structural coefficients and then inversely calculate the material
coefficients.
5 Discussion
The resonant modes of a circular ridge waveguide include the
number of circumferential modes n and the number of axial
DECEMBER 2021, Vol. 16 / 121004-13
modes m. For elastic waves, when n is an integer, the flexible
waves of the circular ridge waveguide that are propagating in the
clockwise and counterclockwise directions combine to form
standing waves. However, when n is not an integer, the progres-
sive waves are transmitted bidirectionally. The basic concepts
examined in this study are based on the above. The data from a
wave propagation analysis conducted by using a Bi-d FEM and
vibration value analysis conducted by using a three-dimensional
(3D) ANSYS were compared, and the results obtained were optimal
for both isotropic and piezoelectric circular ridge waveguides.
To analyze the issues posed by the circular ridge waveguide,
the resonance frequencies of the axial and circumferential modes
were designed in an interlaced manner and were examined based
on the number of modes (sequentially from high to low). As a
result, mode identification was a time-consuming process. By ana-
lyzing the 3D ANSYS results, we observed that the resonant modes
were present from low to high frequencies. The deformation dia-
gram for each mode was illustrated to select a specific mode. A
Bi-d FEM analysis provided the resonance frequency for the con-
tinuously changing circumferential and axial modes of a circular
ridge waveguide. This saved on the time spent in the identification
and enabled the identification of modes even when the structure
was geometrically complex. The other advantage of the Bi-d FEM
was that the method enabled the use of the wave propagation fac-
tor ejnh as the interpolation function for the circumferential direc-
tion. It is a benefit when the number of circumferential modes is

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Fig. 23 Convergence test results of inversely calculated by m 5 1 and 2 dispersion curves. (a) Two elastic
coefficients C11 and C12, (b) three elastic coefficients (C11–C12 plane), (c) three elastic coefficients (C11–C13
plane), (d) three elastic coefficients (C12–C13 plane), (e) four elastic coefficients (C11–C12 plane), (f) four elas-
tic coefficients (C11–C13 plane), (g) four elastic coefficients (C11–C44 plane), (h) four elastic coefficients
(C12–C13 plane), (i) four elastic coefficients (C12–C44 plane), and (j) four elastic coefficients (C13–C44 plane).

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Fig. 23 Continued

high and, consequently, there is no need to be concerned about
large analysis errors due to an insufficient number of circumferen-
tial elements.
For experimental measurements, the position of the sensing
electrodes can be designed on the basis of the different resonance
modes to achieve the function of enhancing or lowering a specific
modal signal. However, the effect on the circumferential mode
number or the circumferential hoop mode is not significant. In
addition to segmenting the original sensing electrodes in the elec-
trode design, the driving electrode has the same number of cir-
cumferential modes, which allows the impedance curve to obtain
Table 6 Inversion calculation results for the two elastic coeffi-
cients after the structural parameters’ inversion calculation
C11 C12
Theoretical value (GPa) 139 77.8
Inversion calculation value (GPa) 138.723 77.458
Difference (%) 0.199% 0.440%
the best signal-to-noise ratio. Because of the anisotropic sintering
characteristics of piezoelectric ceramics, the geometrical dimen-
sions of piezoelectric circular ridge waveguides are uneven. The
differences between the experimental values and values obtained
by numerical analysis of the resonant frequencies are high for the
various circumferential modes. This may be as a result of the sens-
ing points corresponding to different circumferential modal num-
bers; thus, the influence of the uneven shape is more apparent.
For that reason, before the inversion calculation of material
coefficients, the inverse of the structural geometric coefficients is
calculated first. If the structural geometric coefficients with the
smallest error are obtained, the error of the material coefficient
inverse calculation can be reduced. After the inversion calcula-
tion, the development trends of the dispersion curves can be more
obviously corrected, specifically for the dispersion curve of m ¼ 3.
In the inversion calculation of material coefficients, since the
experimental data that can be compared consist of only a few
modal resonant frequencies, strategic choices must be made.
Therefore, only the coefficients with higher sensitivity among the
coefficients can be inversely calculated, and the influence of pie-
zoelectric and dielectric coefficients cannot be discussed. The

Table 7 Inversion calculation results for the three elastic coef- Table 8 Inversion calculation results for the two elastic coeffi-
ficients after the structural parameters’ inversion calculation cients before the structural parameters’ inversion calculation

C11 C12 C13 C11 C12

Theoretical value (GPa) 139 77.8 74.3 Theoretical value (GPa) 139 77.8
Inversion calculation value (GPa) 137.466 75.833 73.004 Inversion calculation value (GPa) 133.393 72.146
Difference (%) 1.104% 2.528% 1.744% Difference (%) 4.034% 7.267%

