Wollo University: Assignment On

WOLLO UNIVERSITY
KIOT
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
ASSIGNMENT ON
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT IN KOMBOLCHA CITY
AND
WASTEWATER TREATMENT OF
WOLLO UNIVERSITY (KIOT)
NAME ID NO.
Dejene hirpesa 1295/11
Ibsa ziyad 1614/11
Wasihun madu 2221/11
Wondesen tsegaye 2229/11
Zemdkun ababu 2321/11
Submitted to Mr. Getahun

WOLLO UNIVERSITY KIOT
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Contents
1. Municipal Solid wastes Management...................................................................................4

1.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................4
1.2 Generation and Composition of Municipal solid waste generated in City......................5
1.3 Collection and Transportation of Municipal solid waste.................................................7
1.4 Disposal of solid waste....................................................................................................7
1.5 Present problems and challenges linked with MSW management.................................7
1.6 Recommendations for improving the current state of affairs of MSW management.....9
1.7 Summary and Conclusions............................................................................................10
2. KOMBOLCHA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT.................13
2.1 INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................13
2.2 OBJUCTIVES OF KIOT WASTEWATER TREATMENT........................................................13
2.3 TYPES OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS.............................................................14
2.3.1 Domestic Wastewater Treatment Plants...............................................................14
2.3.2 Industrial wastewater treatment plants................................................................15
2.3.3 Agricultural wastewater treatment plants.............................................................15
2.3.4 Leachate treatment plants.....................................................................................15
2.4 CHARACTERISTIS OF WASTEWATER..............................................................................15
2.4.1 Physical parameters which define physical characteristics of wastewater:-..........16
2.4.2 Chemical parameters which define chemical characteristics of wastewater:-.......16
2.4.3 Biological parameters which define biological characteristics of wastewater:-.....16
2.5 KIOT WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESS..................................................................16
2.6 OVERVIEW OF KIOT WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESSES.......................................19
Municipal Solid
wastes Management
(MSWM)
In Kombolcha City
1. Municipal Solid wastes Management

1.1 Introduction
Production of solid waste is not a new phenomenon and is as old as the human civilization.
However, because of rapid population growth followed by economic development and
urbanization majority of developing countries are experiencing difficulties in the management of
municipal solid waste produced by the urban dwellers. In most of the cities of the developing
countries, government and local city councils have a mandate for the proper management of the
municipal solid waste from collection to disposal.
In recent years it has been reported that many Kombolcha woredas have shown progress to
improve their municipal solid waste management practices. However, because of limited
technical capacities and low financial resources, adequate management of municipal solid waste
is not achieved. Failure to provide proper waste management is causing serious environmental
risk and poor urban governance. Improper management of municipal solid waste has been
reported by several researchers in different woredas of Kombolcha.
Poor management of municipal solid waste may result to in consequences such as pollution, low
aesthetic values and economic losses due to failures in recycling and composting valuable
components of the municipal solid waste. Improper management of municipal solid waste may
result in serious urban, sanitary and environmental problems such as unpleasant odor, risk of
explosion in landfill areas, as well as groundwater contamination because of leachate percolation.
The city have to manage the various types of waste to an acceptable level. In fact, there still
struggling to deal with the problem of proper management of solid wastes. Because with the
current rate of urbanization of Kombolcha municipal solid waste collection, transportation and
disposal have been a major problem of municipalities.
Collection of municipal solid waste in most of the cities is difficult and complex because the
generation of residential, commercial and industrial waste is a diffuse process that takes place in
every house, every building and every commercial and industrial facility as well as in the streets,
and parks areas available within the community. In addition to this hilly terrain of many cities,
lack of manpower and equipment and financial constraints are factors which aggravate the
problem.
Though a few studies have been carried out in some Ethiopian towns however, no study till date
is reported for the town of Kombolcha. The present study will help to generate data and gather
information on the municipal solid waste management in Kombolcha town. Thus the study is
hoped to provide some information to policy makers, donors, and environmental protection
practitioners who are interested to assist financial, training and legal provision which in turn
minimize the constraints of MSWM activities.
1.2 Generation and Composition of Municipal solid waste generated in

City
Kombolcha is an industrial city in north central Ethiopia, located in the South Wollo zone of
Amhara region with elevation between 1842 and 1915 meters above sea levels. It is the only
industrial zone of Amhara regions as well as one of the industrial cities among four cities in the
country. It have the population of 91,290 by door to door count in 2011 from which 62,733 is live
in 5 sub-cities and others i.e. 28,557 live in 6 outskirt parts of Kombolcha city.
In order to monitor and control existing waste management system and to make regulatory,
financial and institutional decisions it is necessary to characterize the solid waste by its source,
type and composition. The assessment of solid waste in Kombolcha city includes all 11 sub-cities
of it with the major objective of assessing the characteristics of solid waste generated at the
household level and composting for sustainable management of solid wastes in the city by
accounting economic, environmental and social attitudes.
It is clear from the table 1 that the selected households of Kombolcha are producing all types of
solid wastes. According to the Kombolcha city Beautification sector plan document the collection
and disposal of solid waste is stated as a persistent problem of the city. In the document, the
current solid waste generation / day in this city is estimated to be 35.5m 3 out of which about 73%
is being collected and disposed in controlled disposal sites. The remaining large proportion of the
solid waste is littering open spaces, ditches and rivers near the source of waste generation.
According to the data analysis food waste was high (52.61%) followed by ash and dirt (20.9%);
the average generation rate was determined to be 179 gm./cap/day with the average density of 302
kg/m3.
Out of the total waste generated 80% is degradable, and 20% is non degradable but could be
recycled. Maximum quantity of waste generated was vegetable peelings and leftover food that
accounts for total 33% of the total waste generated. Ash as a waste contributes 25%, and the main
reason for this is that electricity and cooking gas have never been an important source of energy
for larger
proportions of the households instead urban dwellers prefer coal and fuel wood. Firewood,
charcoal, dung cakes are major sources of energy for cooking and heating the house premises.
Therefore, the amount of ash and smoke produced from the combustion of these materials is
immense. Dissemination and popularization of energy saving appropriate technology may have a
tremendous role in reducing the amount of waste generated after using such products.
Table 1. Compositional analysis (Taken from Kombolcha city Beautification sector plan)
S.NO Waste Components Composition by weight (%) Moisture content (%)

