WOLLO UNIVERSITY

KIOT
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
ENVIROMENTAL ENGINEERING GROUP ASSIGNMENT
SECTION C
NAME………………………………………………………………………………ID
1. SAMUEL BERIHUN…………………………………………………………2019/11
2. DAWIT ASFAW…………………………………..………………………….1275/11
3. MUSTEFA ALIYI…………………………………………………………………………1905/11
4. G/her T/medhin……..…………………………………….……………..…………..1294/10
5. Mesho G/yesuse……………………………………………………………………….1619/10
6. Tinsae Berchu……………………………………………………………………………………2191/11

Submitted to Mr. Getahun

Submission date 16/11/2013

1. List the type of municipal solid waste and its treatment
method in Kombolcha town.
The term municipal solid waste (MSW) is generally used to describe
most of the non-hazardous solid waste from a city, town or village that
requires routine collection and transport to a processing or disposal
site, Sources of MSW include private homes, commercial
establishments and institutions, as well as industrial facilities.
Kombolcha have recently developed landfill sites, but these have
deteriorated into dumpsites because of inadequate management and
funding. There is some limited compaction and backfilling at the site to
stabilize the waste heaps and limit methane discharge, but everywhere
else waste is simply dumped. None are treating the leachate, and
polluted run-off from the dumpsites can be seen draining to local water
courses. Municipal solid waste contains a wide variety of materials. It
can contain food waste (like vegetable and meat material, leftover
food, eggshells etc, which is classified as wet garbage as well as paper,
plastic, tetra-pack, plastic cans, newspaper, glass bottles, cardboard
boxes, aluminium foil, meta items, wood pieces, etc., which is
classified as dry garbage. The different types of domestic wastes
generated and the time taken for them to degenerate is given below
1. Waste generation encompasses activities in which materials are
identified as no longer being of value and are either thrown out or
gathered together for disposal.
2. The functional element of Collection includes not only the gathering
of solid waste and recyclable materials, but also the transport of these
materials, after collection, to the location where the collection vehicle
is emptied. This location may be a material processing facility, a
transfer station or a landfill disposal site.
3. Waste handling and separation involves activities associated with
waste management until the waste is placed in storage containers for
collection. Handling also encompasses the movement of loaded
containers to the point of collection.
Separating different types of waste components is an important step in
the handling and storage of solid waste at the source. The types of
means and facilities that are now used for the recovery of waste
materials that have been separated at the source include curbside
collection, drop off and buy back centers.
4. Transfer and transport involves two main steps. First, the waste is
transferred from a smaller collection vehicle to larger transport
equipment. The waste is then transported, usually over long distances,
to a processing or disposal site.
5. Today the disposal of wastes by land filling or land spreading is the
ultimate fate of all solid wastes, whether they are residential wastes
collected and transported directly to a landfill site, residual materials
from materials recovery facilities (MRFs), residue from the combustion
of solid waste, compost or other substances from various solid waste
processing facilities.
A modern sanitary landfill is not a dump; it is an engineered facility
used for disposing of solid wastes on land without creating nuisances or
hazards to public health or safety, such as the breeding of insects and
the contamination of ground water. Municipal solid waste can be used
to generate energy.Several technologies have been developed that
make the processing of MSW for energy generation cleaner and more
economical than ever before, including landfill gas capture,
combustion, pyrolysis, gasification, and plasma arc gasification. While
older waste incineration plants emitted high levels of pollutants, recent
regulatory changes and new technologies have significantly reduced
this concern.
SOLID WASTE GENERATION

