CONTENTS

Page
No. EXPERIMENTS Date Sign
No.
Plotting the Outlines Of Building By Chaining, Ranging &
1
Offsetting.

2 Plotting Of Closed Traverse By Prismatic Compass.

3 Plotting Of Closed Traverse By Surveyor’s Compass.

4 Reduction of levels by Rise and Fall method

5 Reduction of levels by Collimation Plane method

6 Measurement Of Area By Mechanical Planimeter.

7 Measurement Of Area By Digital Planimeter.

8 Use of Total Station for various measurements.

9 Layout and Setting Out Of small residential Building

10 Site Visit

Thi s i s t o c er ti f y that , Mr. / Miss …………………………………………… ..

Of Class F.E. Part I , Roll No……….. has c omplet ed t erm work in t he
s ubjec t Fundamental Civil Engineering as per the s y llabus of
Department of Technology Shivaji University , Kolhapur in t he
ac ademi c y ear 20… to 20…
Thi s l abor at or y manual repres ent s t he bonaf ide work of t he

s t udent .

Exam Seat No……………………. Date…..………..

Staff In charge Head of Department Director

[BASIC CIVIL ENGINEERING] DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
 [BASIC CIVIL ENGINEERING] DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Experiment No 1
Title: Chain and cross staff survey.
Objective: Plotting the Outlines of Building by Chaining, Ranging & Offsetting.
Instruments: Chain or Tape, Arrows, Ranging rods, Cross staff, offset rods, Pegs, etc.
Theory:
Chain: It is composed of 100 or 150 pieces of galvanized mild steel wire, 4mm in diameter called links
.The ends of each link are bent into a loop and connected together by means of three oval rings. The
ends of the chain are provided with handles for dragging the chain on the ground, each wire with a
swivel joint so that the chain can be turned without twisting. The length of the chain is measured from
the outside of one handle to the outside of another handle. Metric chains are made in lengths 20m
and 30m. Tallies are fixed at every five-meter length and with brass rings at every meter length except
where tallies are attached.

Fig. 1.1 Metric Chain (20m)

Arrows:

Arrows are made of good quality

hardened steel wire of 4 mm diameter.
The arrows are made 400 mm in length,
are pointed at one and the other end is
bent into a loop or circle.

Fig. 1.2 Arrow

Open Cross staff:

The simplest instrument used for setting
out a right angle.

Fig. 1.4 Open Cross staff

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Ranging rods:
Ranging rods are used to range some
intermediate points in the survey line.
The length of the ranging rod is either
2m or 3m. They have iron shoe at
bottom with a heavy iron point. Ranging
rods are divided into equal parts 0.2m
long and they are painted alternately
black and white or red and white or red,
white and black. When they are at
considerable distance, red and white or
white and yellow flags about 25 cm
square should be fastened at the top.
Fig. 1.3 RANGING ROD

Procedure:
Unfolding Chain:
1. Remove the strap of the folded chain and take both the handles in the left hand and hold the
remaining portion of the chain in the right hand.
2. Holding both the handles in the left hand, throw the remaining portion of the chain in the
forward direction on the ground.
3. Now the follower stands at the starting station by holding one handle and directs the leader to
move forward by holding the other handle until the chain is fully stretched.
Folding Chain:
1. Bring the two handles together on the ground by pulling the chain at the center.
2. Commencing from the center two pairs of links are taken at a time with the right hand and
placed alternatively in both directions in the left hand.
3. When the chain is completely folded the two brass handles will appear at the top.
4. Now tie the chain with strap.
Ranging:
1. Fix the ranging rods at the two given stations, where pegs are already driven on the ground.
2. The follower stands behind station A and directs the leader, with ranging rod to come in line
with AB by signals of ranging.
3. When the ranging rod comes in the line of AB the follower directs the leader to fix the ranging
rod in position.
4. Let the intermediate point be C which should be less than 20m / 30 m.
5. Now the leader taken another ranging rod and stands between A and B about 2/3 distance
from A
6. The follower directs the leader to come in line of AB by using signals of ranging.
7. As and when the point is located in the line of AB the follower instructs to fix the ranging rod
in position.
8. Let the other intermediate position be D which is less than 20 m / 30 m from B
9. Now A, B, C and D are in one line.
Offsetting:
1. Mark approximate point on the chain line or survey line of the object perpendicular to it.
2. Place offset rod vertically at point, mount the cross staff.
3. See ranging rod on survey line from one eye sight and at the same time from another eye
sight the object of offsetting.
 [BASIC CIVIL ENGINEERING] DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