1 Food Waste 52.61 66.8
2 Ash and dirt 20.9 4.97
3 Yard waste 17.65 26.9
4 Paper 1.47 6.89
5 Plastic 2.1 1.64
6 Wood 1.49 14.1
7 Textile 2.03 5.2
8 Glass 0.77 0.054
9 Cardboard 0.69 7.5
10 Metal 0.24 1.6
11 Rubber 0.05 0.43
Food Waste
Ash and dirt
Yard waste
Paper
Plastic
Wood
Textile
Glass
Cardboard
Metal
Rubber
Figure 1. Compositional analysis (Taken from Kombolcha city Beautification sector plan)
The composition of MSW varies according to the cultural habits and economic status of the
residents, urban structure, density of population, extent of commercial activity and climate. The
practice of chewing chat leaves (Catha edulis forsk) to reduce physical fatigue in many parts of
country contributed 2% of the related wastes of the studied households. Plastic, metallic and glass
waste constitute near about 20% of the total waste. Resource recovery from the waste stream is
desirable because it cuts down the transportation and disposal costs of municipal waste but
recycling facilities are absent in city. Even people don’t have awareness about reuse and recycling
as nearly 98% of the respondents reported that recycling is not being practiced in the city. So, the
potential of recycling and related advantages are yet to be exploited.
The sustainable solid waste management practices like recycling and composting helps in
providing employment and income-generating opportunity for a significant number of people. As
a limitation of study, due to unavailability of laboratory equipment’s, personnel protective devices
and economic constraints, the solid waste collection was limited to only 7 houses and further
moisture content was not analyzed for the collected wastes.
1.3 Collection and Transportation of Municipal solid waste

Currently, the solid waste management in Kombolcha city relies entirely on municipality, which
is expected to provide the full range of municipal waste collection, transportation and disposal
services. City municipality with sporadic and inefficient collection system of MSW is currently
providing its services only to 25% residents.
However, collection containers have not been provided to the municipality. There is urgent need
to increase the collection efficiency for effective management of MSW by the municipality. Poor
institutional capacity, management problems and inadequate financing of the sector further
aggravated the condition.
Primary collection of waste is done by residents within their home premises and for this they used
various type of bins like baskets, buckets, empty oil drums, paper cartons, plastic bags or simply
they dig a pit in their compound and start collecting the household wastes. Collection of waste
continues until the bin is filled and then it is being either dumped illegally in other/different
places or being transported to dumping site.
Secondary collection is been done by municipality and collection service is just provided to the
25% of the total population. City’s municipality owns only one truck for the transportation of the
waste collected. Apart from collection of wastes, the truck is also being utilized for various other
activities by the municipality like transportation of construction materials to various sites.
1.4 Disposal of solid waste

prevailing activity practiced by residents of
Kombolcha.
When it comes to final disposal of waste,

making high probability of environmental
pollution. Table 2 reflects the different
methods of dumping of solid wastes practiced
by the residents of the area. From the table 2 it
is clear that the majority of 75% population of
Kombolcha disposed waste illegally into public
places, river and ditches. Fewer households
(2.7%) reported that they practiced burning of
the waste in some parts of the city to get
exonerate the collected waste. Such practice
poses high risk on the local environment.
It has been observed and concluded that still
Improper solid waste management causes all
open dumping of the waste is the most
types of pollution: air, water and soil.
Indiscriminate dumping of wastes contaminates surface and ground water supplies. In urban
areas, solid waste clogs drains, creating stagnant water for insect breeding and flood during
raining season. Uncontrolled burning of waste contributes significantly to urban air pollution.
Health and safety issues also arise from improper solid waste management.
There is only one truck is available for transportation of waste and that too is being engaged in
various other activities of municipality. If the only available truck is assigned only for waste
disposal by the municipality rather than other added activities, there are sure chances that area
covered by municipality for collection, transportation and disposal of waste will significantly
increase from the present 25%. Municipality is responsible for the transportation of collected
wastes to dumping site, which is a plain land instead of landfill site.
The MSW is dumped on land, more or less in an uncontrolled manner, as practiced in majority of
cities in other developing countries. This dumping site is not fenced and nearby village children
and stray animals, flies and vultures could be seen easily in and around the dumping site,
producing an unaesthetic view.
1.5 Present problems and challenges linked with MSW management