# Per Capita Generation Rate

# Town of kombolicha generates a solid waste of 0.4kg/c/day
# More than 200,000t are collected each year
# About 550t/day, 80% of the total waste collected
# The municipality increased the collection rate from 60% to 80%
# Sources of Waste Generated
• 76% households,
• 18% institutions, commercial, factories, hotels,
• 6% is street sweeping
Types and theire compositions of municipal solid waste in
Kombolcha town
Organic 60%, Recyclables 15 %, Others 25%
• Vegetable 4.2 %,
• Paper 2.5%,
• Rubber /plastics 2.9%,
• Wood 2.3%,
 Bone 1.1%,
 Textiles 2.4 %,
 Metals 0.9%,
 Glass 0.5%,
 Combustible leaves 15.1%,
  Non-combustible stone 2.5%,
 All fine

Treatment methods
A Collection of solid waste
# The Municipality Spends large proportion of its budget on collection,
transport, and disposal of solid waste
# Solid waste collection services divided in to
# Two sub-systems: primary and secondary collection
# Primary collection is done by micro and small enterprises Payment is
Volume based rate (30 birr per m3
Residents are divided in to kebele
# One kebele Constitutes300-500 residents
# In each kebele one MSE is assigned to work comprising 300-500
households
# The number of enterprises organized to work on solid waste
collection is 520 with a total number of 5815 operators
# Most residents are willing to cooperate with the govern
# Service Charges are collected with water consumption rate
# Services charges are fixed according the amount of water consumed
in terms of the ability and willingness to pay
# Residential houses 20%, Commercial houses 42.5% of the total water
consumed
# Collection is regular and full coverage
# the municipality has placed several garbage containers
B Separation, Reuse and recycling
# sorting of waste takes place at various levels in the waste
management process
# the first level of source separation is at household: plastic materials,
glass, bottles, are considered as valuable and usually sorted out for
reuse
# Several collectors represent the second stage: Street boys, private
sector enterprises, scavengers at municipal landfill, and the korales
# Recyclable materials include: metal, wood, tyres, electricity products,
etc.
# the municipality role in recycling is absent and mainly focus on
collection, storage, transportation and disposal of solid waste.
# Most of the collection of recyclable wastes in the city is performed by
the informal sector
# Recyclable materials are used by local plastic, shoe, and metal
factories.
C Transport and disposal
# Municipality transports from garbage containers (Secondary
collection) to the final dumping site
# the highest level in the transportation system is represented by
municipality
# the role of private sector on transportation of solid waste is highly
limited
D DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE
# there is currently will have one open dumpsite where all collected
waste Is. disposed off
# the present method of disposal is crude open dumping:
Hauling the wastes by truck, spreading and leveling by bulldozer and
compacting by compactor or bulldozer institutions
 The major problems associated with the disposal site are:
 The site is getting full
  Surrounded by housing areas
 Nuisance and health hazard for people living nearby
More than 200 - 300 waste pickers per day, work continuously and
Obviously living nearby the site and interfering the operation of the
work for collection of salvageable materials such as wood, scrap metals
and discarded food.
 No daily cover with soil
 No leachate containment or treatment
 No rainwater drain-off
 No odor or vector control
 No fence
 No weigh bridge, inaccurate weighing of waste.
2. Discuss waste water treatment method in kiot.
# What is in Wastewater?
# Source of Wastewater
# How can WWTP remove the pollutants?
# Characteristics of Wastewater
# Volume of Wastewater
# Flow of Wastewater
# Wastewater Treatment Plant
What is in Wastewater?
In wastewater, 99.9% is water; 0.1% is Pollutants (Solids)
_ Pollutants in Wastewater
Organic & inorganic Matters, Nutrients, Pathogens, Toxins and
Pharmaceuticals
Challenges in removing the pollutants
Designing and operating of WWTP is very challenging. In order to
remove the pollutants effectively and economically, the following
points have to be understood thoroughly:
Where the wastewater in question comes from?
(Source of wastewater)
Which pollutants does the wastewater in contain?
(Wastewater characteristics)
How much pollutants are in the wastewater?
(Amount of pollutants i.e. load in wastewater)
Which treatment processes are right for the wastewater? (Selection of
treatment processes)Source of Wastewater
• Human and animal wastes
Faeces, urine, kitchen‘s cleaning and washing water, bathing
Water, clothes washing water, other water use for cleaning etc.
• Household wastes
Paper, household cleaners, detergents, trash, garbage, and other
Substances the homeowner discharges into the sewer system.
• Industrial wastes
Industry specific materials that can be discharged from industrial
processes; typically contains chemicals, dyes, acids, alkalis, grit,
detergents, and highly toxic materials.
• Storm water runoff
In combined system: additional water with sand, gravel and other grit
• Groundwater infiltration
Additional water with grit, when a sewer is not water tight
1. Wastewater is classified according to its sources:
A. Domestic (Sanitary) wastewater
Wastewater discharged from residences, commercial (banks,
restaurants, Hotels, retail stores etc.), and institutional facilities
(schools, hospital etc ).Contains mainly human & animal waste and
household waste, is a mixture of faces, food particles, toilet paper,
grease, oil, soap, salts, metals, detergents, sand and grit.
Has about 30% suspended and about 70% dissolved solids.
Has about 30% inorganic and about 70% organic solids.
Organic solids consist primarily of carbohydrates (25 %), proteins (65 %)
and fats (10 %).
Inorganic solids consist of heavy metals, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur,
chlorides, alkalinity, toxic compounds etc. Contains pathogenic
organisms.
B. Industrial wastewater
Wastewater discharged from industries (manufacturing and chemical
processes).Contains only industrial wastes.
C. Storm water
Runoff from rainfall
D. Infiltration
Water that enters the sewer system from groundwater infiltration