4. Make an adjustment that these two can be seen at one time.

5. It gives the perpendicular offset.
6. Mark the point and measure the distance between object & marking on survey line by tape.
7. For oblique offset just mark a point on survey line and measure the distance between the
object and point on survey line.
Observation Table / Plot of Map:
Important points to be shown in plot: North direction, Offset distances, Reference / Index
sketch, Chainage of each point.

Location Sketch & Index Plan:

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Date of performance Sign with date

Questions
1. What is meant by location sketch?
2. What is Chaining and rainging?
3. Which are the methods of ranging?
4. Which are the types of chains?
5. What is offset?
6. Which are the types of offsets?
7. Which are the instruments used for setting out offsets?
[BASIC CIVIL ENGINEERING] DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
[BASIC CIVIL ENGINEERING] DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
 [BASIC CIVIL ENGINEERING] DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Experiment No 2
Title: Compass Survey.
Objective: Plotting Of Closed Traverse by Prismatic Compass.
Instruments: Prismatic compass, tripod and ranging rods.

Fig. 2.1 Prismatic compass

Theory:
The following station adjustments are to be done at each station where the compass is set up.
Centering: It is the process of keeping the prismatic compass over the station point. By moving the legs
of the tripod suitably, centering will be done. It is also checked by dropping a stone so that it falls on the
top of the peg.
Levelling: It is the process of making the compass exactly horizontal. Level the compass by means of ball
and socket arrangements. When the compass is leveled, the aluminum ring swings freely.
Focusing: It is to adjust the height of the prism so that the observations can be read clearly.
Observing Bearings: Set up the prismatic compass over station ‘A’. Perform station adjustments. Rotate
the compass till the line of sight bisects the object at ‘B’. Read the graduated ring through prism. The
reading directly gives the magnetic bearing of ‘AB’ in whole circle bearing system. Follow the same
procedure to observe the magnetic bearings ‘AE’ and so on.
Procedure:
1. Fix the closed traverse A B C D E.
2. Set up the compass at the station ‘A’.
3. Perform the temporary adjustments.
4. Sight the object at ‘B’ and note down the FB of line AB and measure the distance.
5. Sight the object at E and note down the BB of EA.
6. Sight the instrument to station ‘B’ performs all the temporary adjustments.
7. Sight the object at ‘A’ and take the ‘BB’ of ‘AB’.
8. Take ‘FB’ of ‘BC’ and measure the length of ‘BC’.
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9. Check whether the difference of ‘FB’ and ‘BB’ is 180º or not, at all stations.
10. Continue the same process all at other stations.
Observation Table:
Observed Remark
Obs. Bearing Included angle Corrected
Line Distance Difference
No.
F.B. B.B. Observed Corrected F.B B.B.

1. AB

2. BC

3. CD

4. DE

5. EA

Sum

∑ All included angles = (2n − 4) X 90

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Observation Table:
Observed Remark
Obs. Bearing Included angle Corrected
Line Distance Difference
No.
F.B. B.B. Observed Corrected F.B B.B.

1. AB

2. BC

3. CD

4. DE

5. EA

Sum

∑ All included angles = (2n − 4) X 90

Date of performance Sign with date

Questions
1. What is meant by bearing?
2. Which are the types of bearing?
3. Which are the bearing systems?
4. Explain components of Prismatic Compass.
5. What is local attraction?
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[BASIC CIVIL ENGINEERING] DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
[BASIC CIVIL ENGINEERING] DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
 [BASIC CIVIL ENGINEERING] DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Experiment No 3
Title: Compass Survey.
Objective: Plotting Of Closed Traverse by Surveyor’s Compass.
Instruments: Surveyor’s compass, tripod and ranging rods.