Proper disposal and management of municipal solid waste is one of the challenging tasks faced by
the municipality of Kombolcha. The main factors for failure of solid waste management in
accordance with the principle of public health, environmental protection, socio-economic and
aesthetically are summarized below:
 According to officials of the Municipality, during the last few years urban population has
been increasing and so the amount of waste generated. With growing urban population
municipality fails to provide service to all urban dwellers, as a result currently municipality is
facing challenges in providing efficient municipal solid waste management.
 Inadequate economic, financial, technical and personnel capacity of the city’s

municipality is yet another important reason.
 Despite the legal provisions existing for proper handling and management of MSW there
is lack of implementation.
 Societal lack of concern in (towards) solid waste management: efficient operational solid
waste management depends on the active participation of both the municipal authorities and
residents of the city.
In Kombolcha level of social input in waste management is critically absent. The municipality is
entirely responsible for the management for the wastes. This approach neglects many social
factors like participation issues in waste management in order to tackle wide range of problems
associated with the management and finally to achieve socially and environmental solution of
municipal waste management.
1.6 Recommendations for improving the current state of affairs of MSW

management
The objective of the study was to assess the municipal solid waste management in Kombolcha
city. The following suggestions are made to improve the current situation:
 Awareness of residents must be increased towards Reducing, Reusing and Recycling of

waste.
 Proper implementation and monitoring of suitable policies and legal framework.
 Capacity of Municipal body must be built in terms of economical, technical and personnel
aspects.
The municipality should increase its area of service for the effective collection of wastes.
 As 80% of total waste produced is biodegradable in nature, controlled burial,

landfilling, composting and recycling facilities must be promoted within the city, so as to
achieve the principle of integrated municipal waste management.
 People should be made aware about the health, socio-economic and other harmful
impacts of improper municipal solid waste management.
 Residents should start separating the waste at source itself into valuable
components of MSW like glass, metal and plastic and organic waste. So that recycling could
be promoted and economic benefits could be achieved.
 Community participation, role of NGOs and concept of public- private partnership

must be facilitated.
 The final disposal site must be properly fenced and there must be provision to
keep the animals and village children away from the site.
In addition to all above recommendations social esteem of people engaged in solid waste
management must be protected. Generally, due social respects is not given to people engaged in
collection and transportation of waste. This thing must be checked and general awareness must be
built for the same. So that, better cohesive environment must be provided to those who are
working hard to make the city clean and making it a better place to live.
1.7 Summary and Conclusions

In developing countries, with an ever increasing population, municipal solid waste management is
emerging out to be one of the serious problems. The improper municipal solid waste management
poses a potential risk to water, air and land pollution and poses risk to human health. Majority of
waste generated in Kombolcha is of organic nature but, no composting facility or practice is being
seen in/among the residents of the city.
Waste types like glass, metal and plastic are not being recycled and as such the economic
potential of recycling is yet to be explored in the city. The city municipality is not in position to
manage the waste completely and properly. Municipality should increase its infrastructure and
capacity in term of transportation vehicles and work force so that the present service area 25% by
municipality can be increased accordingly. Peripheral urban area of city should also be given due
importance by the municipality.
Proper budget also not allocated for municipal waste management. Municipal solid waste
management is an integral part of good local governance and one of the most visible urban
services influencing local perception of governance. But in Kombolcha city administration gives
less attention to the same. It is expected that city administration should work on the concept of
public-private partnership and finally both print and electronic media should be used/enrolled for
rising
The awareness level of residents regarding proper reuse, disposal and management.
The dumping site used for final disposal of waste is not a proper landfill but a plain land. No
environmental consideration has been given for selection of this site. City administration should
find a proper landfill site by taking all environmental, social, economic and political consideration.
If proper land filling is not feasible, municipality should adopt other alternative of controlled
burial of the waste away from the city. Municipality of Kombolcha is facing a number of
challenges like lack of capacity in terms of financial, technical and personnel aspects.
WASTWATER
TREATMET PLANT FOR
WOLLO UNIVERSITY
(KIOT)
2. KOMBOLCHA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Wastewater is water whose physical, chemical or biological properties have been changed
as a result of the introduction of certain substances which render it unsafe for some
purposes such as drinking. The day to day activities of man is mainly water dependent and
therefore discharge ‘waste’ into water. Some of the substances include body wastes (faces
and urine), hair shampoo, hair, food scraps, fat, laundry powder, fabric conditioners, toilet
paper, chemicals, detergent, household cleaners, dirt, micro-organisms (germs) which can
make people ill and damage the environment. It is known that much of water supplied ends
up as wastewater which makes its treatment very important.
It is used water that has been affected by domestic, industrial and commercial use. The
composition of all wastewater is thus constantly changing and highly variable, which is
why it is so difficult to pinpoint a singular definition of the word itself. It is 99.9% water
and the remaining 0.1% is what is removed. This 0.1% contains organic matter,
microorganisms and inorganic compounds. Wastewater effluents are released to a variety of
environments, such as lakes, ponds, streams, rivers, estuaries and oceans. Wastewater also
includes storm runoff, as harmful substances wash off roads, parking lots and rooftops.
Nature has an amazing ability to cope with small amounts of water wastes and pollution,
but it would be overwhelmed if we didn't treat the billions of gallons of wastewater and
sewage produced every day before releasing it back to the environment. Treatment plants
reduce pollutants in wastewater to a level nature can handle.
2.2 OBJUCTIVES OF KIOT WASTEWATER TREATMENT