Overview of Wastewater Treatment Processes

How can WWTP remove the pollutants?

Wastewater contains different kinds of pollutants. Therefore, to
remove these pollutants, combination of different treatment steps and
processes have to be used in the wwtp.
• Each of the steps can be accomplished using one or more treatment
processes or types of equipment.
A modern wwtp has following steps:
Step 1: Preliminary Treatment
Mechanical and physical processes
Step 2: Primary Treatment Mechanical and Physical Processes
Step 3: Secondary Treatment Biological and physical Processes
Step 4: Tertiary Treatment Chemical and physical processes
Step 5: Sludge handling, treatment & disposal/reuse
Characteristics of Wastewater
 From the design and operation point of view, no need to measure
all pollutants in Wastewater, rather to measure indirect
parameters which characterize the wastewater.
 The following parameters define the quality of wastewater
(degree of pollution):
1. Physical parameters which define physical characteristics of
wastewater:
 Color: slightly grey to black.
 Odour: musty to foul odour (Rotten egg odour, very unpleasant).
 Turbidity: high turbidity
 Temperature: higher than drinking water
2. Chemical parameters which define chemical characteristics of
wastewater:
 solids, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, pH, alkalinity,
  chlorides, oils and grease
 Total solids are a sum of organic and inorganic solids; and are
partly suspended, partly dissolved and partly settable.
 Organic matter: mixture of various organic compounds, mainly
proteins, carbohydrates and lipids.
The concentration can be measured by the following parameters:
 Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5): measure of the amount of
biodegradable matter in the wastewater.
 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD): measure of the amount of
chemically oxidizable matter.
 Total Organic Carbon (TOC): measure of the amount of
carbonaceous organic matter
 Total nitrogen: it is a sum of organic nitrogen, ammonia, nitrate
and nitrite.
 Total phosphorus: it is a sum of inorganic phosphorus
(orthophosphates, polyphosphates) and organic phosphate.
 pH: it is the
 Weather wastewater is acidic or alkaline condition. Wastewater is
neutral at pH value of 7.
 Alkalinity: it is a measure of the wastewater’s capability to
neutralize acids and is essential to buffer (hold the neutral pH) of
the wastewater during the biological treatment processes
Biological parameters which define biological characteristics of
wastewater:
 Organisms participating in biological conversions:
 Bacteria, Viruses, Protozoa, Algae, Fungi etcc
 Pathogens: cause diseases
 Coliform, Helminthes eggs etc.
 Temperature:
 Temperature is an important parameter in natural surface
water system. It governs the biological species present and
their rates of activity.
  Temperature has an effect on most chemical reactions that
occur in natural systems. It also has a pronounced effect on
the solubility of gasses in water.
 Turbidity-A measure of how clear water is in Nephelometric
Turbidity Unit
 (NTU) typically determined by shining light through a sample
placed in a turbidity meter.
 Dissolved Oxygen (DO)-The amount of oxygen dissolved in the
water, measured in milligrams per liter.
 Nitrogen-essential to the growth of microorganisms ,plants,
and animals
 Nitrogen species
 Ammonia (NH3 gas)
 Ammonium ion (NH4)
 Nitrite (NO2)
 Nitrate (NO3)
 Total inorganic nitrogen (NH3 + NH4+NO2+NO3)
 Organic Nitrogen (ON)=TKN-(NH3+NH4)
 Total Nitrogen (ON+NH3+NH4+NO2+NO3 )
 Phosphate