Fig 3.1 Surveyor’s compass

Theory:
The following station adjustments are to be done at each station where the compass is set up.
Centering: It is the process of keeping the surveyor’s compass over the station point. By moving the legs
of the tripod suitably, centering will be done. Centering is checked by dropping a stone so that it falls on
the top of the peg.
Levelling: It is the process of making the compass exactly horizontal. Level the compass by means of ball
and socket arrangements. When the compass is leveled, the aluminum ring swings freely.
Observing Bearings: Set up the surveyor’s compass over station ‘A’ and perform station adjustments.
Rotate the compass till the line of sight bisects the object at ‘B’. Read the graduated ring through prism.
The reading directly gives the magnetic bearing of ‘AB’ in whole circle bearing system. Follow the same
procedure to observe the magnetic bearings ‘AE’ and so on.
Procedure:
1. Fix the closed traverse A B C D E.
2. Set up the compass at the station ‘A’.
3. Perform the temporary adjustments.
4. Sight the object at ‘B’ and note down the FB of line AB and measure the distance.
5. Sight the object at E and note down the BB of EA.
6. Sight the instrument to station ‘B’ performs all the temporary adjustments.
7. Sight the object at ‘A’ and take the ‘BB’ of ‘AB’.
8. Take ‘FB’ of ‘BC’ and measure the length of ‘BC’.
9. Check whether the difference of ‘FB’ and ‘BB’ is 180º or not, at all stations.
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10. Continue the same process all at other stations.

Observation Table:
Observed Remark
Obs. Bearing Included angle Corrected
Line Distance Difference
No.
F.B. B.B. Observed Corrected F.B B.B.

1. AB

2. BC

3. CD

4. DE

5. EA

Sum

∑ All included angles = (2n − 4) X 90

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Date of performance Sign with date

Questions
1. What is local attraction?
2. What is difference between Prismatic Compass and Surveyor’s Compass?
3. Which are the components of Surveyor’s Compass?
4. Which are the temporary adjustments in Surveyor’s Compass?
5. What is meant by reduced bearing?
6. What is meant by magnetic meridian?
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[BASIC CIVIL ENGINEERING] DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
 [BASIC CIVIL ENGINEERING] DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Experiment No 4
Title: Leveling
Objective: Reduction of levels by rise and fall method.
Instruments: Dumpy level, Staff etc

Fig. 4.1 Dumpy Level

Theory:
Setting Up Of the Level
1. Release the clamp screw of the instrument
2. Hold the instrument in the right hand and fix it on the tripod by turning round only the lower part
with the left hand.
3. Screw the instrument firmly.
4. Bring all the foot screws to the center of its run.
5. Spread the tripod legs well apart.
6. Fix any two legs firmly into the ground by pressing them with the hand.
7. Move the third leg to the right or left until the main bubble is approximately in the center.
8. Then move the third leg in or out until the bubbles of the cross-level is approximately in the
center.
9. Fix the third leg firmly when the bubbles are approximately in the centers of their run.
Levelling Up
1. Place the telescope parallel to a pair of foot screws.
2. Bring the bubble to the center of its run by turning the foot screws equally either both inwards
and both outwards.
3. Turn the telescope through 90º so that it lies over the third foot screw.
4. Turn this third foot screw so that the bubble corners to the center of its run.
5. Bring the telescope back to the original position without reversing the eye-piece and object glass.
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6. Repeat the above operations until the bubble remains in the center of its run in both the
positions.
7. Turn the telescope through 180º and check whether the bubble remains central.
Elimination of Parallax:
1. Remove the lid from the object glass.
2. Hold a sheet of white paper in front of the object glass.
3. Move the eyepiece in or out until the cross hairs are distinctly visible.
4. Direct the telescope towards the staff.
5. Turn the focusing screw until a clear and sharp image in formed in the plane of the cross hairs
Procedure:
1. Set the level at a convenient point.
2. Perform the temporary adjustments.
3. Hold the staff vertically over the Benchmark, Observe the staff reading and write in the B.S
column of the field book.
4. Hold the staff at other points and note the staff reading in the I.S column of the field book.
5. Hold the staff on the last point and enter the staff reading in the F.S column of the field book.
6. Make the change point, and repeat the process from point 1 to 5 for each change point (C.P.).
7. With each C.P. note first reading as B.S., rest all in I.S. and last in F.S
8. Find R.L. of all the points by both the methods.
9. Apply arithmetical check.
Observation Table
inter
Back Fore
Station