It's a matter of caring for clean environment and for society health as well as institutions
economical factor. There are a lot of good reasons why keeping the water clean is an
important priority.
Wastewater treatment is more vital for the:-

 Reduction of biodegradable organic substances in the environment:- organic
substances such as carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur in organic matter needs to be
broken down by oxidation into gases which is either released or remains in solution.
 Reduction of nutrient concentration in the environment:- nutrients such as
nitrogen and phosphorous from wastewater in the environment enrich water bodies or
render it eutrophic leading to the growth of algae and other aquatic plants. These plants
deplete oxygen in water bodies and this hampers aquatic life.
 Elimination of pathogens: - organisms that cause disease in plants, animals and

humans are called pathogens. They are also known as micro-organisms because they are
very small to be seen with the naked eye. Examples of micro-organisms include bacteria
(e.g. vibro cholerae), viruses (e.g. enterovirus, hepatits A & E virus), fungi (e.g. candida
albicans), protozoa (e.g. entamoeba hystolitica, giardia lamblia) and helminthes (e.g.
schistosoma mansoni, asaris lumbricoides). These micro-organisms are excreted in large
quantities in faeces of infected animals and humans.
 Recycling and Reuse of water: - Water is a scarce and finite resource which is often
taken for granted. In the last half of the 20th century, population has increased resulting
in pressure on the already scarce water resources. Urbanization has also changed the
agrarian nature of many areas. Population increase means more food has to be cultivated
for the growing population and agriculture as we know is by far the largest user of
available water which means that economic growth is placing new demands on available
water supplies. The temporal and spatial distribution of water is also a major challenge
with groundwater resources being overdrawn. It is for these reasons that recycling and
reuse is crucial for sustainability.
2.3 TYPES OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS

We consider wastewater treatment as water use because it is so interconnected with the
other uses of water. Much of the water used by homes, industries, and businesses must be
treated before it is released back to the environment. It is the process and technology that is
used to remove most of the contaminants that are found in wastewater to ensure a sound
environment and good public health. Wastewater Management therefore means handling
wastewater to protect the environment to ensure public health, economic, social and
political soundness. Wastewater treatment
plants may be distinguished by the type of wastewater to be treated. There are numerous
processes that can be used to treat wastewater depending on the type and extent of
contamination. The treatment steps include physical, chemical and biological treatment
processes. Types of wastewater treatment plants include:-
 Sewage treatment plants*( KIOT used this type of wastewater treatment plant
because of is sources like Food waste, Dish washing, washing close, Toilet splash,
Toilet paper Modes, Condom)
 Industrial wastewater treatment plants
 Agricultural wastewater treatment plants
 Leachate treatment plants
2.3.1 Domestic Wastewater Treatment Plants
Domestic wastewater treatment (or Sewage treatment, Municipal wastewater treatment) is a

type of wastewater treatment which aims to remove contaminants from sewage. Domestic
contains wastewater from households and businesses and possibly pre- treated industrial
wastewater. Physical, chemical, and biological processes are used to remove contaminants
and produce treated wastewater (or treated effluent) that is safe enough for release into the
environment. A by-product of domestic wastewater treatment is a semi-solid waste or
slurry, called sewage sludge. The sludge has to undergo further treatment before being
suitable for disposal or application to land. The term "sewage treatment plant" is often used
interchangeably with the term "wastewater treatment plant".
For most cities, the sewer system will also carry a proportion of industrial effluent to the
sewage treatment plant that has usually received pre-treatment at the factories to reduce the
pollutant load. If the sewer system is a combined sewer, then it will also carry urban
runoff (storm-water) to the sewage treatment plant. Sewage is conveyed in sewerage which
comprises the drains, pipework and pumps to convey the sewage to the treatment works
inlet. The treatment of municipal wastewater is part of the field of sanitation. Sanitation
also includes the management of human waste and solid waste as well as storm-
water (drainage) management.
2.3.2 Industrial wastewater treatment plants
Industrial wastewater treatment describes the processes used for treating wastewater that is
produced by industries as an undesirable by-product. After treatment, the treated industrial
wastewater (or effluent) may be reused or released to a sanitary sewer or to a surface
water in the environment. Most industrial processes, such as petroleum refineries,
chemical and petrochemical plants have onsite facilities to treat their waste-waters so that
the pollutant concentrations in the treated wastewater comply with the regulations
regarding disposal of waste-waters into sewers or into rivers, lakes or oceans. Industrial
wastewater treatment plants are required where municipal sewage treatment plants are
unavailable, do not have sufficient capacity or cannot adequately treat specific industrial
waste-waters.
Sources of industrial wastewater include battery manufacturing, electric power plants, food
industry, iron and steel industry, mines and quarries, nuclear industry, oil and gas
extraction, organic chemicals manufacturing, petroleum refining and petrochemicals, pulp
and paper industry, smelters, textile mills, industrial oil contamination, water treatment,
wood preserving. Treatment processes include brine treatment, solids removal (e.g.
chemical precipitation, filtration), oils and grease removal, removal of biodegradable
organics, removal of other organics, removal of acids and alkalies, removal of toxic
materials.
2.3.3 Agricultural wastewater treatment plants
Agricultural wastewater treatment is a farm management agenda for controlling pollution