 Is an essential nutrient for algal growth and when in excess
it is the leading causes of eutrophication.
 The primary sources of phosphorous in natural systems
include wastewater treatment facilities, runoff fertilizers
from agricultural operations detergents and some natural
sources
 Sulfate (SO4)
• Required in the synthesis of protein
• Reduced biologically under anaerobic condition to sulfide
• Indirectly responsible for two serious problems associated with
the handling and treatment of waste water
– Corrosion of iron pipes, concrete structures
– Odour (H2S)
 SO4 + Autotrophic bacteria → H2S
 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
– TDS is the combined total of all dissolved solids in
wastewater, (both organic and inorganic) and very fine, such
as colloidal particles
– Generally particles must be smaller than two micrometers to
be considered a dissolved solid. For example, salt dissolved
in water is a dissolved solid
Non-domestic (Industrial and commercial) wastewater
• Amount of wastewater generation depends on the type of
industry and business as well as on measures for multiple use of
water.
It should always be determined on a case-to-case basis.
For dimensioning, specific area based approaches can be used:
 Industries with low water consumption:
0.2 to 0.5 l/ (sec·ha)
 Industries with medium up to high water consumption:
0.5 to 1.0 l/ (sec·ha)
 Higher values in individual cases are possible.
 Storm water
 The estimation of storm water flow is a challenging task. In
combined systems (Wastewater and storm water flowing in the
same sewer), usually 2XQdw (Qdw: dry weather flow i.e.
wastewater flow at the time when there is no rainfall) are passed
to the wastewater treatment plant
Infiltration water
• Infiltration is extraneous groundwater or water from other
leaking pipes that enters the sewer system through defective
sewers (cracks and fissures), pipe joints, couplings and manholes.
• The amount of infiltration may range widely from 0.01 to 1.0 m3
per day per mm diameter per km length.
• The extent of infiltration is site-specific.
Wastewater Treatment Plant
Step 1: Preliminary Treatment (Mechanical and physical processes)
 Initial stage in the wastewater treatment is a preliminary
treatment.
 Wastewater may contain large size pollutants such as trash,
garbage, roots, rocks, rubber and plastic products, rags, bottles,
and building as well as sand.
 To protect wwtp equipment these pollutants are removed by the
preliminary treatment
 Large pollutants are removed using screening.
 Sand is removed by passing the wastewater through sand trap
(grit removal)
Step 2: Primary Treatment (Sedimentation)
 Its purpose is to remove settle able organic and floatable solids.
 It is expected to remove 90 to 95% settle able solids, 40 to 60%
total suspended solids, and 25 to 35% biochemical oxygen
demand (BOD5).
 When the wastewater enters a sedimentation tank, velocity is
reduced and pollutants that are heavier than water settle to the
bottom, while lighter than water float to the top.
 Settled pollutants are removed as sludge, and floating solids are
removed as scum.
 Wastewater leaves the sedimentation tank and enters in the
secondary treatment.
 There are three kinds of sedimentation tanks: Septic Tank, Inhofe
Tank and plain sedimentation tank
Step 3: Secondary Treatment (Biological and Physical Processes)
 It uses biological processes to convert dissolved, suspended, and
colloidal organic pollutants to more stable solids, which can be
removed by settling.
Biological processes are based on
 aerobic (Present of oxygen)
 anaerobic (Absent of oxygen)
 Most important for biological wastewater treatment are aerobic