mediate
Sight Sight Rise Fall R.L. Remark
Sight
(B.S) (F.S)
(I.S)

sum ΣBS ΣFS Σ Rise Σ Fall L.RL – F.RL

Diff. ΣBS - ΣFS = Σ Rise – Σ Fall =

ARTHEMATIC CHECK: ΣBS – ΣFS = Last RL – First RL = Σ Rise – Σ Fall

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 [BASIC CIVIL ENGINEERING] DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Date of performance Sign with date

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Experiment No 5
Title: Leveling
Objective: Reduction of levels by collimation plane method.
Instruments: Dumpy level, Staff etc

Observation Table
STATION CHAINAGE B.S. I.S. F.S. H.I. R.L.'s REMARK

SUM ΣBS ΣFS L.RL- F.RL

Difference ΣBS – ΣFS =

ARTHEMATIC CHECK: ΣBS – ΣFS = Last RL – First RL

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Date of performance Sign with date

Questions:
1. What is meant by leveling?
2. Which instruments required for leveling work?
3. What is meant by bench mark?
4. Which are the types of BM?
5. Explain temporary adjustments in Dumpy Level.
6. Differentiate Rise Fall and Collimation Plane Method.
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[BASIC CIVIL ENGINEERING] DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
 [BASIC CIVIL ENGINEERING] DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Experiment No 6
Title: Planimeter
Objective: Measurement of Area By Mechanical Planimeter
Instruments: Mechanical Planimeter.

Fig. 6.1 Mechanical Planimeter

Theory:
The Planimeter is used to find out the area of irregular figure.
1. It is consist of anchor arm, tracing arm, and drum and disk arrangement for taking the readings.
2. The anchor point is provided with the weight to fix the instrument on the board.
3. The readings up to the four digits can be taken in which the units being read on the disk, the
tenths and hundredths on the drum, and the thousandths on the vernier.
4. In addition to know the number of the times the zero of the disc has crossed the index.
5. To find out the area of the irregular figure anchor point is either fixed inside the figure or outside
the figure.
6. If the anchor point is inside the figure then the value of the constant ‘C’ is considered as per the
model of the instrument which is provided by the manufacturer.
7. If the anchor point is outside the figure then the value of the constant ‘C’ is considered to be zero.

Formula:
AREA OF FIGURE = M (F.R. – I.R. + 10 N + C)
M : A multiplying constant, it is equal to the area per revolution of the drum.
F. R. : Final reading
I. R. : Initial reading
N : Number of times the zero passes the index.
C : C is to be added when the anchor point is inside the figure.

Procedure:
1. Fix the anchor point of the instrument on the drawing board so that anchor arm should not
displace its position during the function of the instrument.
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2. Attach the tracing arm with the anchor arm by means of the hinge point.
3. Note the initial reading ‘I’ on the Planimeter.
4. Now trace the anchor point always in the clockwise direction on the boundary of the figure.
5. Record the number of times the zero passes about the index point. If the zero passes in
clockwise direction then the value of N is positive and vice versa.
6. When the tracing point is reached at it’s original position i.e. at it’s start point then note the
final reading ‘F’.
7. As per the type of the instrument the value of the ‘M’ is to be note down.
8. If the anchor point is inside the figure then the value of the constant ‘C’ is to be added
otherwise it’s value is to be considered as zero.
9. Now add all these values in to the given formula and find out the area of the figure.

Observations:

AREA OF FIGURE = M (F.R. – I.R. + 10 N + C)

Fig M I.R. F.R. N C Area Mean Area

Result:

Date of performance Sign with date

Questions:

1. Which are the types of Planimeter?

2. What is the use of Planimeter?
3. Which are the components of Mechanical Planimeter?
4. Which formula is used to calculate area of figure for Mechanical Planimeter?
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[BASIC CIVIL ENGINEERING] DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
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Experiment No 7
Title: Planimeter
Objective: Measurement of Area by Digital Planimeter
Instruments: Digital Planimeter.