from confined animal operations and from surface runoff that may be contaminated by
chemicals in fertilizer, pesticides, animal slurry, crop residues or irrigation water.
Agricultural wastewater treatment is required for continuous confined animal operations
like milk and egg production may be performed in plants using mechanized treatment units
similar to those used for industrial wastewater; but where land is available for
ponds, settling basins and facultative lagoons may have lower operational costs for seasonal

use conditions from breeding or harvest cycles.
Many farms generate non-point source pollution from surface runoff which is not
controlled through a treatment plant. Farmers can install erosion controls and
implement nutrient management plans to control runoff pollution. Non-point source
pollution includes sediment runoff, nutrient runoff and pesticides. Point source pollution
includes animal wastes, silage liquor, milking parlous (dairy farming) wastes, slaughtering
waste, vegetable washing water and firewater.
2.3.4 Leachate treatment plants
Leachate treatment plants are used to treat leachate from landfills. Treatment options

include: biological treatment, mechanical treatment by ultrafiltration, treatment with active
carbon filters, electrochemical treatment including electrocoagulation by various
proprietary technologies and reverse osmosis membrane filtration using disc tube module
technology.
2.4 CHARACTERISTIS OF WASTEWATER

From the design and operation point of view, no need to measure all pollutants in
Wastewater, rather to measure indirect parameters which characterize the wastewater. The
following parameters define the quality of wastewater (degree of pollution):-
2.4.1 Physical parameters which define physical characteristics of

wastewater:-
 Colour: - slightly gray to black.

 Odour: - musty to foul odour (Rotten egg odour, very unpleasant).
 Turbidity:- high turbidity
 Temperature:- higher than drinking water
2.4.2 Chemical parameters which define chemical characteristics of

wastewater:-
Solids, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, pH, alkalinity, chlorides, oils and grease.
Total solids are a sum of organic and inorganic solids; and are partly suspended, partly
dissolved and partly settable.
 Organic matter: - mixture of various organic compounds, mainly proteins,
carbohydrates and lipids.
 Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5):- measure of the amount of
biodegradable matter in the wastewater.
 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD):- measure of the amount of chemically

oxidizable matter.
 Total Organic Carbon (TOC):- measure of the amount of carbonaceous organic
matter
 Total nitrogen: - it is a sum of organic nitrogen, ammonia, nitrate and nitrite.
 Total phosphorus: - it is a sum of inorganic phosphorus (orthophosphates,
polyphosphates) and organic phosphate.
 pH:- it is the parameter to indicate weather wastewater is acidic or alkaline
condition. Wastewater is neutral at pH value of 7.
 Alkalinity:- it is a measure of the waste-water's capability to neutralize acids and
is essential to buffer (hold the neutral pH) of the wastewater during the biological
treatment processes
2.4.3 Biological parameters which define biological characteristics of

wastewater:-
 Organisms participating in biological conversions:

 Bacteria, Viruses, Protozoa, Algae, Fungi etc.
 Pathogens: cause diseases
 Coliform, Helminth eggs etc.
2.5 KIOT WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESS

Wastewater treatment is a process used to remove contaminants from wastewater and
convert it into an effluent that can be returned to the water cycle. Once returned to the water
cycle, the effluent creates an acceptable impact on the environment or is reused for various
purposes (called water reclamation). The treatment process takes place in a wastewater
treatment plant. There are several kinds of wastewater which are treated at the appropriate
type of wastewater treatment plant. For domestic wastewater (also called municipal
wastewater or sewage), the treatment plant is called a sewage treatment plant. For industrial
wastewater, treatment either takes place in a separate industrial wastewater treatment plant
or in a sewage treatment plant (usually after some form of pre-treatment). Further types of
wastewater treatment plants include agricultural wastewater treatment
plants and leachate treatment plants.
Processes commonly used include phase separation (such as sedimentation), biological and
chemical processes (such as oxidation) or polishing. The main by-product from wastewater
treatment plants is a type of sludge which is usually treated in the same or another
wastewater treatment plant. Biogas can be another by-product if anaerobic treatment
processes are used.
Some wastewater may be highly treated and reused as reclaimed water. The main purpose
of wastewater treatment is for the treated wastewater to be able to be disposed or reused
safely. However, before it is treated, the options for disposal or reuse must be considered so
the correct treatment process is used on the wastewater.
The processes involved in wastewater treatment include physical processes such as
settlement or flotation and biological processes such as aerated lagoons, activated sludge, or
bio-films in trickling filters.
To be effective, wastewater must be conveyed to a treatment plant by appropriate pipes and
infrastructure, and the process itself must be subject to regulation and controls. Some
waste-waters require specialized treatment methods. At the simplest level, treatment of
most waste-waters is carried out through separation of solids from liquids, usually
by sedimentation. By progressively converting dissolved material into solids, usually a
biological floc, which is then settled out, an effluent stream of increasing purity, is
produced.
In KIOT the wastewater collected in the treatment plant from student café, females
dormitory, Men`s dormitory, laboratory, student`s and teacher’s lounge, laundry…etc. So
this all wastewater collected together in its treatment plant by connecting the areas of this
wastewater source to treatment management place.
In the treatment plant there are different phases to treat this wastewater step by step. Before
it reach at its last stage. But the wastewater which come from student café and lounge, and
teacher`s lounge are carries high amounts of FAT. These fats unlikely affect the treatment
plant by different mechanisms so it has to be removed by human power (labor). These
stages are:-
A. Phase separation
Phase separation transfers impurities into a non-aqueous phase. Phase separation may occur
at intermediate points in a treatment sequence to remove solids generated
during oxidation or polishing. Grease and oil may be recovered for fuel or saponification.
Solids often require dewatering of sludge in a wastewater treatment plant. Disposal options
for dried solids vary with the type and concentration of impurities removed from water.
B. Sedimentation
Solids such as stones, grit, and sand may be removed from wastewater
by gravity when density differences are sufficient to overcome dispersion by turbulence.
This is typically achieved using a grit channel designed to produce an optimum flow rate
that allows grit to settle and other less-dense solids to be carried forward to the next
treatment stage. Gravity separation of solids is the primary treatment of sewage, where the
unit process is called "primary settling tanks" or "primary sedimentation tanks. It is also
widely used for the treatment of other types of wastewater.
Solids that are denser than water will accumulate at the bottom of quiescent settling basins.
More complex clarifies also have skimmers to simultaneously remove floating grease such
as soap scum and solids such as feathers, wood chips, or condoms. Containers like the API
oil-water separator are specifically designed to separate non-polar liquids.
C. Oxidation
Oxidation reduces the biochemical oxygen demand of wastewater, and may reduce the
toxicity of some impurities. Secondary treatment converts organic compounds into carbon
dioxide, water, and bio-solids through oxidation and reduction reactions. Chemical