Journal of Computational and Nonlinear Dynamics DECEMBER 2021, Vol. 16 / 121004-15

inversion calculation results show that the high sensitivity C11 and
C12 values are quite accurate. However, if the material coefficient
of the lower sensitivity is inversely calculated at the same time,
the error increases. If the comparison of the experimental data can
be increased, it should be possible to solve the issue.
The numerical simulation results showed that it is advantageous
to analyze the vibration problem using the concept of elastic wave
propagation. In particular, in a structure that has two dimensions,
the resonance frequency cannot be arranged in the order of the
corresponding modal numbers, which results in difficulties when
identifying and pairing the resonance frequency and the resonance
mode. Therefore, the dispersion curve can be used to sequentially
calculate the resonance frequency of each mode, and the disper-
sion curve obtained by experimental measurement can be used to
establish a method different from the traditional vibration
measurement.

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Fig. 24 Convergence test results of inversely calculated by m 5 1, 2, and 3 dispersion curves. (a) Two elas-
tic coefficients C11 and C12, (b) three elastic coefficients (C11–C12 plane), (c) three elastic coefficients
(C11–C13 plane), (d) three elastic coefficients (C12–C13 plane), (e) four elastic coefficients (C11–C12 plane), (f)
four elastic coefficients (C11–C13 plane), (g) four elastic coefficients (C11–C14 plane), (h) four elastic coeffi-
cients (C12–C13 plane), (i) four elastic coefficients (C12–C44 plane), (j) four elastic coefficients (C13–C44 plane),
(k) five elastic coefficients (C11–C12 plane), (l) five elastic coefficients (C11–C13 plane), (m) five elastic coeffi-
cients (C11–C44 plane), (n) five elastic coefficients (C11–C33 plane), (o) five elastic coefficients (C12–C13
plane), (p) five elastic coefficients (C12–C44 plane), (q) five elastic coefficients (C12–C33 plane), (r) five elastic
coefficients (C13–C44 plane), (s) five elastic coefficients (C13–C33 plane), and (t) five elastic coefficients
(C44–C33 plane).

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Fig. 24 Continued

This study has attempted to measure the dispersion curves of 6 Conclusion

the flexural waves of the piezoelectric circular ridge waveguide
This study successfully used the Bi-d FEM to derive the disper-
using the laser ultrasonic method. However, the measurement
sion equation of the piezoelectric circular ridge waveguide and
technology for mastering transient signals is not yet sufficiently
calculated the dispersion curves and resonance modes of the pie-
sophisticated, and it is impossible to avoid the influence of the
zoelectric circular ridge waveguide’s flexural ridge wave. The
return wave in the opposite direction of the circular ridge wave-
simulation yielded Bi-d FEM results that were almost identical to
guide. Therefore, the structural geometric parameters and material
the numerical results of 3D ANSYS.
coefficients are inversely calculated from the measured data of the
In the experimental parts of the study, the resonant frequency
structural resonance frequency. For measurement of the flexural
of the piezoelectric circular ridge waveguide was measured with a
wave dispersion curve of the circular ridge waveguide, the use of
network analyzer, and the experimental data were used to inver-
a circular ridge waveguide with a larger radius is recommended
sely calculate the structural geometry parameters and material
for technical discussion. The first objective is to improve the sepa-
coefficients using the modified simplex method.
ration of each axial mode dispersion curve. The second is to
The numerical analysis, experimental measurement, and
increase the recognition of the dispersion curve, while the third is
inverse calculation of material coefficients and structural
to improve the resolution of the signal by optical techniques.

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Transactions of the ASME

Fig. 24 Continued

121004-18 / Vol. 16, DECEMBER 2021

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Fig. 25 The results after the structural parameters’ inversion calculation. (a) Two elastic coefficients C11
and C12, (b) three elastic coefficients (C11–C12 plane), (c) three elastic coefficients (C11–C13 plane), and (d)
three elastic coefficients (C12–C13 plane).

Funding Data
 Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan (MOST 110-
2221-E-239-015; Funder ID: 10.13039/501100004663).

References
Fig. 26 Inversion calculation results of the two elastic coeffi-
cients C11 and C12 before the structural parameters’ inversion
calculation
parameters prove that the modified simplex method used in this study
can improve the accuracy and sensitivity of models of the ridge wave
propagation behavior of the piezoelectric circular ridge waveguides.
The systematic investigations of the Bi-d FEM and the modified sim-
plex method will provide an effective reference and application for
future research on piezoelectric circular ridge waveguides.
[10] Balaji, U., and Vahldieck, R., 1998, “Mode-Matching Analysis of Circular-
Acknowledgment
We would like to sincerely thank the Ministry of Science and
[11] Bornemann, J., Amari, S., Uher, J., and Vahldieck, R., 1999, “Analysis and
Technology of Taiwan (MOST 110-2221-E-239-015) for funding
this research.
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