processes.
Reaction in the aerobic wastewater treatment:
Organic matter + Micro-organism + Nutrient + O2 New Micro-
organism + CO2 +H2O + Energy
For those processes a sufficient amount of bacteria and oxygen are
necessary
Aerobic process is a decomposition process which takes place in the
presence of oxygen.
Activated sludge is a flock (solids that join together to form larger
particles) formed by the microorganisms. It includes organisms and
waste products from the aerobic decomposition process.
Mixed liquor (ML) is mixture of return activated sludge and
wastewater that flows into the aeration tank.
Mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) is the suspended solids
concentration of the mixed liquor
Step 3: Secondary Treatment (Aerobic process: Activated Sludge
Process)
 In the activated sludge process, wastewater and biological sludge
full of living microorganisms (activated sludge) are mixed and
aerated. In this process, microorganisms are mixed thoroughly
with the organic compounds contained in wastewater under
conditions that stimulate their growth through use of the organic
compounds as substrate.
 As the microorganisms grow and are mixed by the agitation of the
air, the individual organisms flocculate to form an active mass of
microbes (flock) called activated sludge.
 The biological solids (activated sludge) are separated from the
treated wastewater in a final sedimentation tank and are returned
to the aeration tank and the excess sludge is removed from the
system and treated separately.
 What happens in the Activated Sludge Process?
  1. New wastewater (Food) comes from the Primary Treatment
and enters
 in the Aeration Tank.
 2. Activated sludge (Micro-organisms) from the Final
Sedimentation Tank returns to the Aeration Tank.
 3. Supply of oxygen in the Aeration Tank by using aerator and
mixing of
 food and micro-organisms to form mix liquor.
 4. In the Aeration Tank, micro-organisms eat food and produce
floc.
 5. Flock is separated in the Final Sedimentation Tank as the floc
settles at
 the bottom of the tank.
 6. The settled flock (Activated sludge) returns to the Aeration
Tank. When
 there is excess flock, it goes to the sludge treatment plant.
 7. Water free of flock goes to the advance treatment plant or to
rivers.
 8. Cycle repeats for the cleaning of new wastewater entering to
the
 Aeration Tank
.
Factors affecting the activated sludge process:
 Temperature
 Alkalinity
 Return rate of activated sludge to the Aeration Tank
 Amount of oxygen available in the tank (Dissolved Oxygen)
 Amount of organic matter and nutrient available
 pH
 Sludge waste rate (Removal of excess sludge)
 Toxicity
These factors need to be keep in balance in the aeration tank in order
to achieve good performance of the aeration tank

Step 4: Tertiary (Advance) Treatment (Chemical and Physical

Processes)
 It is used to removes pollutants such as nitrogen, phosphorus,
pathogens and heavy metals.
 It is not always required.
  The most widely used tertiary treatment processes are:
 Chemical precipitation
 Granular filtration
 Membrane filtration
 Carbon adsorption
 Disinfection (UV, Cl2)
Step 5: Sludge handling, treatment & disposal/reuse
 Source of sludge: Primary and secondary sedimentation.
 Sludge contains about 95 to 99% water. The following methods
are used to treat the sludge:
 Thickening is used to remove water.
 Stabilization is used to reduce volume, stabilize the organic
matter, and eliminate pathogen.
 Dewatering is used to reduce volume by removing the water
containing in the stabilized sludge.
 Sludge disposal/reuse