oxidation is widely used for disinfection.
D. Biochemical oxidation (secondary treatment)
Secondary treatment is a treatment process for wastewater (for example for sewage but also
for some types of industrial waste-waters) to achieve a certain degree of effluent quality by
using a sewage treatment plant with physical phase separation to remove settle-able
solids and a biological process to remove dissolved and suspended organic compounds.
After this kind of treatment, the wastewater may be called as secondary-treated wastewater.
Secondary treatment is the portion of a sewage treatment sequence removing dissolved
and colloidal compounds measured as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). Secondary
treatment is traditionally applied to the liquid portion of sewage after primary treatment has
removed settle-able solids and floating material. Secondary treatment is usually performed
by microorganisms in a managed aerobic habitat (however, it can also be an anaerobic
process).
Bacteria and protozoa consume biodegradable soluble organic contaminants (e.g. sugars,
fats, and organic short-chain carbon molecules from human waste, food waste, soaps and
detergent) while reproducing to form cells of biological solids. Secondary treatment
by biochemical oxidation of dissolved and colloidal organic compounds is widely used
in sewage treatment and is applicable to some agricultural and industrial waste-waters.
E. Chemical oxidation
Advanced oxidation processes are used to remove some persistent organic pollutants and
concentrations remaining after biochemical oxidation. Disinfection by chemical oxidation
kills bacteria and microbial pathogens by adding hydroxyl radicals such as ozone, chlorine
or hypochlorite to wastewater. These hydroxyl radical then breaks down complex
compounds in the organic pollutants into simple compounds such as water, carbon dioxide,
and salts.
F. Anaerobic treatment
Anaerobic wastewater treatment processes (UASB, EGSB) are also widely applied in the
treatment of industrial waste-waters and biological sludge.
G. Polishing
Polishing refers to treatments made following the above methods. These treatments may
also be used independently for some industrial wastewater. Chemical
reduction or pH adjustment minimizes chemical reactivity of wastewater following
chemical oxidation. Carbon filtering removes remaining contaminants and impurities by
chemical absorption onto activated carbon. Filtration through sand (calcium carbonate) or
fabric filters is the most common method used in municipal wastewater treatment.
2.6 OVERVIEW OF KIOT WASTEWATER TREATMENT

PROCESSES
How can WWTP remove the pollutants?

Wastewater contains different kinds of pollutants. Therefore, to remove these pollutants,
combination of different treatment steps and processes has to be used in the WWTP. Each
of the steps can be accomplished using one or more treatment processes or types of
equipment. A modern WWTP has following steps:-
 Step 1: Preliminary Treatment
Mechanical and physical processes
 Step 2: Primary Treatment
Mechanical and Physical Processes
 Step 3: Secondary Treatment
Biological and physical Processes
 Step 4: Tertiary Treatment
Chemical and physical processes
 Step 5: Sludge handling, treatment & disposal/reuse
Step 1: Preliminary Treatment (Mechanical and physical processes)

Initial stage in the wastewater treatment is a preliminary treatment. Wastewater may

contain large size pollutants such as trash, garbage, roots, rocks, rubber and plastic
products, rags, bottles, and building as well as sand. To protect WWTP equipment these
pollutants are removed by the preliminary treatment. Large pollutants are removed using
screening. Sand is removed by passing the wastewater through sand trap (grit removal)
Step 2: Primary Treatment (Sedimentation)