Fig. 7.1 Digital Planimeter

Explanation of Function Keys

Function on Description Function on Description

Planimeter Planimeter
ON Power on key C/AC Clear Memory And Display
OFF Power off key START Start Measurement
0-9 Numerical key HOLD Temporarily Put
Measurement On Hold
MEMO Ending Measurement and AVER Calculate Average Value
memory
. Decimal point key
Procedure:
1) Put a mark at a point on the circumference of the drawing to be measured. This point will be the
starting point of measurement. Set the centre of tracer lens to match the starting point as shown
in figure.
2) Presses START key. A buzzer sounds and zero is displayed. The number of measurements is
displayed on left edge.
3) Keeping the tracer point of tracer lens on to circumference line, trace clockwise.
4) After going round, press MEMO key. Measurement is finished. A buzzer sounds, MEMO is
displayed and measured area value is displayed.
Result:
Measured area of given unknown figure is =……………………
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Date of performance Sign with date

Questions:
1. Which are the components of Digital Planimeter?
2. What is use of Digital Planimeter?
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Experiment No 8
Title: Total Station
Objective: Use of Total Station for various measurements
Instruments: Total Station
Theory:
Total Station is the combination of EDM and digital theodolite as a single instrument.
Applications:
1 Measurement of horizontal and sloping distances between two stations
2 Vertical measurements i.e. elevations (RL)
3 Measurements of horizontal, vertical and oblique angles between objects and lines
4 Base line measurements in triangulation survey
5 Missing line measurements
6 Making ground control stations
7 Fixing absolute positions of stations
8 Setting out work of projects like dams, bridges, canals etc.
9 Fixing the stations w.r.t. reference stations by the three co-ordinates
10 Measurements of area and volume on computer by suitable software
11 Contouring and mapping on computer by suitable software
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Questions:
 Write a short note on Total Station.

Date of performance Sign with date

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Experiment No 9
Title: Layout & setting out of building.
Objective: Layout and Setting Out Of small residential Building
Instruments: Strings (Line dori), Measuring tape, Plan of building, chock pit, Arrows

6.0m

3.0m 3.0m

C 6.0m
2.0m

1.1m
B 4.0m 6.0m

8.5m
4.0m

ROOM1 ROOM2

1.0m
A 0.0m 2.0m

11.8m
0.0m

3.0m

6.0m

Fig: Key Plan

1 2 3

Fig: Building Centre Line Plan

Theory:
1. “The transfer of the data from the plan to the ground that is from the paper to the ground is called
setting out of a building.”
2. This is very important work before to start the construction of the building.
3. A small mistake in to this data transfer will make the permanent error in the building. Hence this
work should be done by keeping highest accuracy.
Procedure:
1. First of all clean the site area so that it is easy to setting out.
2. Mark a base line at the setback within the plot.
3. By using the principal of Pythagoras triangle of side 3units, 4units, 5units mark the lines
perpendicular to the base line at required distances.
4. As per the room size set the each corner in 90 degree.
5. Complete the setting out of the center lines.
6. Construct the dummy pillar to tie the thin nylon string (line dori) which represents the centerline of
wall on the end of each wall keeping the distance of 1.5m for working space.
7. Use this setting out till the construction of building reach up to the first course of wall masonry.

Result: Setting out of a residential building is carried out as per plan.

Questions:
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1. What is meant by setting out of a building?

2. Why setting out of building is necessary?

Date of performance Sign with date

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Experiment No 10
Title: Site Visit.
Objective: Site Visit to Study Various Construction Processes
Guidelines:
1) Visit any construction of residential building.
2) Describe the location and prepare location plan.
3) Mention site condition regarding type of soil, type of foundation.
4) Measure plot area, Built Up area and find FSI.
5) Enlist various building material used.
6) Mention which building planning principles have been used and how.
Site Visit Report:
A) General Information
1) Name of site:
2) Name of owner:
3) Built up area =
4) Plot area=
5) Floor Space Index= (Built up area / Plot area)=
B) Site Conditions
1) Type of soil:
2) Type of foundation:
C) Building material used
D) Use of Building Planning Principles:
E) Draw typical section showing various building elements
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Date of performance Sign with date