Sedimentation is a physical water treatment process using gravity to
remove suspended solids from water. Solid particles entrained by the turbulence of moving
water may be removed naturally by sedimentation in the still water of lakes an
ocean. Settling basins are ponds constructed for the purpose of removing entrained solids
by sedimentation. Clarifiers are tanks built with mechanical means for continuous removal
of solids being deposited by sedimentation. Clarification does not remove dissolved
species. Sedimentation is the act of depositing sediment.
Its purpose is to remove settle-able organic and float-able solids. It is expected to remove
90 to 95% settle-able solids, 40 to 60% total suspended solids, and 25 to 35% biochemical
oxygen demand (BOD).
When the wastewater enters a sedimentation tank, velocity is reduced and pollutants that
are heavier than water settle to the bottom, while lighter than water float to the top.
 Settled pollutants are removed as sludge, and floating solids are removed as scum.
 Wastewater leaves the sedimentation tank and enters in the secondary treatment.
There are three kinds of sedimentation tanks: Septic Tank, Imhoff Tank and plain
sedimentation tank.
I. Septic Tank
A septic tank is an underground chamber made of concrete, fiberglass, or plastic through
which domestic wastewater (sewage) flows for basic treatment. Settling
and anaerobic processes reduce solids and organics, but the treatment efficiency is only
moderate (referred to as "primary treatment"). Septic tank systems are a type of
simple onsite sewage facility (OSSF). They can be used in areas that are not connected to
a sewerage system, such as rural areas. The treated liquid effluent is commonly disposed in
a septic drain field, which provides further treatment. Nonetheless, groundwater
pollution may occur and can be a problem.
The term "septic" refers to the anaerobic bacterial environment that develops in the tank
that decomposes or mineralizes the waste discharged into the tank. Septic tanks can be
coupled with other onsite wastewater treatment units such as biofilters or aerobic systems
involving artificially forced aeration.
II. Imhoff Tank

The Imhoff tank is a chamber suitable for the reception and processing of sewage. It may
be used for the clarification of sewage by simple settling and sedimentation, along
with anaerobic digestion of the extracted sludge. It consists of an upper chamber in which
sedimentation takes place, from which collected solids slide down inclined bottom slopes to
an entrance into a lower chamber in which the sludge is collected and digested. The two
chambers are otherwise unconnected, with the more liquid sewage flowing only through the
upper sedimentation chamber and only a slow flow of sludge in the lower digestion
chamber. The lower chamber requires separate biogas vents and pipes for the removal
of digested sludge, typically after 6–9 months of digestion. The Imhoff tank is in effect a
two-story septic tank and retains the septic tank's simplicity while eliminating many of its
drawbacks, which largely result from the mixing of fresh sewage and septic sludge in the
same chamber.
Imhoff tanks are being superseded in sewage treatment by plain sedimentation tanks using
mechanical methods for continuously collecting the sludge, which is moved to separate
digestion tanks. This arrangement permits both improved sedimentation results and better
temperature control in the digestion process, leading to a more rapid and complete digestion
of the sludge.
III. Plain Sedimentation
A test for settle-able solids in water, wastewater and storm-water uses an Imhoff cone, with
or without stopcock. The volume of solids is measured after a specified time period at the
bottom of a one-liter cone using graduated markings.
When impurities are separated from suspending fluid by action of natural force alone,
without aid of any coagulant, is called plain sedimentation. Advantage of plain
sedimentation
• It lightens load on subsequent processes.
• The operation of subsequent process can be controlled in a better way.
• The cost of cleaning the chemical coagulation basin is reduced.
• Less quantity of chemicals are required.
 The particles heavier than water are naturally likely to settle down due to force
of gravity.
1. Inorganic suspended solids. Gravity 2.65 2.
2. Organic suspended solids. Gravity 1.04
3. The phenomena of settling of particles at bottom of sedimentation tank are called
hydraulic subsidence.
 Settling of discrete particle ( particle not heavier than water)
A particle that does not alter its shape, size and weight while settling or rising in water is
called discrete particle. The discrete particle will accelerate until drag force becomes equal
to gravitational force. At this stage particle attains uniform velocity called settling velocity.
Types of sedimentation tanks:-
 Based on method of operation
1. Fill and draw type tanks
2. Continuous flow type tank
 Depending upon shape
1. Rectangular tanks
2. Circular tanks
3. Hopper bottom tanks
Solids such as stones, grit, and sand may be removed from wastewater
by gravity when density differences are sufficient to overcome dispersion by turbulence.
This is typically achieved using a grit channel designed to produce an optimum flow rate
that allows grit to settle and other less-dense solids to be carried forward to the next
treatment stage.
Gravity separation of solids is the primary treatment of sewage, where the unit process is
called "primary settling tanks" or "primary sedimentation tanks." It is also widely used for
the treatment of other types of wastewater. Solids that are denser than water will
accumulate at the bottom of quiescent settling basins. More complex clarifiers also have
skimmers to simultaneously remove floating grease such as soap scum and solids such as
feathers, wood chips, or condoms. Containers like the API oil-water separator are
specifically designed to separate non-polar liquids.
Step 3: Secondary Treatment
 Biological and Physical Processes

It uses biological processes to convert dissolved, suspended, and colloidal organic
pollutants to more stable solids, which can be removed by settling.
Biological processes are based on:-
 Aerobic (Present of oxygen)
 Anaerobic (Absent of oxygen)
Most important for biological wastewater treatment are Aerobic processes. The reaction in
the aerobic wastewater treatment:
Organic matter + Micro-organism + Nutrient + O2 -----> New Micro-organism + CO2
+H2O + Energy (For those process a sufficient amount of bacteria and oxygen are
necessary). Aerobic process is a decomposition process which takes place in the presence
of oxygen.
Activated sludge is a floc (solids that join together to form larger particles) formed by the
microorganisms. It includes organisms and waste products from the aerobic decomposition
process.
 Mixed liquor (ML) is mixture of return activated sludge and wastewater that flows
into the aeration tank.
 Mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) is the suspended solids concentration of the
mixed liquor.
 Aerobic process: Activated Sludge Process
In the activated sludge process, wastewater and biological sludge full of living
microorganisms (activated sludge) are mixed and aerated. In this process, microorganisms
are mixed thoroughly with the organic compounds contained in wastewater under
conditions that stimulate their growth through use of the organic compounds as substrate.
As the microorganisms grow and are mixed by the agitation of the air, the individual
organisms flocculate to form an active mass of microbes (floc) called activated sludge.
The biological solids (activated sludge) are separated from the treated wastewater in a final
sedimentation tank and are returned to the aeration tank and the excess sludge is removed
from the system and treated separately.
What happens in the Activated Sludge Process?
1. New wastewater (Food) comes from the Primary Treatment and enters in the Aeration
Tank.
2. Activated sludge (Micro-organisms) from the Final Sedimentation Tank returns to the
Aeration Tank.
3. Supply of oxygen in the Aeration Tank by using aerator and mixing of food and micro-
organisms to form mix liquor.
4. In the Aeration Tank, micro-organisms eat food and produce floc.
5. Floc is separated in the Final Sedimentation Tank as the floc settles at the bottom of the
tank.
6. The settled floc (Activated sludge) returns to the Aeration Tank. When there is excess
floc, it goes to the sludge treatment plant.
7. Water free of floc goes to the advance treatment plant or to rivers.
8. Cycle repeats for the cleaning of new wastewater entering to the Aeration Tank
Factors affecting the activated sludge process:-

 Temperature
 Alkalinity
 Return rate of activated sludge to the Aeration Tank
 Amount of oxygen available in the tank (Dissolved Oxygen)
 Amount of organic matter and nutrient available
 pH
 Sludge waste rate (Removal of excess sludge)
 Toxicity
These factors need to be keeping in balance in the aeration tank in order to achieve good
performance of the aeration tank.
Step 4: Tertiary (Advance) Treatment (Chemical and Physical Processes)

It is used to removes pollutants such as nitrogen, phosphorus, pathogens and heavy metals.
It is not always required. The most widely used tertiary treatment processes are:
 Chemical precipitation
 Granular filtration
 Membrane filtration
 Carbon absorption
 Desinfiction (UV, Cl2)
Step 5: Sludge handling, treatment & disposal/reuse
Source of sludge: Primary and secondary sedimentation. Sludge contains about 95 to 99%
water. The following methods are used to treat the sludge:
 Thickening is used to remove water.
 Stabilization is used to reduce volume, stabilize the organic matter, and
eliminate pathogen.
 De-watering is used to reduce volume by removing the water containing in the
stabilized sludge.
 Sludge disposal/reuse

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WOLLO UNIVERSITY

Submitted to Mr. Getahun

1. Municipal Solid wastes Management...................................................................................4

1. Municipal Solid wastes Management

1.2 Generation and Composition of Municipal solid waste generated in

S.NO Waste Components Composition by weight (%) Moisture content (%)

1.3 Collection and Transportation of Municipal solid waste

1.4 Disposal of solid waste

When it comes to final disposal of waste,

1.5 Present problems and challenges linked with MSW management

 Inadequate economic, financial, technical and personnel capacity of the city’s

1.6 Recommendations for improving the current state of affairs of MSW

 Awareness of residents must be increased towards Reducing, Reusing and Recycling of

 Proper implementation and monitoring of suitable policies and legal framework.

 As 80% of total waste produced is biodegradable in nature, controlled burial,

 Community participation, role of NGOs and concept of public- private partnership

1.7 Summary and Conclusions

2. KOMBOLCHA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

2.2 OBJUCTIVES OF KIOT WASTEWATER TREATMENT

Wastewater treatment is more vital for the:-

 Elimination of pathogens: - organisms that cause disease in plants, animals and

2.3 TYPES OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS

2.3.1 Domestic Wastewater Treatment Plants

Domestic wastewater treatment (or Sewage treatment, Municipal wastewater treatment) is a

2.3.2 Industrial wastewater treatment plants

2.3.3 Agricultural wastewater treatment plants

Agricultural wastewater treatment is a farm management agenda for controlling pollution

ponds, settling basins and facultative lagoons may have lower operational costs for seasonal

2.3.4 Leachate treatment plants

Leachate treatment plants are used to treat leachate from landfills. Treatment options

2.4 CHARACTERISTIS OF WASTEWATER

2.4.1 Physical parameters which define physical characteristics of

 Colour: - slightly gray to black.

2.4.2 Chemical parameters which define chemical characteristics of

 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD):- measure of the amount of chemically

2.4.3 Biological parameters which define biological characteristics of

 Organisms participating in biological conversions:

2.5 KIOT WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESS

dioxide, water, and bio-solids through oxidation and reduction reactions. Chemical

2.6 OVERVIEW OF KIOT WASTEWATER TREATMENT

How can WWTP remove the pollutants?

Step 1: Preliminary Treatment (Mechanical and physical processes)

Initial stage in the wastewater treatment is a preliminary treatment. Wastewater may

Step 2: Primary Treatment (Sedimentation)

II. Imhoff Tank

Step 3: Secondary Treatment

 Biological and Physical Processes

What happens in the Activated Sludge Process?

Factors affecting the activated sludge process:-

Step 4: Tertiary (Advance) Treatment (Chemical and Physical Processes)

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